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Page 1: Mastering Digital Photography 3rd Edition Sample

Mastering Digital Photography

$14.95 incl GST lrd Edition

EPSON EXCEED YOUR VISION

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CHAPTER 1 Equipment Choices How to select the right camera and accessories for your requirements.

CHAPTER 2 l enses and Focusing How to ensure the right partS of the subject will be sharp in your pictures.

CHAPTER 3: Controlling Subject Brightness Understanding and uSing exposure controls.

CHAPTER 4 Getting Colour Right How to ensure your photos have natural-looking colours.

CHAPTER 5 Equipment for Photo Editing Discover what hardware and software you need to ed~ your photos.

CHAPTER 6 Editing Basics Basic editing tools and how to use them.

CHAPTER 7 Scanning and Archiving HOW to copy preciOus analogue photos p lus practical strategies for storing digital images.

CHAPTER 8 Choosing a Printer Factors you should consider v.1len buying a digital printer.

CHAPTER 9 Inks and Papers Choosing the best papers and inkS for long-lasting. great·looking prints.

CHAPTER 10 Image Sharing, Display and Preservation A survey of the latest and most effective ways to share your dig~aI photos.

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INTRODUCTION:

Get More Out of Your Digital Camera

Corrm..ricatng with pictures is al essential pM of

CU ~ life so ~'s ~ to have at least

a basic LRJerstMdng of how to take, ad;Jst and

share digital photos. Today's cameras and pri'lta-s

can deliver great resutts 'Nhen thai' capabilities

we hAy utiSed.!\rd, regardless of ...methl:w' yoa

pictl.l'eS ate holiday ~ts, ccreUy (;(l(rfXlSEId

creative mages, goup shots of farriy rnerrtJers

MCilO" friends 0" a gsat shot of yoa pet; all these

subjectS make engagng vieYkg,

'Mlen they're yoo- 0'M'l shots they have al

9'TlOIiOnaI CO'YleCt01 because they're of places

and people you know and ate I'lvoo'ved with. It's

nati.ffl 10 Walt to shcwe yoa besl iTIages - and ~'s

never been easiEw' to do so.

Pmtng yoo- photos is the best way to ~

they ate preserved fO" the tutl6e - and one of the

best ~ 10 shcwe them. But ~'s roN iJSI as easy

to sI'I<n! yoo- JXtues via SOCial websites, tablets

ike the iPad and the latest srna-t-phones,

The latest cameras and printers make It easy t o produce photographs you're proud to share.

ThiS 9(itiOn of Mastering Digital Photography

has been written 10" everybody, !rem faTjies

buyhg thai' fIrSt ama-a to ~ts who have

traveled from ftTl 10 digKaI. It's desigled to help

aI 0V0KlEII'S Of digital stil cameras to master the

eQI.IPnent and processes that &Jerf day become

easiEw' to use and ~ faiUe-prool.

OJ oI::ljeCtive is to assist you to become a better

photcgrap'ler and expb'e more w(rf$ to share

the iO'! 01 phot~ with others. In ttMs pocket

guide you'l fnd a wide ra'lge of topics, startrog

with d'loosirg equipfnenl that will best meet yoo-

"""'. The Wsl ~er outliles the different types 01

e<rnera available and ~ thai' advantages and liTlilatiOns, It also ksts key featl.l'eS to look

for MIen selectng a mnera and provides ~ for assessi'lg the potential iTlage quafty from them,

along with accessories that e<n make yoo- pictl$e­

t<Nlg more successfIJ.

From there, we move on II"rou\tlIlYee chapters coverng a series of tips on the mnera setlilg$

used 10 control mage~, trig'1Iness and

coIou' to two chapters deaIi'lg with edilng. The frst

looks at the eq..ipment you need to ed~ iTlages

and movies. The second covers basic adjuStments

that c1 photographers $hO.j(I be able to make.

The next chapter looks at ~ and

arctMlg preci:xJs mages, We then swap to

ilvest'gatrg priltng optiOns, I'1ck.JdI'g c:hoosrIg a pri'lter for home use and SliIabIe media for pri'lll'lg

with. We end with an CNf:IView of optiOns for

sh<ril;J and dispIa'yYlg yoa best photos.

Mastering Digital Photography is writter'l n non­tecmballanguage and preser1ts the 1lformat01

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It's now easier than ever to improve your photography and e~plore new ways to share the joy of photography.

you need i1 a wert thaI is etaSf 10 LJXIefsI(W"lCL

H's a handy general.p!..fJXl66 guide to assist all

ph)togapher$, from flrS\-tine C<YIl&'3. tx.rye-s to

experienced C<YIl&'3. 0'Ml€IfS who pIcn to L.P;T<Ide

to a reN model with ~ resokJIiOn ardfor erhanced featues Md f1.nctiorlaity.

fJ.s with other pocket guides i1 the Photo

Review series, the thrd editiOn of the Mastering

Digital PtJotography pocket guide is backed by

Photo Review Pustraia rnagame Md webSite,

The rnagame is po.bIi:shed qua1:etty Md ccmes i1Sprationai p::rttoIios, t:luyrg guides and

i1formatOlai /eatues on stootilg end edi\i)g

dignal photos.

The Photo Review 'N9bsiIe (www,pholoreview.

com.au) po..bIistles reviews of the latest caneras,

lenses and othEr i'nagI""g ~t. H also

provides reguIcY reN up:jales, i1formatiOn sheets

on specific product types Md tips on buyi"lg Md

USi1g digital cameras, along witI1li'kS to soflw<re you e<n clowr*:lad. You e<n also Ioc;ale Australian

retai&'s that OffEr" good deals on ~t

p!..fChases Md have knowledgeable staff to help

you make the rig'1I t:luyrg decisions.

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CHAPTER 1

Equipment Choices Today's camera buyefs have plenty of options

to choose from and H should be possible to find

the right type and model for just about anyone,

as long as you clearly identify your requirements.

The following factors are usually listed as having

the greatest W1fluence on buying decisiOns:

percetved image quality, zoom range, desirable

camera functions and price and value for money.

Different tx.yers win have different priorities,

although most wil want a camera that delivers

the best mage quality for ~s priCe and comes

at a size and wHh as many as possible of the

functions they would like. This chapter will cover

the different types 01 camera you can choose

from and outline some of the useful accessories

What Kind of Photographer AreYou?

The best w<JI to find out wtic/1 cameras will be

the best buys for you is to match the abil~ies and

I1terests Of the camera user to the CM"l€!ra type.

Poinl-and-press photographers are mainly

interested in the end resu~ and don', want to

f(ldle around w~h lots of complex controlS.

DigiCams are usually the best choice for thiS

group, a~hough they could also considef an

entry-level OSLR or mirrorless camera if they

want the best image quality plus an optiOn to

lake their photography to the nexllevel.

Intermediate level photographers require

the reassurance of poi1t-ancHx8SS ~ity but would like to be ~ to use some more

complex controls, partiCularly if they want to

learn as they shoot. Photographers n thiS goup

that can make photography more enjOyable.

We'll also look briefly at some special

capabmties, suc/l as video and panorama

recording and conSider the value of n -camera

speci31 effects.

CAMERA TYPES

Essentially the camera market can be dMded

nto Six main sectors:

1. Digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras

offer the highest feature levels and picture quality.

Because they come with interchangeable lenses,

they are also the most versatile, Most recent

modelS can record both still pictures and HO

video rTlO\Iies.

may also be anracted by the creative shooting

f'1'lOdes and special effects offered by many

cameras. AI typeS of caneras wil suH this QIOl.P

of PlOtographer$ but advanced digicams and

entry·1eveI DSLRs wil provide the besl startng

poilt for leami'lg more aboul photography.

Photo enthusiasts and professional

photographers usually have a goOO

undarstanding of how cameras work and prefer to take full oontrol over all camera functiOns.

In·c:&'Tlera effects are usually Wrelevant to thiS

group, whiCh is more likely to be attracted to

sopI"i$tiCated OSLRs thaI provide excelent

:mage QUality. MirrOr1ess interchangeable-lens

carreras Mel ac:tvMCed digiC<wns are the

prefened choices when they want a ~

·wat{-arOl ..... Cf camera for ~ photography.

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A typical DSLR camera fined with a medium­range zoom lens. This type of camera will best suit photo enthusiasts. (Source: Pentax.)

ThiS category ranges from sophistiCated

profeSSional cameras to models designed for

photo enthus~sts and snapshooters who want

to develop their picture·taking SkillS. DSLRs offer

the fastest autofocusJng because they use phase

d ifference detectiOn.

The main downside of these cameras is their

larger, heavier OOdles and lenses. In acld itiOn, the

viewfinders in entry·level DSLRs are often small

and not partiCutarty bright. Both are significant

d isadvantages in dim lighting. Camera OOdies

tend to be more expenSive than other camera

types and this is one category in whiCh you need

to invest in more than one lens to take advantage

of the camera's capabilities.

A typical mirrorless camera with a standard 3x zoom kit lens, This model, like others In Olympus's PEN·E series, lacks a viewfinder, and requires users to frame shots with the LCD monitor or attach an optional EVF. (Source: Olympus,)

2. Mirrorless cameras are relativety new. In

these cameras the rellex mirror systems used in

OSLRs are replaced with electrOlliC viewfinders

(or sometimes the LCD monitor m.JSt be used for

composing shots). These cameras provicle many

of the advartages of DSLRs but in smaller and

lighter came-a OOdles. Most models come with

interchangeable lenses, although there are a few

in whiCh the lens is fixed.

The main advantage of the cameras in this

category is their larger sensors, whiCh ensure

high image qual~y in most types of lighting.

The main downside is that some models

are supplied without viewfinders and, where

viewfinders are provided, most tend to be

electroniC ra:her than optiCal (see comparison

later th is chepter). Autofocusing is also usually

slower than 'N~h DSLRs because these

cameras use the same contrast· based systems

as digiCams

3. Small-sensor d igicams are the most

commonly·found cameras today and prOVide

the widest variety of features. Most ilClucle

automated contrds to make it easy to take

correctly·exposed shots. This category is easiest

to understard ~ broken into sub·categories.

The Ricoh CX5 is typical of many polnt-and­press digicams, boasting a slim, pocketabte body plus automated functions to make It easy lor users to obtain cOfTeCtly·exposed photos. (Source: Rlcon.)

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A viewfinder allows photographers to see

the image the camera will record, isolatilg

it from distracting eIemeIlts outside the

scene. OpHcal viewfinders are like reversed

telescopes mounted in the camera bocty.

Most include small suppiemeotary displays

(usual~ along the lower or right edge of the

screen) showing shootmg informatiOn such

as aperture and shutter speed seUings.

Focusng targets are commonly overIaki

on the field of view, partiCularly in more sophistiCated cameras.

ElectroniC v~rxlefs consist of small

LCD screens that reptay the same image

as the camera's mannor displays. They

can also be used to browse the camera's

fTle(IUS or replay shots from the camera's

memory. The table below compares the

main advantageS and disadvantages of

both typeS. -, --- ... ....., ....... -~ ...

Fujifilm's Innovative Xl00 has a new Hybrid Viewfinder that combines the besllealures of optical and electronic viewing systems. Photographers can choose which system louse with the flip of a leve,. (Source: Fujifilm.)

ResolutiOn is a critiCal iSsue lor both ~nder

typeS afthough it is less of an issue with optiCal

view1ir.clers. Low resolutiOn makes manual

focusng diffiCuH and thiS is one area where

optiCal viewfinders are preferable to electroniC

,.-.,.

""""" """ ...... DeperdII oo....ww Ii_

Ilo!perds 00 Image prtO'!SSIl\I

,-"""'" onen si(1ltly leSS 1rIaO_ -.-...... low", rM'Ij enuv_ ........ , • In ~ V.n.tJle -bo.I~_ ~ -- ....... -.....

l<M1igIt .... Doo:I$""~llJ~ tI'j _ ~1O_JiI,1IIjngllJ <31 _jef1<y .- ---",.,.- Sao1'Olas atlject Mzr rID! reIecI~ ~farogII -- - fUldaIa~""----- ....... '-'" f~~.-IayS ... o.mm Resp:inse Iall_ ... ....-

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a) Sl im, pocketa.tlle models weighng less than

200 grams. Popular w~h snapshooters, these

cameras are highly automated and usually lack

viewfinders.

b) Advanced digiCams w~h a range of manual

controls, inCluding Jetls aperture and shutter

speed adjustments.

Nikon's Coolpix PSOO combines a wide range of manual controlS with a 36x optical :loom lens. (Source: Nikon.)

c) Super-zoom cameras with very long (grealer

lhan lOx) zoom lenses.

d) Walerproof cameras that can be used

underwater to depths of 5 metres or more. Most

models have limHed room ranges and high levels

Of automation.

e) Dedicated 3D cameras.

Fujifilm is the only manufacturer currently producing dedicated 3D cameras with the W3 model (shoWfl above) the most recently released. (Source: Fujifilm,)

4. Camera-phones and camcorders are often

used for spcntaneous picture-taking but, even

though many recent models prOVide quHe high

resolution, they can't matcl1 dedicated cameras

in three key respects:

1. Image Quality,

2. Lens performance.

3. Adjustabilty.

Photographers looking for high Quality and

functiOnality for shooting movies wUt be better

off wrth a camcorder than a digital still camera.

Although camcorder sensors may be smal l. they

are adequate for recording high·definitiOn video.

Camcorders are also designed for superior

functiOnality and ease of use when shooting

"'"'"". FEATURES TO LOOK FOR

Although th&,t may differ in size, weight, shape

and functiQrelity, all cameras share some

corMlOrl features. In this section we'll lQok al the

most important of these.

1. The lens is the camera's 'eye' and its role

is as important as the set1sor's in determining

mage Quality. The price of a camera often

reflects the Quality of ~slens because high­

Qual ity optiCs don't come cheap. More

information on lens characteristiCs can be found

in Chapter 2.

2. The image processor converts the

information collected by the sensor into the

pixels (piCture elements) that make up the mage. Each camera manufacturer develops ilS own processor system and different processors

account for different camera capabil~ies and

differences in appearance between photographs

from differerr. camera brandS.

The processor also determines whether lhe

camera can record video and the maximl.rn

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The size of the Iight-capturhg elements

(known as 'photosites1 on the canera's

sensor is the best guide to arry camera's potential mage qualfty. Larger photOSites

coI~ more IigI1t, givng the camera's mage processor more 'nformatiOn to wor'K with,

Larger photos~es can capture a wider

range Of tones (from dark to light) and

produce more accurate colours and less

granularity with high ISO settings. Photos~e

Size has very I~tle to do with a camera's rnegapixel count and, in fact, most snapshootefS would ooten better piCtures

~ they used cameras w~h fewer megapixels

but larger photos~es.

The largest sensors are found in professiOnal DSLR cameras and account for the superior image quality these ~s

produce, partiCularly in low light situatiOns.

Cor'lsum€f-JeveI DSLRs and mirrorless

cameras have slightly smaller sensors but

thefe's a signifiCant drop in sensor Size

when yw look at digital compact cameras.

You can estimate the Size 01 the

photosites in any sensor by COI'I'IJ)a'ing

the Size 01 the sensor with the I'II.rnbEw" 01

pixels in the mage ~ produces at maxm.rn resolutiOn. 5nlp/y dMcie the k:ngth of the

longest Side of the sensor in rTU!inelres by

the longest dimenSion of the pixel array. The

The re:ationships between the sizes of typical Image sensors:

I. 1I4.flch type (3.6 1 2.7 mn) sensor used in carnc:o-ders and camera­...... 2. 1I2J-i1ch type (6.16 x 4.62 rrm) used in many dlgicams 3. Flll.lr Thirds System sensor (18 x 13.5 mm) used in many ffillTorteSS

~,

4. 'APS-e sized' (23.5 x 15.8 mm) sensor used In some DSLRs and mirrorless cameras. 5. 35mm film frame (36 x 24 mm). Sensors Ittis sire are used in professional

'"" table beiow compares the 1110$1 popular sensor Sizes i1 today"s digital cameras and gives the a-ea of the pholOSiles for ead1 for a 12·megapixel

-..a. Video camcorders and camera-phones often

have 1I4-inch or 1I6-nch sensors in whiCh the

photootes are smaller than one SQuare miCron

in siZe. While thiS won't produce problems with

resojutiOn for video ClipS. still shots often suffer

from bIov;n-out highlighls and blacked·out

shadows and shots taken in normal room lighting

may appear 'grainy" due 10 image noise.

Sensor "Type" Imaging Area Dimensions Photosit e area at 12MP Width (mm) Height (mm) In microns squared

t!3·inch " 36 '2 112.s-inch 5.76 ,,. 1.44

112.3-inch 6.17 '.55 '" 1/1.7·inch 7.6 57 " 213·irlch ,., 6.6 2.2 4!3-inch 160 13.5 '5 'APS-C' (Canon) 22.3 14.9 5.2 APS--C (others) 23.6 15.6 5.56 35mm ("F\AI Frame') 360 24.0 8.24

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resolutiOn and recordlng times for video clips.

Most recently-released cameras can record HD

video ClipS: some with Full HD (1920 x 1080

pixels or 1080p), the remaincler at a reduced

'72Op' (1280 x 720 pixels) resolutiOn the Quality

of whiCh is more than acceptable on most

widescreeo TV setS.

Another functiOn controlled by the processor

is the maximum speed at whiCh the camera can

record a continuous burst of shots. The camera's

buffer memory limits the number of shots that

can be recorded in a burst.

3. Shooting m odes are a good way to gauge a

camera's capability - and the extent to whiCh you

can control camera settings for creative effects.

POint-and-shoot cameras restriCt the range of

user-adjustable controls to a selectiOn of Scene

modes that match stanclard reQuirements for

the selected type Of scene.More sophisticated

The mode dials on consumer OSLRs usually inClude several pre-set scene modes. (Source: Nikon.)

Professional cameras usually provide only four shooting modes. (Source: Sigma.)

digicams - and all DSLR and mirrOrless cameras

- provide a fJU range of contrOls for adjusting

aperture and shutter speed settings as well

as sens~ivity. white balance and many other

parameters. Serious enthuSiasts and anyone

who wants to learn more alXlut photography

should faVOl.J" these camera typeS.

USEFUL ACCESSORIES

Some accessories are mandatory, while others

are optiOnal- and some are supplied w~h

the camera, while others must be purchased

separately. All digital cameras are supplied

with battene, and most interchangeable·lens

cameras come with at least one lens (although

you can often buy the body on its own).

Memory cards are seldom, if ever, provided,

although many 6giCarns come with nternal

memories. I-bwever. these are usuaty too smaI to

CCNer anything more than a brief shooti1g session.

Memory is relatively cheap so purchase at

least one hi!;;h-capacity (4G8. 8G8 or 18GB)

memory card with your dig~aI camera. Get at

least 8G8 if '/00 plan to shoot movies as video

consumes rremory very QuiCkly, partiCularly

at high resolutiOn. Buy extra cards if you're

travelling - or consider a portable storage device

- so you can store photos as they're taken.

The follov>ing camera accessories can

enhance yOU" shooti1g experiences:

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1. Le nses range from the uHra-wide ·fish-eyes·

with their characteristiC distortion to the ultra­

long telephoto lenses favoured by sports and

wildlife photographers. In between are.zoom

and prime (sngle focal length) lenses w ith local

lengths to suit most subject types.

ZOom lenses ccrrt>ne versatility with affordability

ald are Cfi excellent choice 'Nhen you need to

keep yQlI" kit compact and lXJrtabie. Pmle lenses

provide the best mage QUaity and the widest

maxrn.m aper\ll"eS >Mlen you want total control

~ the rkne of sharpness n yQlI" shots.

2. Flash guns enable you to light up dark areas. If your camera has a buiH-in flash you may only

need an accessory flash when you require much

more light, for example when pIlotograp/1ing

large groups Of people or large n terior spaces.

'Nhen using flash, n'S important to understand

that light output decreases with the square of the

distance. A subject four metres from the camera

(the limn for many digiCams) receives one quarter of the light that falls on a subjeCt two metres

from the camera. Consequently, Ws pointless to

use flash when photograp/1ing the Sydney Opera

House (or a Similar structure) at night from a

passing ferry.

3.. Tripods and m onopods ~ 10 stEOOy the

ccrnera 'Nhen shooIi"lg with OON shJtter speeds.

Even th::u;;tl modem image stabisatbn $ySI€JTlS

ae good, they rafJ.I provide rrore IhcI1 ttree or !oJ

EV (exporuevakJes orf·stops) d ~ 50,

whEn 'PJ need to use SOw sh..Jtter speeds some Kind d stabisaticJ1 is 1"9(JkeCf.

Monopods, whiCh have one leg, are compact

and light to carry but only stabilise the camera in

one directbn and aren't much use for eXjXlSUres

longer than one second. Even compacttrip:xfs

can provide enough stability for eXjXlSUres many

seconds long.

Joby's Gorilla-series 01 tripods are the lightest and most adjustable camera supports available and come In sizes to suit all cameras from diglcams to DSLRs. (Source: Maxwell International Australia.)

4. Rem ot e controllers let you trigger the

cameras shutter from a distance, a useful facility

for very long exposures and when shooting

easily·spooked wild life. (The camera MUST

be tripod-mounted!) Two types are available:

wired and wirelesS. Wired remotes usually have

cables between two and IIvee metres long:

wirela>s remotes use radio freQuency or nfrared

communiCatiOn and can trigger the camera from

more than 10 metres. IR remotes require direct

line-a-sight to the camera.

Remote controllers are uselullor wildlife photographers and anyone who enjoys taking long exposures atter dark. (Source: Nikon.)

5. GPS dat a logg ers allow you to embed

locatiOn data in the image file . (Some C8o'T1eras

have 1hem buiH-n.) They must be able to pick

up signals from several satell~es and, therefore,

won't work under dense tree cover or in urban

areas dominated by tall buildingS.

6. A cam era bag is a wrse investment that

Page 13: Mastering Digital Photography 3rd Edition Sample

can protect yo.x equipment against impact

damage, adverse weather Mel theft, QIoose

one that is comfortable 10 'werar', ~abIe for the

activities you partq,ate In Mel Ia'ge 8I"IOI.J!1l to

accorrvnodate the ~t you wi use on a

t')1licaI shoot.

7. Waterproof houslngs are available lor

many d9tal caToEII'as Mel offer varying levels

of t.rdefwater protection, ranging from one

metre to 40 metres or more. Some camera

manufacturers offer hovsngs for pwtiCul¥

models. while specialist manufacturers like

Fantasea and I~ite cater for several brands.

8. Bluetooth connections are also available

for wi"eIess printing from some cameras. Some

cameras come with buiH -1n facilit~ for uploading

mages and video clips to social ne\WOI1( sites.

AI C&'nWas Sl.pporI direct printing via Sl.ppIied

USB """".

USEFUL URLS

The foIbW'9 websites ~ adcifunaI ir*lrmatioo 00 the

~ a-ed i11tis~.

• ~ 01 ti1gs )OJ strud kdI at v.ften w,;ng a

-~ _,~.c::un~.»-oonsider_

'ihn-w,;ng·a·dW-<:amefa.aspc

• FiICbn to cmsi:Ier befmI tv,;ng orb

'INNI.~.CQ'I1~·~·a·

camera·orb.aspl(

• AI.Mce 00 eq.ipment l.WlIIIiog 'INNI,byth:)m,COII\ItIame.htm

• lists 01 recorMlel1ded camefa accessaies

httpJlcameras,about,coovbI2OtOltW3itles!·camera·

acctISSO'ies·is\s·posted.htm

"

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Mastering Digital Photography

The It*d ecttIcn of PhaIo Rrttaw'I A', rOr 'tIg DIg/IJIl PhotofIJ.,my pocIeI: QL*ie '-been COITIIllellt)' I,f)dat8d to teIect r8C*1I ctwQI!I8ln dgIIaIlmIIgIng .m .....,. IechIOIogIea. It'l been wrIhen 10 help 8'o'If)'dIy phcIagiaphM 10 "*' more "'!ektlO. fn:m ~

IIIIctv b¥ chooeIng the ~ eQIJpment, UlldlietallCillg toN to uae • .., rnakqJ the belli: a:Ap.C dIc:iIIoI .. Regaide88 d)'OLl" ..... €A expertIIe. lhIa Iwxti gUde wi por!IiCtt the reeoucee you naad to like bItI8r dIgIbII ..-.