Master’s Project - ENV690
Critical Success Factors and Challenges for Landscape-Scale
Wildlife Corridor Governance and Management: Ideas to
Inform Good Practice
The Berry Corridor, a part of the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative – from the Escarpment to the Sea
(This photograph is courtesy of the Berry Chamber of Commerce, NSW)
David W. Brawn BSc, MSc, GradDipEnEnv, GAICD
School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University
July 2018
i
ABSTRACT
This research project aimed to identify challenges and critical success
factors (success factors) that impact on the successful governance and
management of landscape-scale wildlife corridor developments around the
World. Corridors aim to provide habitat connectivity over large geographies
to preserve and enhance flora and fauna biodiversity under threat particularly
from anthropogenic actions. Key stakeholder relationships and how Corridors
are managed are considered to play an important role in achieving Corridor
aims.
Semi structured interviews and a quantitative literature review were used to
identify challenges and success factors. UNESCO guidelines, a framework of
4 governance themes (network; planning; stakeholder relations; and
community relations) and 6 management themes (resources; government;
private property; fundraising; scientific research; and media and
communications) informed the research methods. Semi structured interviews
were conducted, by skype or phone, with 18 Corridor managers from 4
Australasian Corridors including the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative,
Gondwana Link, Habitat 1410 and Reconnecting Northland (NZ). A
systematic quantitative literature review identified challenges and success
factors in 70 relevant scholarly papers accessed using reputable online
databases. The two studies collected many ideas from experts grouped into
49 challenges and 47 success factors and segmented by the ten governance
or management themes.
Important challenges were stakeholder relations; social network structure
and management; private property conservation; fundraising and
government relations/funding. Significant success factors included
stakeholder collaboration and cooperation; direction and planning;
community support; core entity direction and support; private property
conservation and resources.
ii
The findings highlight that governance and management processes are
important drivers of Corridor performance. The research findings also point
to a gap between academic and practitioner priorities highlighting issues with
knowledge exchange.
The findings identify opportunities for improvement in corridor governance
and management that provide guidance for practitioners, researchers, and
other interested parties.
iii
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... i
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose of the research.................................................................... 1
1.2 Governance and Management ......................................................... 1
1.3 Wildlife Corridors .............................................................................. 2
1.4 Project initiation ................................................................................ 3
1.5 Research questions .......................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 – METHOD ............................................................................... 5
2.1 Development of themes for data collection and analysis .................. 5
2.2 Interview Programme ........................................................................ 7
2.3 Systematic quantitative Literature Review ...................................... 11
CHAPTER 3 - INTERVIEW PROGRAMME – FINDINGS ............................ 13
3.1 Interview findings - Challenges ....................................................... 13
3.2 Interview findings - Success factors ................................................ 16
CHAPTER 4 – SYSTEMATIC QUANTITATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW -
FINDINGS .................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 21
4.2 Literature Review findings - Challenges .......................................... 21
4.3 Literature Review findings - Success factors .................................. 24
4.4 Combined findings - Interview Programme and Literature Review . 28
CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 35
5.1 Themes ....................................................................................... 35
5.2 Comments ................................................................................... 35
5.3 Ideas ............................................................................................ 36
5.4 Challenges……………………………………………………………..34
5.5 Success factors ........................................................................... 37
5.6 Further commentary .................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 47
REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 49
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………… 53
iv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 – Actively managed landscape-scale wildlife Corridors 0
around the World......…………………………………………………………… .53
Appendix 2 – Great Eastern Ranges Initiative……………….………….…. .55
Appendix 3 – Gondwana Link…………………………………………..…… 59
Appendix 4 – Habitat 1410 ….…………………………………………………. 63 Appendix 5 – Reconnecting Northland………………………………………. 65
Appendix 6 - Wildlife Corridor – Semi-structured Interview Guide….……. .69
62
Appendix 7 - List of interviewees………………………………………….… 71
Appendix 8 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme
and Corridor - Challenges…………………………………………………… .72
Appendix 9 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and
Corridor – Challenges…………………………………………………………. 73
Appendix 10 – Interview Programme – Excel database…………………… 74 Appendix 11 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas………………………………………………………………………... 79 Appendix 12 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme and Corridor - Success factors………………………………………………… 80 Appendix 13 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and Corridor for success factors……………………………………………………. 81 Appendix 14 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors………………………………………….… 82 Appendix 15 - Research papers and articles reviewed in the Literature Review……………………………………………………………… 83 Appendix 16 – Literature Review – Excel database………………………… 87
Appendix 17 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas
about challenges ……………………………………………………………… .93
Appendix 18 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas
about success factors………………………………………………………….. 94
Appendix 19 – Challenges from the Interview Programme and
Literature Review……….………………………………………………………. 95
Appendix 20 – Success factors from the Interview Programme
and Literature Review…………………………………………………………. 96
Appendix 21 – Combined Findings – Excel database……………………… 97
Appendix 22 – Combined Findings –Challenges………………………… 105
Appendix 23 – Combined Findings –Success factors…………………… .106
Appendix 24 – Combined Findings – Top 3 success factors by theme
with the associated ideas…………………………………………………….. 107
Appendix 25 – Combined Findings – Alignment of success factors
with challenges……………………………………………………………… 111
Appendix 26 – Improving Knowledge Exchange………………………….. 112
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - List of themes for the project ........................................................... 5
Table 2 - Occurrence of societal themes across 25 Corridors (Worboys,
Francis et al. 2010) ........................................................................................ 6
Table 3 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about
themes - Challenges .................................................................................... 13
Table 4 - Interview Programme - list of Challenges ..................................... 14
Table 5 - Interview Programme - the top 5 challenges based on comments 15
Table 6 - Interview programme - the top 5 challenges based on ideas ........ 15
Table 7 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about
themes – Success factors ............................................................................ 16
Table 8 - Interview programme - list of success factors by theme ............... 17
Table 9 - Interview programme - the top 5 success factors based on
comments .................................................................................................... 18
Table 10 – Interview Programme - the top 5 success factors based on ideas
..................................................................................................................... 18
Table 11 - Literature Review - comments and ideas by theme – Challenges
..................................................................................................................... 21
Table 12 - Literature Review - List of challenges by theme ......................... 22
Table 13 - Literature Review - The top 5 challenges based on comments .. 23
Table 14 - The top 5 challenges based on ideas ......................................... 23
Table 15 - Literature Review - Comments and ideas by theme – success
factors .......................................................................................................... 25
Table 16 - Literature Review - the list of success factors by theme ............. 26
Table 17 - Literature Review - the top 5 success factors based on comments
..................................................................................................................... 27
Table 18 - The top 5 success factors based on ideas .................................. 27
Table 19 - Commonality of Interview Programme and Literature Review .... 28
Table 20 - Combined findings - top 3 challenges per theme based on
comments .................................................................................................... 30
Table 21 - Combined findings - top 3 success factors per theme based on
comments .................................................................................................... 31
Table 22 - Top 10 Success factors across all themes .................................. 32
Table 23 – Approx. % comments about themes in the Interview Programme
and the Literature Review ............................................................................ 33
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Map of the Great Eastern Ranges corridor .................................. 55
Figure 2 - New structure showing GER Ltd responsibilities ......................... 58
Figure 3 - A map of Gondwana Link in south-western Australia .................. 59
Figure 4 - The structure of the Gondwana Link board and its management 61
Figure 5 - A map of the H1410 Corridor crossing SA/Victoria/NSW ............. 63
Figure 6 - A map of the Reconnecting Northland Programme area in New
Zealand ........................................................................................................ 65
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the
support of the ENV690 Unit Coordinator Professor Lynnath Beckley with her
constant encouragement and motivation; and my supervisor Dr. Michael
Hughes for his regular and generous availability, sound advice and timely
feedback.
I would also like to thank the experienced, knowledgeable and helpful people
from the four wildlife Corridors who agreed to assist me with this research
programme. They included: Gary Howling, Kevin Evans, David Rush, Bill
Piggott, Sophie Bickford, Eamon Nathan, Gary Bramley, Trevor Gray, Keith
Bradby, Louise Duxbury, Lucia Querry, Blair Parsons, Andrew Bradey,
Melissa Herpich, Tim Bond, Ron Dodds, David Warne and David Brennan.
1
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the research
The purpose of this research project was to identify challenges and critical
success factors (success factors) that impact on governance and
management of landscape-scale wildlife corridor (Corridor) developments
around the World. This information is important because governance and
management are considered to be key drivers of Corridor success in terms
of connectivity conservation. Specifically, active, efficient and effective
management of the Corridor environments will help to conserve species,
ecosystems, and habitats threatened by natural and anthropogenic changes,
including climate change (Worboys and Lockwood 2010).
Critical success factors are defined in the Cambridge University Business
English Dictionary (Cambridge 2018) as:
“The most important things that a company or organization must do well for
its business or work to be successful”
Challenges are defined in the same Dictionary as:
“Situations that need great mental or physical effort to be done successfully
and therefore test your ability”
1.2 Governance and Management
The concept of governance follows UNESCO advice. UNESCO defines and
differentiates the terms governance and management in UNESCO (2018) as
follows:
“Governance:
Set strategic vision and direction and formulate high-level goals
and policies
Oversee management and organisational performance to ensure that
the organization is working in the best interests of the public, and
more specifically the stakeholders who are served by the
organization’s mission
2
Direct and oversee the management to ensure that the organization is
achieving the desired outcomes and ensuring that the organization is
acting prudently, ethically and legally.”
And,
“Management:
Run the organisation in line with the broad goals and direction set
by the governing body
Implement the decisions within the context of the mission and
strategic vision
Make operational decisions and policies, keep the governance
bodies informed and educated
Be responsive to requests for additional information.”
Governance and management are important complementary processes that
are both reflected in the Literature Review and Interview Programme
conducted for this project. As mentioned earlier, these processes are
essential for the achievement of conservation goals.
1.3 Wildlife Corridors
Wildlife corridors can range in size from small fauna crossings across
motorways to Corridors that span continents and protect all forms of flora
and fauna. A succinct definition of a wildlife corridor was included in the
Federal Government’s National Wildlife Corridor Plan (Department of Energy
and the Environment 2012):
“Wildlife Corridors are connections across the landscape that link up areas of
habitat. They support natural processes that occur in a healthy environment,
including the movement of species to find resources, such as food and
water.”
This research project concentrates on Corridors that are typically over 500
kilometres in length that may cross regional or country borders because of
the greater complexity of the associated governance and management
processes. In Pulsford, Lindenmayer et al. (2015), there is a comprehensive
list of 44 actively managed Corridors from around the World, and this is
3
included in Appendix 1. Australia has several Corridors including the Great
Eastern Ranges Initiative (GER) (3,600 km) and Gondwana Link (GL) (1000
km).
1.4 Project initiation
The genesis of this research project was my knowledge of the experiences at
Gondwana Link Corridor in south-western Australia where governance and
management across 1000 km of the Corridor have proved to be major
challenges for the establishment of this particular Corridor. GL is described in
Appendix 3.
A journal article about GL (Bradby, Keesing et al. 2016) documents the
history of the Corridor and its challenges and highlights the importance of
society. The article stated that: “Ongoing success rests on the responses of
people working together, having respect for the integrity of the collective
effort and for the specific roles of others across differing but complementary
roles.” (p 827)
Examples of governance and management challenges mentioned by Bradby,
Keesing et al. (2016) dealt with stakeholders’ diverse and changing interests;
maintaining good personal relationships; coordinating funding for projects
among partners; limited funding; managing property negotiations; seeking
major donor funding; and planning, coordinating and collaborating
successfully across the large geography of the Corridor. These challenges
can adversely impact on the cost, efficiency and effectiveness of the Corridor
development activity leading to slower progress than expected and
frustration amongst stakeholder groups.
This research project investigates the incidence of similar challenges in other
corridors around the World and success factors that help address these
challenges.
4
1.5 Research questions
Based on the impact of society on the success of Corridors noted by Bradby,
Keesing et al. (2016), and Worboys, Francis et al. (2010), the research
questions seek to identify ways to improve the governance and management
of Corridors, given their apparent impact on Corridor conservation
performance. The project involved answering the following three questions:
1. What are the main reported governance and management challenges
and key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining selected
landscape-scale wildlife Corridors in Australia and New Zealand?
2. What are the main documented governance and management challenges
and key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining
landscape-scale wildlife Corridors around the World?
3. What are the combined documented and reported challenges and key
success factors that can help inform good practice for landscape-scale
wildlife Corridor governance and management in Australia?
5
CHAPTER 2 – METHOD
2.1 Development of themes for data collection and analysis
This project required the identification of specific themes within governance
and management that could provide a framework for the data collection and
analysis in the Literature Review and Interview Programme. The
development of the list of themes involved a two-step process. First, I
developed a provisional list of ten themes related to Corridor governance and
management. This list was based on my knowledge of the subject and a
preliminary literature review about GL, GER, and Y2Y (Bradby et al. 2016;
Locke 2010; Pulsford et al. 2013). This provisional list of themes is shown in
Table 1:
Table 1 - List of themes for the project
Theme Explanation
Go
ve
rna
nc
e
Network
The social network of government and non-government
partners that supports Corridor activities - involving both formal
and informal relationships between participating players. The
network provides the Vision, Mission, objectives, strategic
direction, and overall support for the Corridor
Planning
The planning of Corridor activities
Stakeholder relations
The management of key stakeholder relations and the resolution of issues and conflicts between the parties
Community relations
The development and maintenance of local community relations
to gain support and participation in Corridor activity
Ma
na
ge
men
t
Resources The provision and organisation of resources to execute plans
Government
The interaction with governments on Corridor development
Private property
The establishment of landscape connectivity across private
landholdings
Fundraising
The raising of funds to support Corridor development and
ongoing management and the core entity’s operation
Scientific research
The generation and exchange of scientific research to inform
Corridor planning and development
Media relations and
Communication
The communication about the Corridor Vision and activities to
key stakeholders and the community at large
6
The first four themes are related to governance matters in line with the
UNESCO (2018) definition and are inter-dependent. The six management
themes support the achievement of objectives, strategy, and plans. These
themes were considered to be important drivers of Corridor performance.
The second step was to validate the provisional list of themes by checking
the occurrence of the themes in articles about 25 Corridors around the World
that were included in an authoritative book called “Connectivity Conservation
Management – A Global Guide” (Worboys, Francis et al. 2010). There was a
diverse range of Corridors included in the book, ranging from fully protected
land to land that included a high proportion of private and indigenous
property. All Corridors were considered for this theme analysis.
The occurrence of particular themes was derived from studying the section
called “lessons learned” in each Corridor article. In total, there were 128
“lessons learned” across the Corridors, and the frequency of comments
about the ten themes is shown in Table 2:
Table 2 - Occurrence of societal themes across 25 Corridors (Worboys, Francis et al. 2010)
This small-scale preliminary literature review supported the inclusion of all
ten themes in the theme list for further study.
The “lessons learned” analysis also reinforced the importance of societal
themes to connectivity conservation with 128 associated with societal
themes and only 28 related to ecological issues.
Themes
Number of “lessons learned”
Network 33
Stakeholder relations 25
Planning 18
Community relations 17
Media relations/Communication 12
Government 9
Resources 5
Private property conservation 4
Scientific research 3
Fundraising 2
All themes 128
7
2.2 Interview Programme
2.2.1 Overview of the Interview Programme
My proposal for the Interview Programme component of this project was
approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Murdoch University
in June 2017 (Project no: 2017/133). The proposal contained a description of
the process for conducting the Interview Programme including interviewee
communication and recruitment, the conduct of the semi-structured
interviews and the subsequent analysis. This Interview Programme
responds to Question 1:
“What are the main reported governance and management challenges and
key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining selected
landscape-scale wildlife Corridors in Australia and New Zealand?”
The method followed advice about qualitative research methods in
Erlingsson and Brysiewicz (2013).
2.2.2 Selection of the wildlife Corridors
4 Corridors in Australasia were chosen to capture a diversity of ideas from
different governance regimes and environments. The efficient and timely
conduct of the interviews was facilitated because these Corridors were in
similar time zones and there were no language difficulties. The details of
governance arrangements and ecology of each Corridor are described in
Appendices 2 – 5 respectively.
The selected corridors were:
Great Eastern Ranges Initiative
GER follows the alignment of the Great Dividing Range and the Great
Escarpment in eastern Australia with various lateral extensions inland and to
the coast. It extends 3600 km from western Victoria through NSW and the
ACT to far north Queensland. See Appendix 2 for more details.
8
Gondwana Link
GL provides habitat connectivity from Margaret River in the west of south-
western Australia to the Goldfields to the east, a distance of approximately
1000 km. See Appendix 3 for more detail.
Habitat 1410 (H141)
The H141 Corridor traverses SA, Victoria, and NSW along longitude 1410
and runs from the Glenelg Woodlands and Wetlands in the south to the
Murray Mallee region in the north over a distance of 500 km. See Appendix 4
for more detail.
Reconnecting Northland (RN)
RN is situated in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand from
Kaipara harbour to North Cape (Cape Reinga) at the northerly tip of the
North Island (Te Rerenga Wairua) and covers an area of 14,000 km2. See
Appendix 5 for more detail.
The Interview programme was focused on analysing the merged data on
challenges and success factors from all four Corridors. All Corridors did not
face the same challenges, but they are all relevant in the broader context of
a range of Corridors. Also, information about all identified success factors will
best inform Corridor managers about best practice approaches.
The project did not attempt to compare the Corridors regarding their
governance, landscape context, restoration activities and ongoing
management or their success in achieving conservation goals. The purpose
of the project was to provide general advice on common challenges and
success factors of value to all Corridors. Also, no attempt was made to
compare the chosen 4 Corridors with the other 40 identified Corridors
worldwide as this was not in the scope of the project.
The term “core entity” mentioned in this paper refers to an incorporated
central coordinating body for a Corridor’s network that provides direction and
support to participating stakeholders around the particular Corridor.
Examples of a core entity are GL Ltd, GER Ltd, and the RN Trust.
9
2.2.3 Selection of the interviewees
Experienced practitioners involved in Corridor management were recruited
from each selected Corridor to gain a balanced view of the governance and
management situation in each Corridor and were chosen through a snowball
selection process starting with one prominent Corridor representative
identified from the Corridor’s website. A total of 18 experts agreed to be
interviewed, and the position titles of the interviewees and the dates of the
interviews are shown in Appendix 7.
2.2.4 Interview process and the Guide
Each potential interviewee was emailed a university approved letter
describing the scope and objectives of the research project and the interview
process; a request for their participation; a consent form for their signature;
and a copy of the interview guide to allow for preparation before the
interview.
The interviews were semi-structured and focused on the challenges and
success factors within the ten selected themes. The semi-structured
interview guide is included in Appendix 6 and, for each theme, the
interviewee was asked to discuss the theme as it relates to their Corridor and
then to highlight challenges and success factors.
For logistical and economic reasons, most interviews were conducted via
Skype or phone and ran for approximately one hour. The interviews were
recorded using a digital voice recorder and a written Word summary of each
interview was produced. An interview summary was then emailed to each
interviewee with a request that they check the document for accuracy and
completeness.
The process could have been improved if the interviews had been face-to-
face and of longer duration, but this was not possible logistically and
economically.
10
2.2.5 An explanation of terms – comments and ideas
The following terms were used for the reporting of the information collected
in both the Interview Programme and the Literature Review:
Comments are the various comments about challenges or success factors
made by interviewees during the 18 interviews (or collected from research
papers).
Ideas are the result of merging repetitive ideas that are the same or very
similar to those made by other interviewees (with the number of comments
per idea recorded). Clusters of ideas form success factors or challenges.
Comment counts indicate the relative importance that the interviewees
attached to a particular idea, success factor or challenge, while idea counts
indicate the seriousness of particular challenges or the extent of the
opportunities for success.
2.2.6 Database of interviewee comments by Corridor
The written Word summaries from the interviews provided comments about
challenges and success factors for the ten theme areas. These comments
were recorded in an abbreviated form (2 - 4 words) in an Excel “Interview”
database containing 4 Corridor spreadsheets:
2.2.7 Database of ideas – all Corridors combined
An “all Corridors” spreadsheet was then produced to convert comments into
ideas from each of the Corridor spreadsheets, taking into account repeated
ideas (which number of comments per idea recorded).
2.2.8 Database of ideas by success factor/challenge – all Corridors
combined
Recognising that it is difficult to present and communicate so many ideas, an
“all Corridor – success factors and challenges” spreadsheet was produced
using the following inductive process of analysis:
11
The ideas under each theme were sorted (using Post-it notes) to
produce small clusters of related ideas. These were entered into a
success factor/challenge spreadsheet
A success factor or challenge statement was then developed and
assigned to each group of related ideas to explain the relationship
2.3 Systematic quantitative Literature Review
A systematic quantitative literature review, as described in Pickering and
Byrne (2014) was conducted to answer Question 2:
“What are the main documented governance and management challenges
and key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining landscape-
scale wildlife Corridors around the World?”
The process was adapted to suit this particular research project:
i. The particular focus of the review was the ten themes mentioned in
Table 1. The keywords for the search were wildlife Corridors (or
biospheres or connectivity conservation Corridors) combined with the
ten themes related to governance and management.
ii. The following online search databases were consulted - Murdoch
Library, Proquest, and Google Scholar
iii. The papers were selected based on the criteria mentioned in (i)
above. and irrelevant papers discarded.
iv. The papers were reviewed to identify comments about success
factors and challenges.
v. An Excel database was created to record comments derived from
selected papers. This database includes research reference
information and a list of comments about challenges and success
factors sourced from each document in summary form (in a sentence).
vi. The data about challenges and success factors was then compiled for
inclusion in the Literature Review findings section (Chapter 4). This
involved the same three-step process of filtering comments down to
ideas and then to success factors or challenges as for the Interview
Programme:
12
a. The comments were abbreviated for analysis purposes (to 2-4
words)
b. Repeated ideas were merged to form a list of ideas, recording
the number of the comments per idea.
c. The assignment of clusters of ideas to appropriate success
factor or challenge categories.
2.4 Combined findings - Interview Programme and Literature Review
The combined findings of challenges and success factors were determined
by merging success factor and challenge information from the Interview
Programme and the Literature Review, with the same or similar challenges
and success factors combined (including the merger of same or similar
ideas). This provided the necessary information to respond to Question 3:
“What are the combined documented and reported challenges and key
success factors that can help inform good practice for landscape-scale
wildlife Corridor governance and management in Australia?”
13
CHAPTER 3 - INTERVIEW PROGRAMME – FINDINGS
The interview programme had a 100% response rate, with all interviewees
keen to provide information for this research because they felt that the
results could provide useful insights of benefit to Corridor development. The
only practical issue was controlling the flow of the conversation so that it
remained focused on the information needs in the guide within the limited
time available. It was easy to get distracted by interesting but unrelated
ecological matters which needed sensitive moderation. The comments from
the interviewees about challenges and success factors across the ten
themes are shown in the following Sections.
3.1 Interview findings - Challenges
3.1.1 Number of comments and ideas by theme - Challenges
Appendix 8 and Appendix 9 shows the distribution of comments and ideas by
theme and, all Corridors combined totalled 378 and 149 respectively. The “all
Corridor” count ranged from 25 comments about “community relations” up to
60 comments for the theme “network.”
Table 3 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about themes - Challenges
Themes Comments Ideas
Network 60 23
Planning 52 23
Private property 44 16
Stakeholder relations 40 21
Fundraising 37 9
Resources 33 12
Scientific research 31 18
Government 28 13
Media relations/communications 28 4
Community relations 25 10
Total comments 378 149
% Top five themes 62% 67%
14
The top 5 themes generated the majority (62%) of comments based on
comments. The 3 governance themes featured in the top 5 themes and most
management themes scored significantly fewer comments.
3.1.2 The development of challenges
Appendix 10 shows the conclusions of the inductive analysis that grouped
similar ideas as challenges with the process described in Section 2.2.8.
31 challenges were identified after the analysis of the reported 378
comments and 149 ideas. The list of challenges is shown in Table 4 below:
Table 4 - Interview Programme - list of Challenges
Network Planning
Working with partners
Managing the Corridor
Dealing with government
Building community relations
Gaining planning support
Organising the planning process
Setting the direction
Aligning with government
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Organising resources for planning
Securing funds for core entity and projects
Resolving stakeholder issues
Building relationships
Managing government relations
Community Government
Building community awareness
Encouraging community involvement
Arranging community outreach
Securing limited/unpredictable funding
Coping with policy change
Private Property Science
Supporting the conservation process
Addressing conservation issues
Enabling conservation by acquisition
Achieving research focus
Seeking university involvement
Securing funding and resources
Fundraising Media/Communication
Exploiting funding opportunities
Prioritising funding needs
Conducting fundraising activity
Addressing newsworthiness
Managing without communications resources
Raising Corridor profile
Properly recognizing partner contributions
3.1.3 Frequency of comments about challenges
Appendix 11 shows the relative importance of the challenges by the
frequency of comments about the 31 challenges listed in Section 3.1.3.
15
The frequency of comments about the top 5 challenges is shown in Table 5.
Table 5 - Interview Programme - the top 5 challenges based on comments
Theme Challenges Comments
Private property Supporting the conservation
process
35
Network Working with partners 32
Network Managing the Corridor 22
Stakeholder
relations
Building relationships 21
Fundraising Exploiting funding opportunities 20
Top 5 totals 130
% All comments 35%
3 of the top 5 challenges in Table 5 are related to governance ideas.
Appendix 11 also shows that the ideas per challenge varied from 2 – 12
ideas and Table 6 shows the top 5 challenges based on the frequency of
ideas.
Table 6 - Interview programme - the top 5 challenges based on ideas
Theme Challenges Ideas
Network Working with partners 12
Stakeholder
Relations
Resolving stakeholder
ideas
10
Stakeholder
Relations
Building relationships 10
Science Achieving research focus 10
Resources Organising resources for
planning
10
Top 5 totals 52
% All comments 35%
16
3.1.4 Summary - Challenges
This section reported on feedback from interviewees about the challenges
facing Corridor practitioners, and it helps address Question 1.
The Interview Programme generated 378 comments and 149 ideas and the
ideas formed 31 challenges. The challenges were distributed across the ten
themes in Table 4 with 14 challenges under governance and 17 challenges
under management.
3.2 Interview findings - Success factors
3.2.1 The number of comments and ideas by theme – success factors
Appendices 12 and 13 detail the frequency of comments and ideas by
theme, which totaled 336 comments and 160 ideas. Table 7 shows their
distribution of comments and ideas by theme.
Table 7 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about themes – Success factors
Themes Comments Ideas
Planning 59 31
Network 56 21
Private property 36 20
Stakeholder relations 33 22
Resources 33 18
Community relations 28 16
Scientific research 26 8
Media relations and communications 25 9
Fundraising 23 10
Government 17 5
Total comments 336 160
% Top five themes 64% 70%
The top 4 themes for comments are the same as those shown for challenges
in Table 5 with “planning”, “network”, and “stakeholder relations” being three
of the four governance themes. The only difference is the fifth theme with
“fundraising” in the challenges top 5 chart and “resources” in the success
factors chart.
17
3.2.2 The development of success factors
Appendix 10 also shows the detailed results of an inductive analysis process
to combine similar comments and ideas under success factors with a total of
28 success factors (refer to Section 2.2.8 for a description of the process).
The list of success factors is shown in Table 8:
Table 8 - Interview programme - list of success factors by theme
The information about success factors in Table 8 highlights areas that
require priority focus to improve Corridor performance.
Network Planning
Build/maintain partner support
Establish/support core entity
Manage Corridor well
Gain government support
Gain/maintain planning support
Manage process effectively
Establish clear, well-informed directions
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Seek funding
Build resource capability
Inspire the workforce
Engage with stakeholders
Empower stakeholders
Encourage positive values
Community Government
Promote the Corridor
Gain community support/involvement
Raise Corridor profile
Gain government support
Private Property Science
Promote conservation
Build relationships
Support conservation
Facilitate conservation investment
Develop research focus/needs
Seek university support
Attract research funding
Fundraising Media/Communication
Promote the Corridor
Seek funds for core and projects
Establish media relationships
Create media opportunities
18
3.2.3 Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors
Appendix 14 shows the frequency of comments and ideas about the 28
success factors listed in Section 3.2.3 and the comments per success factor
are highlighted in Table 9:
Table 9 - Interview programme - the top 5 success factors based on comments
Theme Success factor Comments
Network Establish and support the core entity 25
Planning Establish clear, well-informed
directions
24
Planning Gain and maintain planning support 22
Private property Support conservation 20
Network Build and maintain partner support 17
Top 5 totals 108
% All comments 32%
Particular mention should be made of the success factor shown at the top of
Table 9 – “establish and support the core entity” which is discussed later.
Appendix 14 shows the ideas per success factor and this varied from 1 – 12
ideas and Table 10 shows the top 5 success factors based on ideas.
Table 10 – Interview Programme - the top 5 success factors based on ideas
It is significant that Planning scores highly here with 3 out of the 5 success
factors for ideas.
Theme Success factor Ideas
Planning Gain and maintain planning support 12
Resources Build resource capability 10
Planning Establish clear, well-informed
directions
10
Community Gain community support and
involvement
10
Planning Manage planning process effectively 9
Top 5 totals 51
% All comments 32%
19
3.2.4 Summary – Success factors
The Interview Programme generated 336 comments and, after analysis, a
total of 160 ideas were identified. These ideas were then sorted into 28
clusters and identified as distinct success factors in Table 8.
This success factor information suggests those areas of Corridor governance
and management that may provide opportunities for Corridor managers,
based on the experience of their peers.
21
CHAPTER 4 – SYSTEMATIC QUANTITATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW -
FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
The systematic quantitative Literature Review included an analysis of 70
scholarly research documents (as detailed in Appendix 15). The analysis
included 28 papers about individual Corridors, 2 papers about biosphere
reserves and another paper about a group of 11 Corridors. The majority of
the remaining 39 theme-based papers focused on the various governance
and management themes.
4.2 Literature Review findings - Challenges
4.2.1 Number of comments and ideas by theme - Challenges
Appendix 16 shows the comments and ideas about challenges derived from
the Literature Review. The distribution of comments and ideas by theme are
shown in Table 11 below:
Table 11 - Literature Review - comments and ideas by theme – Challenges
Themes Comments Ideas
Network 63 39
Planning 42 39
Stakeholder Relations 58 25
Community Relations 23 13
Resources 10 7
Government 16 9
Private property 19 17
Science 9 2
Fundraising 10 7
Media/Communications 7 7
Total 257 165
The analysis identified 257 comments about challenges. After the merger of
repeated ideas, there were 165 ideas to consider
The majority of both comments (71%) and ideas (71%) were related to the
four governance themes of “network,” “planning,” “stakeholder relations” and
22
“community relations.” The management themes received significantly fewer
comments/ideas because fewer relevant papers were identified. This
shortage of research papers about management themes is addressed later.
4.2.2 The development of challenges
Appendix 16 also shows the conclusions of the inductive analysis that
grouped similar ideas under success factor or challenge descriptions with the
process described in Section 2.2.8.
29 challenges were identified after the analysis of the 165 ideas, and these
challenges are shown in Table 12
Table 12 - Literature Review - List of challenges by theme
Network Planning
Visioning the network
Structuring the network
Understanding the network
Managing the Corridor
Achieving results
Understanding Context
Discovering information
Developing plans
Planning effectively
Deciding on direction
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Finding resources
Keeping resources
Managing conflict
Building relationships
Communicating with partners
Seeking government support
Working across the Corridor
Community Government
Educating communities
Gaining local support
Recognising cultural diversity
Gaining government support
Coping with policy change
Responding to legislation
Private Property Science
Selling connectivity to landowners
Supporting conservation
Resolving issues
Covenanting land
Planning for science
Fundraising Media/Communication
Seeking funding Promoting conservation
The information about challenges in Table 12 confirmed the difficulties faced
by Corridor practitioners in developing and maintaining their Corridors.
23
4.2.3 Frequency of comments and ideas about challenges
Appendix 17 shows the frequency of comments and ideas about the
challenges listed in Table 12.
Table 13 highlights the top 5 challenges from the list which have between 12
to 25 comments per challenge:
Table 13 - Literature Review - The top 5 challenges based on comments
Theme Challenges Comments
Network Structuring the network 25
Stakeholder Relations Building relationships 19
Stakeholder Relations Working across the Corridor 17
Stakeholder Relations Managing conflicts 16
Planning Understanding Context 12
Top 5 totals 89
% All comments 35%
These top 5 challenges are associated with governance themes once again,
with the three “stakeholder relations” challenges a particular focus with 52
comments (or 20% of all comments). Note that these five challenges (17%)
contributing a disproportionately high number of total comments (35%).
The top 5 challenges based on ideas are shown in Table 14 below:
Table 14 - The top 5 challenges based on ideas
Theme Challenges Ideas
Network Structuring the network 18
Network Understanding the network 11
Stakeholder Relations Building relationships 11
Planning Understanding Context 10
Planning Discovering information 9
Top 5 totals 59
% All comments 36%
“Structuring the network” attracted the highest number of ideas reflecting the
complexity of forming an effective social network involving many diverse
partners over a broad geography. The ideas related to this particular
24
challenge included resourcing the core entity, involving partners including
international NGOs, gaining stakeholder support and addressing issues of
equity and accountability.
4.2.4 Literature Review Summary - Challenges
257 comments representing 165 ideas about challenges were identified
through the Literature Review process and, after analysis, 29 discrete
challenges were isolated across the ten theme areas.
The 4 governance themes accounted for 71% of the comments with
“network” generating most comments (24%), “stakeholder relations”
marginally less at 22% and “planning” at 16%. Within the 6 management
themes, “private property” was associated with the most comments and
ideas.
4.3 Literature Review findings - Success factors
4.3.1 The number of comments and ideas by theme – success factors
Table 15 below summarises the number of comments and ideas about
success factors collected during the Literature Review and detailed in
Appendix 16.
25
Table 15 - Literature Review - Comments and ideas by theme – success factors
Themes Comments Ideas
Network 70 47
Planning 46 34
Stakeholder Relations 41 31
Community Relations 24 18
Resources 13 10
Government 12 6
Private property 15 13
Science 11 10
Fundraising 7 7
Media/Communications 21 11
Total 260 187
There were a large number of comments and ideas about success factors
and, as expected, the four governance themes again scored the highest
number of comments (69%) and ideas (69%), with management themes in
the minority. The “network” theme generated the highest comment/idea
counts reflecting the importance of this topic to overall Corridor success.
4.3.2 The development of success factors
As for challenges, Appendix 16 details the conclusions of the inductive
analysis that grouped similar ideas about success factors with the process
described in Section 2.2.8.
29 success factors were identified after the analysis of 187 ideas, and these
success factors are shown in Table 16 below:
26
Table 16 - Literature Review - the list of success factors by theme
The themes identified in Table 16 guide practitioners on how best to focus
their limited resources to achieve positive outcomes regarding Corridor
connectivity conservation..
4.3.3 Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors
Appendix 18 shows the frequency of comments and ideas related to the 29
success factors list in Table 16.
The number of comments per success factor varied from 2 up to 19
comments with the top 5 success factors highlighted in Table 17 below:
Network Planning
Think strategically
Demonstrate leadership
Embrace participation
Develop an effective structure
Be successful
Acquire and share knowledge
Establish clear priorities
Optimise Corridor goals
Manage process effectively
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Provide adequate resources Strengthen partner relationships
Encourage positive traits
Collaborate and cooperate
Overcome partner differences
Community Government
Communicate locally
Gain community support
Gain government support
Exploit government legislation
Private Property Science
Support connectivity conservation
Plan connectivity options
Preserve conservation outcomes
Develop scientific knowledge
Use scientific knowledge
Fundraising Media/Communication
Raise funds
Exploit carbon opportunity
Promote the Vision
Develop effective communications
Communicate frequently
Promote social benefits
27
Table 17 - Literature Review - the top 5 success factors based on comments
Theme Success factor Comments
Network Demonstrate leadership 19
Network Develop effective structure 19
Planning Manage process effectively 19
Stakeholder Relations Collaborate and cooperate 18
Planning Optimise Corridor goals 17
Top 5 total 92
% All comments 35%
% All success factors 17%
These top 5 success factors all fall within the governance area and involve
“network,” “planning” and ‘stakeholder relations.”
Appendix 18 also shows the ideas per success factor and this varied from 2
– 14 comments and Table 18 shows the top 5 success factors.
Table 18 - The top 5 success factors based on ideas
These top 5 success factors were significantly higher regarding ideas than
the other success factors which typically ranged between 2 and 7 ideas per
success factor. For example, the success factor “ manage process
effectively” was supported by 14 ideas including adopting a multi-disciplinary
approach, coordinating planning with partners and monitoring and evaluating
progress.
4.3.4 Summary – Success factors
Theme Success factor Ideas
Planning Manage process effectively 14
Planning Optimise Corridor goals 13
Network Demonstrate leadership 13
Community Gain community support 11
Stakeholder relations Collaborate and cooperate 10
Top 5 total 61
% All comments 33%
% All success factors 17%
28
260 comments and 187 ideas about success factors were identified through
the Literature Review process and, after analysis, 29 success factors were
isolated across the ten theme areas.
The 4 governance themes accounted for most of the comments in the
literature at 69%, with “network” generating 26%, “planning” 18% and
“stakeholder relations” 16%. Within the 6 management themes, there were
fewer comments and ideas about success factors (below 9%).
4.4 Combined findings - Interview Programme and Literature Review
Combining the findings of the Interview Programme and the Literature
Review provided the information required to answer Question 3.
4.4.1 Combined findings from the Interview Programme and the Literature
Review
Appendices 19 and 20 show comparisons of the challenges and success
factors from the Interview Programme and the Literature Review analysis,
highlighting areas of commonality. Table 19 shows the summary of this
analysis:
Table 19 - Commonality of Interview Programme and Literature Review
Interview
Programme
Literature
review
Commonality
No. of challenges
31 29 11
No. of success
factors
28 29 10
The challenges and success factors varied between the Interview
Programme and the Literature Review analysis with 35 – 45% commonality.
This variability was to be expected because of the wide variety of information
sources (including Corridor practitioners and scientists), two different
investigative methods and a large number of comments and ideas collected.
The Excel database of combined comments, ideas, challenges and success
factors is shown in Appendix 21. After merging the common challenges and
29
success factors and the same or similar ideas, the Combined database
contains approximately 600 comments and 300 ideas about challenges and
the same numbers for success factors. There were 49 challenges, and 47
success factors and these are detailed in Appendices 22 and 23
respectively, including the frequency of comments.
For communications purposes, the next three sections highlight the more
significant challenges and success factors based on comment frequency.
4.4.2 Top 3 Challenges associated with each theme
Table 20 focusses on the top 3 challenges for each theme based on the
number of supporting comments.
30
Table 20 - Combined findings - top 3 challenges per theme based on comments
The challenges mentioned in Table 20 account for 83% of all comments in
the project so are clearly significant.
4.4.3 Top 3 Success factors associated with each theme
Table 21 contains the top 3 success factors under each theme based on
comments.
Challenges Comments
Challenges Comments
Network Planning
Managing the Corridor
Working with partners
Structuring the network
37
32
25
Organising the planning process
Setting the direction
Gaining planning support
26
23
12
Totals 94 Totals 61
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Organising resources for plan
Securing funds for the core entity
Keeping resources
21
18
4
Building relationships
Resolving stakeholder issues
Working across the network
40
33
17
Totals 43 Totals 90
Community Government
Educating communities
Arranging community outreach
Gaining local support
17
11
10
Gaining government support
Coping with policy change
Responding to legislation
25
13
4
Totals 38 Totals 42
Private Property Science
Supporting the conservation
process
Addressing conservation issues
Selling connectivity to landowners
39
5
5
Planning with science
Securing funding and resources
Seeking university involvement
22
10
8
Totals 49 Totals 40
Fundraising Media/Communication
Exploiting funding opportunities
Conducting fundraising activities
Prioritising funding needs
30
14
3
Managing with communications
resources
Addressing newsworthiness
Promoting conservation
13
9
7
Totals 47 Totals 29
All above comments 527
% total research comments 83%
31
Table 21 - Combined findings - top 3 success factors per theme based on comments
The choice of the 30 “top 3 per theme” success factors was appropriate
because they were supported by the majority (78%) of all the comments
made about success factors in the whole research effort. Appendix 24 shows
the clusters of ideas that formed the success factors shown in Table 21.
4.4.4 Top 10 Success factors across all themes
The Top 10 success factors are the most important based on combined
comments and are shown in Table 22, with the asterisked governance
themes connected with 7 out of 10:
Success Factors Comments
Success Factors Comments
Network Planning
Establish/support core entity
Demonstrate leadership
Develop an effective structure
25
19
19
Establish clear, well-informed
directions
Gain/maintain planning support
Manage process effectively
34
22
32
Totals 63 Totals 88
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Build resource capability
Seek funding
Inspire the workforce
25
11
10
Collaborate and cooperate
Encourage positive values/traits
Strengthen partner relationships
35
14
9
Totals 46 Totals 58
Community Government
Gain community support and
involvement
Promote the Corridor
Communicate locally
28
15
9
Gain government support
Raise Corridor profile
Exploit government legislation
22
4
3
Totals 52 Totals 29
Private Property Science
Support conservation
Promote conservation
Preserve conservation outcomes
25
8
7
Seek university support
Develop research focus/needs
Attract research funding
13
7
6
Totals 40 Totals 26
Fundraising Media/Communication
Seek funds for the core entity and
projects
Promote the Corridor
Exploit carbon opportunity
19
9
2
Establish media relationships
Create media opportunities
Promote the Vision
17
8
8
Totals 30 Totals 33
All above comments 465
% total research comments 78%
32
Table 22 - Top 10 Success factors across all themes
Rank Success factor Theme
1 Collaborate and cooperate Stakeholder relations*
2 Establish clear, well-informed
directions
Planning*
3 Manage planning process effectively Planning*
4 Gain community support and
involvement
Community relations*
5 Establish and support a core entity Network*
6 Support conservation Private property
7 Build resource capability Resources
8 Gain and maintain planning support Planning*
9 Gain government support Government
10 Demonstrate leadership Network*
These success factors are discussed in detail in Section 5.5.
4.4.5 The alignment of challenges with success factors
The challenges and success factors were compared to see if they matched.
They could be matched with a particular success factor addressing one or
more challenges or a success factor could exploit a new or existing
opportunity that is not considered a challenge. There can also be challenges
with no success factors to resolve them.
The list of challenges and success factors in this project were developed
independently, so it was interesting to see the extent of their alignment. The
chart in Appendix 25 shows that 26 out of the 30 success factors can be
matched with challenges. 4 challenges were not matched with a success
factor and 4 success factors were not matched with a particular challenge.
4.4.6 The incidence of comments about Management themes in the
Literature Review
There was the low incidence of comments about the six management
themes in the Literature Review
Table 23 shows the percentage of total comments about governance and
management themes in the Interview Programme and the Literature Review:
33
Table 23 – Approx. % comments about themes in the Interview Programme and the Literature Review
Theme Interview Programme Literature Review
Governance ~50% ~70%
Management (by Corridor) - ~20%
Management (by theme) ~50% ~10%
100% 100%
The highlighted row (in bold) shows that Corridor practitioners mentioned
management themes much more frequently than the academics did in the
reviewed literature. Only 10% of research comments came from theme
based research papers with the other research comments about
management themes (20%) sourced from general Corridor reviews (and not
in issue-specific research papers).
The low level of research inquiry into management themes could be
validated in further work, but it is potentially a concern. This matter is
addressed in the Discussion chapter.
35
CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION
This project was initiated because the GL experience (Bradby, Keesing et al.
2016) suggested that there were societal issues to manage effectively to
enable this particular Corridor to succeed. These issues were highlighted in
Section 1.4. The fact that this project has uncovered so many challenges
associated with Corridor governance and management suggests that the
Gondwana Link experience is part of a broader international problem that
impacts on the cost, efficiency, and effectiveness of Corridor operations and,
thus, the ability to achieve conservation goals in reasonable timeframes.
5.1 Themes
The ten societal themes for governance and management in Table 1, which
provided the framework for the data collection and analysis in this project,
proved to be an effective means of segmentation because it efficiently
identified a large number of comments and ideas in both the Interview
Programme and the Literature Review. The four governance themes
attracted the majority of commentary. Table 23 shows that governance
themes were particularly significant in the Literature Review while there was
a balance of comments between governance and management themes in
the Interview Programme. This situation is mentioned further in the next
section.
5.2 Comments
The contribution of hundreds of comments from the interviewees during their
relatively short one hour sessions was surprising and welcome. Two factors
may have driven the good response rates. The theme-based semi-structured
interview process helped focus the conversations, and the participants were
generous with their expert comments.
The relative shortage of comments about management themes in the
reviewed literature contrasts with the balance of governance and
36
management themes identified in Interviews as shown in Table 23. The
focus on management themes in the interviews indicates the significance of
these themes to practitioners but highlights a gap regarding the focus of
published research.
The apparent imbalance between practitioner interest (demand) and
scientific output (supply) appears to be a part of a broader knowledge
exchange issue and has been the subject of much academic inquiry. For
example, McNie (2007) addresses the issue of reconciling the supply of
scientific information with user demand. The paper makes recommendations
to help resolve this identified supply/demand problem including better
understanding the decision-making process and improving relationships.
Beier, Hansen et al. (2017) published a “How-to Guide for the coproduction
of actionable science” that presents recommended practices for improved
knowledge exchange for scientists, managers, funders, universities,
government, and NGOs. More details of the recommendations from these
two papers are shown in Appendix 26.
The same comment counts were retained in the combined findings as they
supported the ideas, challenges and success factors.
5.3 Ideas
The ideas generated in the Interview Programme were significantly less than
the recorded comments (~50%) for both challenges and success factors
because of the high level of repetition of ideas. For example in Appendix 10 -
under network challenges/”working with partners”, the idea “partner
alignment/conflicts” was mentioned as a comment by 14 respondents. The
repetition suggests that the shared practitioner experiences and possibly
regional knowledge exchange have led to a common awareness of the
problems and solutions across the Corridors.
By contrast, there were significantly fewer ideas repeated in the Literature
Review (30%). These ideas focused on a wide variety of mainly governance
issues arising from research papers developed around the World. This
37
diversity of academic interest and global scope probably accounted for the
lower number of repetitive comments.
Overall, the large number of ideas about challenges and success factors
from both studies demonstrated the level of concern about Corridor
development and the opportunities for improvement.
5.4 Challenges
In the Interview Programme, 3 of the top 5 challenges focused on
governance themes related to day-to-day relationship issues; and the top
challenge was to support conservation on private land. This demonstrates
the practical on-ground approach adopted by practitioners in the interviews.
In the Literature Review, unlike the Interview Programme, all the top 5
challenges related to governance issues with the focus being on optimising
social networks. This focus seems to reflect the strategic interests of
researchers in examining theoretical social concepts rather than practical
day-to-day management issues of more importance to practitioners.
The combined findings established a list of 47 challenges with governance
themes accounting for 57% of comments.
5.5 Success factors
In the Interview Programme, “establish and support the core entity”; “support
conservation on private land”; “establish clear, informed directions”; “gain
and maintain planning support”; and “build partner support” were in the top 5
success factor list and highlighted the practitioners’ focus on more practical
matters.
Conversely, the top 5 success factors in the Literature Review were more
strategic and related to governance themes with “demonstrate leadership”;
“develop an effective structure”; and “manage the planning process
effectively” at the top of the priority list.
38
It would appear that the more strategic focus of researchers on governance
issues related to strategic direction and the practical approach of
practitioners related to implementation issues could complement each other
with researchers focused on “big picture” issues while practitioners focus on
the planning and delivery of outcomes on the ground.
The top 10 success factors across all themes shown in Table 22 are
discussed below given their importance based on the frequency of
comments from contributors.
The discussion will address each success factor, in turn, highlighting and
referencing qualitative commentary from the Literature Review and the
Interview Programme that explain why the identified success factors are
significant.
(1) “Collaborate and cooperate” (Stakeholder Relations)
Difficulties establishing and maintaining good stakeholder relationships were
identified in the Interview Programme and the Literature Review with the
challenge “building relationships” generating significant commentary. The
challenges “working across the Corridor” and “managing conflict” also
featured. This success factor addresses these challenges as they relate to
the ability of stakeholders to work well together in Corridors. If there is poor
collaboration and cooperation, projects may not be initiated and, if
commenced, may take longer to complete and involve significant additional
costs, resources and delays. This will impact negatively on Corridor
expansion and thus biodiversity protection.
The following two references confirm the importance of collaboration and
cooperation for the effective management of Corridors:
Based on a review of 90 biosphere reserves worldwide, Van Cuong, Dart et
al. (2017), p.15, stated that “stakeholder participation and collaboration is
critical for good governance either in formal or informal structures.” And,
Wyborn (2013), p.273 recommended general principles to enable effective
governance among stakeholders in Corridors including collaboration,
39
communications, and coordination. Specific strategies to improve
performance in these areas were included.
(2) “Establish clear, well-informed directions” (Planning)
“Setting the direction” was identified as a significant challenge in the
Interview Programme with concerns about balancing the local focus with the
overarching landscape situation; developing plans without a sound scientific
basis; maintaining the focus on the Corridor Vision; avoiding unrealistic goals
and coping with uncertain funding for implementation. Lack of clear, well-
informed directions can lead to misallocated and potentially wasted
resources and costs, sub-optimal conservation activity and inability to
achieve conservation goals. There were 34 comments supporting this
success factor in the combined findings in Table 21 and it came second as a
success factor in the Interview Programme (Table 9).
References confirm the importance of this success factor based on
experiences in 3 international Corridors. Locke (2010) stated that a success
factor from the Y2Y Corridor was to “establish priorities for action.” A success
factor from the southern Appalachian mountain Corridor according to Irwin
(2010), p.151, was to “have clear goals and objectives to help guide
connectivity conservation management efforts.” A success factor from South
Africa in Zunckel (2010), p.85, was “setting priorities and allowing adequate
time are essential to success.” And, in Beever, Mattsson et al. (2014), p.304,
shared objectives are one of several challenges for Corridors:
“Establishing and maintaining a partnership, identifying shared objectives,
and coordinating and implementing actions toward these objectives across
ecological and jurisdictional scales constitute substantial challenges”
This research covered a diverse set of 11 broad‐extent conservation
partnerships in 29 countries
(3) “Manage process effectively” (Planning)
The Interview Programme and the Literature Review highlighted a number of
significant challenges related to planning including “understanding context”;
40
“discovering information”; “organising the planning process” and “developing
plans”. The nominated success factor addresses this complex situation.
Ineffective planning adversely impacts on the development of a Corridor.
Worboys and Lockwood (2010), p.312, highlighted the importance of
planning for connectivity conservation “develop processes for the efficient
and effective delivery of implementation actions and identify who will
undertake the tasks”. Planning was highlighted as one of four key
management functions in four spatial scales in the proposed management
framework in the same article (p.310)
(4) “Gain community support and involvement” (Community)
This success factor addresses three significant challenges identified in the
Interview Programme including “building community awareness”,
“encouraging involvement” and “arranging community outreach”. This
success factor recognises the importance of these challenges and seeks to
address them. There is strong support for good community engagement for
Corridor development in the interviews and the literature. It is seen as
essential for successful Corridor development because it helps leverage
community resources and funds for Corridor conservation activities and
facilitates connectivity conservation on private land.
Stoll-Kleemann, De La Vega-Leinert et al. (2010), p.236, concluded that
“community participation played an important role in Corridor management”
and, “to recognize and harness the effective power of local communities.”
Pulsford, Lindenmayer et al. (2015), p.860 asserted that “a crucial measure
of success is the engagement of people and communities who understand
the benefits of connectivity.” And, in his paper about the Y2Y Corridor,
Locke (2010), p.179 highlighted the importance of community support by
saying that “an informed, inspired and supportive community is a powerful
ally.” Reference is specifically made in this paper to the importance of
engaging with the First Nation and Native American communities in the Y2Y
Corridor as well as to some pro-development groups (to minimize any
backlash)
41
The Interview Programme mentions the need for a regular and effective
community outreach programme to help gain community support.
(5) “Establish and support a core entity” (Network)
Interviewees KB, GH, and EA (Refer to Appendix 7 for Corridor affiliations)
considered that a core entity is essential to provide clear direction and
support to the diverse range of Corridor partners spread over large
landscapes so that environmental goals and plans can be mutually agreed
and effectively executed. The structures and representation in the core
entities in GER, GL, and RN are described in Appendices 2, 3 and 5
respectively. H1410 has no core entity. KB and GH also highlighted the
difficulty involved in funding core entities because governments normally only
fund on-ground conservation activities. There is a significant amount of
research about the beneficial role of a core entity (or broker) in helping to
provide direction, support, and motivation for complicated social networks
involved in Corridor development. For example Curtin (2015), p.92 states
that “sustaining successful collaboratives requires not just local engagement,
but also strong external guidance provided by a backbone or coordinating
organization, an “honest broker” whose sole mission is to objectively promote
local interests from a much broader context.” Jacobson and Robertson
(2012), p.336 suggest that “a coordinating or “bridging” entity is needed to
facilitate the circumstances necessary for adaptive co-governance to occur,
including providing a platform for equal participation among stakeholders and
for knowledge exchange/social learning to occur.” And, Bodin, Crona et al.
(2006), p.2 say that “we highlight the structural position that, in our view,
seems to be one of the most important for social and institutional
entrepreneurship: the broker. Brokers are individual or organizational actors
who carry many exclusive links, that is, links to groups that would otherwise
not be in direct contact with each other”
Some Corridors rely on partnership structures without core entities, and this
does not seem to be an optimal approach. GER replaced its partnership
model with a new model with a core entity called GER Ltd in 2017 to provide
42
better landscape-scale direction and support for its regional partners (refer to
Appendix 2 for more detail).
(6) “Support conservation” (Private Property)
“Supporting the conservation process” was the most important management
challenge identified in the Interview Programme. The ideas within this
challenge were divided between issues associated with selling conservation
to landowners in the first place and then supporting conservation thereafter
with funding, advice, and resources. As private land often constitutes a
significant part of most Corridors, connectivity over this land is essential to
meet overall conservation objectives for the Corridor.
Most of the identified research papers on private property conservation
focused on preserving conservation outcomes through binding legal
contracts. For example, Lindsay (2016), p.698 supports legal protections for
connectivity conservation and suggests that “common law conservation
contracts and conservation covenants are important tools within this
framework of private land conservation. They can provide legal protections to
biodiversity and natural assets on private land, as well as legal frameworks,
in the form of obligations, to restoration programs”.
(7) “Build resource capability” (Resources)
Challenges with enough resources to execute plans (“organising resources”
and “finding resources”) were identified in both the Interview Programme and
the Literature Review as a significant challenge. Related ideas included
general lack of resources; gaining and retaining volunteers, providing skilled
local facilitators; coping with staff turnover; conservation training and
succession planning. Without the necessary resources, conservation
activities will either not take place or be significantly delayed.
Based on experience in the Cederberg Mountains in South Africa, Sandwith
(2010), p.69, stated that “the pace of progress toward connectivity
conservation outcomes must match the capacity of participants.” From
experience in the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation area in
43
South Africa, Zunckel (2010), p.85, asserts that “building support for
collaborative effort takes time.”
(8) “Gain and maintain planning support” (Planning)
According to interviewees, it was a significant challenge to involve
stakeholders in planning activity and to maintain their commitment over time.
The challenge “gaining planning support” was problematic due to the limited
availability of partner representatives and the time, cost and inconvenience
involved in attending meetings requiring long travel times. There was no
commentary recorded about this success factor in the Literature Review, but
there was a significant number of comments about this success factor in the
interviews with practitioners on the front line, most impacted by this obviously
frustrating situation. Getting people together for planning sessions is a
logistical issue for Corridor management and their partners, and it resonates
with them. Good communications and active partner involvement were
frequently mentioned as drivers of positive outcomes here.
If key stakeholders do not participate in the planning process, they will not be
able to contribute their knowledge and ideas and, worse still, they will have
little ownership of the planning outcomes and interest in plan implementation.
(9) “Gain government support” (Government)
“Gaining government support” is viewed as essential for the survival and
growth of Corridors with comments about limited funding; unreliable and
unpredictable funding; no funding for core entities; policy and regulatory
changes that impact funding; changes in governments and regular budgetary
changes. Applying for grant funding and coordinating this among partners
was also seen as problematic. Comments about the inadequacy of
government funding were made in interviews with GH, KE and SB (GER),
GB (RN), KB, LD, LQ, and BP (GL) and AB, RD, DB and DW (H141).
Government funding and resources are essential to support Corridor
development and enable Corridors to deliver the associated environmental
benefits.
44
The significance of the role of governments in Australia is also highlighted in
Pulsford, Worboys et al. (2010), p.104 who suggest that “in Australia,
governments have a key role in working in partnership with the community by
supporting and facilitating large-scale connectivity conservation.” The
practitioners in the Interview programme mentioned the importance of
maintaining good government relations.
In the context of the Australian corridors, the importance of government and
its influence on large scale corridors was demonstrated by a previous
national government launching a National Wildlife Corridors Plan in 2012 and
funding its implementation (Department of Sustainability, Environment,
Water, Population and Communities 2012). The development of the Plan
afforded attention and legitimacy to landscape scale wildlife corridors in the
wider community, as well as funding support (Wyborn 2015). However, the
Strategic Plan was abandoned following a national election that precipitated
a change in government, resulting in a loss of community recognition and
government support at the national level.
(10) “Demonstrate leadership” (Network)
There were a significant number of comments in the literature about the need
for strong leadership to develop and promote the Vision for Corridors, gain
the involvement and support of partners, establish goals and direct activities.
This included the importance of leadership from the core entity (as
mentioned in (3) above) and Corridor “champions” at both landscape and
local level. This was evident in the case of the GL Corridor as explained in
Section 1.4. All Corridors rely on a “patchwork quilt” of formal and informal
stakeholder relationships to deliver positive environmental outcomes and,
without good leadership, the available resources will not be deployed
optimally, efficiently and effectively.
Inung (2010), p.139, described the challenge of establishing connectivity
over 4.6 million hectares of tropical rainforest in Sumatra, Indonesia and
mentioned the importance of leadership to achieve good results with the
statement that “strong leadership is essential to success.” Managing the
conservation of the Greater Northern Appalachian bioregion traversing the
45
USA and Canada is discussed in Hamilton and Trombuluk (2010), p.160,
and they highlight the significant contribution of good leadership with “bold
leadership is essential for large-scale connectivity conservation success.”
And Worboys, Lockwood et al. (2015), in their book “Protected Area
Governance and Management” support the role of leadership as a key driver
of Corridor performance and say that “leading is perhaps the most critical
management function for connectivity conservation” p.305 and,
“nevertheless, it is absolutely clear that now, more than ever, strong and firm
leadership is essential to achieve the effective conservation of protected
areas around the world” p.355
5.6 Further commentary
5.6.1 The State of Play
The extensive number and variety of challenges recorded in the Interview
Programme and the Literature Review confirm that the development and
management of Corridors are complex and difficult around the World.
This challenging situation is compounded in Australia where unpredictable,
variable and sometimes limited support from Federal and State governments
has impeded Corridor progress. The Interview Programme found that the
challenges “securing limited/unpredictable funding” and “coping with policy
change” were considered important by interviewees across the Australian
Corridors. In 2012, the previous Federal Labour Government published a
National Wildlife Corridor Plan (Department of Energy and the Environment
2012) which provided a clear direction and potential funding for Australian
Corridors. This Plan was shelved by the incoming Coalition government
leaving a vacuum for policy in the Corridor area.
5.6.2 The value of this Masters project
This project has presented many ideas from experts around the World about
effective Corridor governance and management. This information can be
used by practitioners in Australasia to help extend and enhance Corridor
connectivity more cost-effectively and efficiently to the benefit of flora and
46
fauna, biodiversity, sustainability and resilience. It can also inform scientists
interested in Corridor-related issues.
The information can be deployed to inform good practice in 6 different ways:
1. Communicate the findings about success factors more widely by
publishing a journal article.
2. Make presentations to corridor practitioners in small groups or at
conferences to encourage the adoption of the ideas for improvement
in this paper.
3. Provide a comprehensive range of ideas to help support strategic
planning.
4. Alert academics and practitioners to the apparent lack of research
about the management themes featured in this project.
5. Provide as a basis for further research, possibly focused on selected
management themes under-represented in reviewed research,
informed by input from practitioners.
6. Inspire the creation of a “how-to” guide to assist Corridor practitioners
that could become a PhD project.
47
CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION
This paper was developed to assist Corridor practitioners by communicating
a comprehensive amount of success factor information sourced from expert
practitioners and knowledgeable academics around the World. The
information contained in the paper should also be of interest to academics
who are involved in wildlife connectivity conservation and social networks as
it has combined expert opinion from around the World.
The project was successful in identifying a large number of ideas about
challenges and success factors across the specified ten theme areas. This
information was obtained through interviews with 18 expert Corridor
practitioners in the Interview Programme and ideas from 70 relevant
research papers and articles in the Literature Review. These ideas have
been analysed and form the basis for a list of 49 challenges and 47 success
factors segmented by theme.
The key drivers of success for Corridors are highlighted in Table 21 (top 3
success factors per theme) and Table 22 (top 10 success factors across all
themes). Appendices 19 and 20 show all the identified challenges and
success factors from both the Interview Programme and the Literature
Review.
The findings in this paper suggest that the impact of society on governance
and management processes are important drivers for the achievement of
Corridor conservation goals.
It is recommended that practitioners, scientists, and other interested parties
take note of the findings of this research so that they can identify
opportunities for improvement in Corridor governance and management and
take action accordingly.
This project also highlighted a mismatch between practitioners’ strong
interest in discussing the six management themes and the apparent lack of
academic Corridor research in these areas. This situation is a concern and
appears to merit further study.
49
REFERENCES
Beever, E. A., B. J. Mattsson, M. J. Germino, M. P. V. D. Burg, J. B. Bradford
and M. W. Brunson (2014). "Successes and Challenges from Formation to
Implementation of Eleven Broad-Extent Conservation Programs: Broad-
Extent Conservation and Management." Conservation Biology 28(2): 302-
314.
Beier, P., L. J. Hansen, L. Helbrecht and D. Behar (2017). "A How‐to Guide
for Coproduction of Actionable Science." Conservation Letters 10(3): 288-
296.
Bodin, Ö., B. Crona and H. Ernstson (2006). "Social Networks in Natural
Resource Management: What Is There to Learn from a Structural
Perspective?" Ecology and Society 11(2): r2.
Bradby, K., A. Keesing and G. Wardell-Johnson (2016). "Gondwana Link:
connecting people, landscapes, and livelihoods across southwestern
Australia." Restoration Ecology: 827-835.
Cambridge. (2018). "Cambridge Business English Dictionary." 2018, from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/.
Curtin, C. (2015). The Science of Open Spaces: Theory and Practice for
Conserving Large, Complex Systems. Washington, DC, Island Press/Center
for Resource Economics.
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and
Communities (2012). "National Wildlife Corridor Plan: a framework for
landscape-scale conservation." Canberra, Commowealth of Australia.
Erlingsson, C. and P. Brysiewicz (2013). "Orientation among multiple truths:
An introduction to qualitative research." African Journal of Emergency
Medicine 3(2): 92-99.
50
H141 (2015). Habitat 141 Strategic Plan 2015-2020. H141 Alliance.
Melbourne.
Hamilton, L. and S. Trombuluk (2010). Great northern Appalachian
bioregion. Connectivity Conservation Management: A Global Guide. G.
Worboys. UK, Earthscan: 152 - 160.
Inung, W. (2010). Establishing tropical rainforest connectivity in northern
Sumatra: challenges and opportunities. Connectivity Conservation
Mangement : A Global Guide. G. Worboys. UK, Earthscan: 133 - 139.
Irwin, H. (2010). Conservation network in the southern Appalachian
mountains. Connectivity Conservation Management - A Global Guide. G.
Worboys. UK, Earthscan: 141 - 151.
Jacobson, C. and A. L. Robertson (2012). "Landscape Conservation
Cooperatives: Bridging Entities to Facilitate Adaptive Co-Governance of
Social-Ecological Systems." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 17(5): 333-343.
Lindsay, B. (2016). "Legal instruments in private land conservation: the
nature and role of conservation contracts and conservation covenants."
Restoration Ecology 24(5): 698-703.
Locke , H. (2010). Yellowstone to Yukon connectivity initiative. Connectivity
Conservation Management. G. Worboys, W. L. Francis and M. Lockwood.
London, Earthscan: 161 - 181.
McNie, E. C. (2007). "Reconciling the supply of scientific information with
user demands: an analysis of the problem and review of the literature."
Environmental Science and Policy 10(1): 17-38.
Pickering, C. and J. Byrne (2014). "The benefits of publishing systematic
quantitative literature reviews for PhD candidates and other early-career
researchers." Higher Education Research & Development 33(3): 534-548.
51
Pulsford, I., G. Howling, R. Dunn and R. Crane (2013). The Great Eastern
Ranges Initiative : a continental-scale lifeline connecting people and nature.
Linking Australia's Landscapes - Lessons and opportunities from large-scale
conservation networks. J. Fitzsimons. Collingwood VIC, CSIRO: 123 - 134.
Pulsford, I., D. Lindenmayer, C. Wyborn, B. Lausche, M. Vasilijevic and G.
Worboys (2015). Connectivity Conservation Management. Protected Area
Governance and Management. G. Worboys. Canberra, ANU Press: 853 -
888.
Pulsford, I., G. Worboys and G. Howling (2010). Australian Alps to Atherton
connectivity conservation. Connectivity Conservation Mangement: A Global
Guide G. Worboys. UK, Earthscan: 96 - 105.
Sandwith, T. (2010). Joining the dots: Stewardship for connectivity
conservation in the Cederberg Mountains, Soth Africa. Connectivity
Conservation Management : A Global Guide. G. Worboys. UK, Earthscan:
55 - 69.
Stoll-Kleemann, S., A. De La Vega-Leinert and L. Schultz (2010). "The role
of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO Biosphere
Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two parallel global
surveys." Environmental Conservation 37(3): 227-238.
UNESCO. (2018). "Education - Concept of Governance." 2018, from
www.en.unesco.org/.
Van Cuong, C., P. Dart and M. Hockings (2017). "Biosphere reserves:
Attributes for success." Journal of Environmental Management 188: 9-17.
Worboys, G., W. Francis and M. Lockwood (2010). Connectivity
Conservation Management - A Global Guide. London, Earthscan.
52
Worboys, G. and M. Lockwood (2010). Connectivity Conservation
Management Framework and Key Tasks. Connectivity Conservation
Management: A Global Guide. G. Worboys. UK, Earthscan: 301 - 341.
Worboys, G., M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, S. Feary and I. Pulsford (2015).
Protected area governance and management. Canberra, ACT, ANU Press.
Wyborn, C. (2013). Collaboration across scales: the governance challenges
of linking landscapes. Linking Australian Landscapes. Fitzsimmons.
Collingwood CSIRO: 267 - 276.
Wyborn, C. (2015). Connecting knowledge with action through coproductive
capacities: adaptive governance and connectivity conservation. Ecology and
Society, 20(1).
Zunckel, K. (2010). Maloti-Drakenberg Transfrontier Conservation and
Development programme: A South African perspective. Connectivity
Conservation Management: A Global Guide. G. Worboys. UK, Earthscan:
77- 85.
53
Appendix 1 – Actively managed landscape-scale wildlife Corridors
around the World
Source: Connectivity Conservation Management (Pulsford, Lindenmayer et al. 2015) (p.859)
55
Appendix 2 – Great Eastern Ranges Initiative
Corridor description:
The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative was originally established in 2007 when
it was announced by the then NSW Minister of the Environment (and now
Chair, GER Ltd), The Hon. Bob Debus.
This landscape-scale wildlife corridor follows the alignment of the Great
Dividing Range and the Great Escarpment in eastern Australia with various
lateral extensions inland and to the coast. It extends 3600 km from Western
Victoria through NSW and the ACT to far north Queensland. Figure 1 shows
a map of the corridor with the ten partner regions, protected areas, and state
forests indicated:
Figure 1 - Map of the Great Eastern Ranges corridor
56
Source: www.greateasternranges.org.au/
Pulsford, Howling et al. (2013) describe the GER landscape as follows:
“GER has a matrix of mostly interconnected forests, woodlands and shrub
lands in an archipelago of hundreds of protected areas. Surrounding or
interconnecting the protected areas are large areas of state forests, other
public lands, leasehold and private land. Much of the rural private land is
used for agricultural production, production forestry, and mining.”
The Vision for the GER is:
The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative brings people and organisations
together to protect, link and restore healthy habitats over 3,600 km, from
western Victoria through NSW and the ACT to far north Queensland
Source: www.greateasternranges.org.au/
Organisational evolution (Source: Interview Programme):
The organisational arrangements for the GER have evolved over the last ten
years in three stages to address challenges faced as GER expanded and to
address the complexities associated with the managing relationships with
many and diverse stakeholder groups:
Phase 1 (2007 – 2010) – the initiative was initially controlled by the NSW
Government’s Department of the Environment and funded by the NSW
Environmental Trust. This arrangement was replaced because of difficulties
involved in managing relationships and projects with many stakeholders from
the government.
Phase 2 (2010 – 2017) – A public-private partnership was established
involving the NSW Government and four NGOs including Greening Australia,
the NSW Nature Conservation Trust, OzGreen, and National Parks
Association of NSW with four years of start-up funding provided by the NSW
Environmental Trust. This collaborative but loose partnership was managed
under an MOU, with the NGO partners hosting GER staff and sharing GER
project activities and funding. The responsibility for hosting and managing
relationships within the ten regional partnerships (and other strategic
57
partners) was shared among the partners. The initiative was run by a board
of lead partner representatives (referred to as the Lead Partners’ Group), a
secretariat, Science and Communications advisory groups, the ten regional
partnership organisations and other partner organisations. The regional
partnerships are Central Victorian Biolinks, Border Ranges Alliance,
Hinterland Bushlinks, Hunter Valley Partnership, Illawarra to Shoalhaven,
Southern Highlands Link, Jaliigirr Biodiversity Alliance, Kanagra-Boyd to
Wyangala Link, Kosciuszko to Coast and Slopes to Summit. Each regional
partnership typically relies on support from federal, state and local
governments (National Parks and Wildlife, Catchment Management
Authorities, Natural Resource Management groups), environmental NGOs
and volunteer Landcare groups.
This arrangement proved to be problematic because of the complexity of
running the GER programme involving multiple stakeholders and many
diverse projects with this unwieldy and complicated governance structure. In
particular, issues arose with shared funding, grant proposals, operational
coordination, confusion over responsibilities/accountabilities and the
realisation of the difficult concept of the hosting of staff, shared funding,
project ownership, and regional relationships.
Phase 3 (Formally commenced July 2017) – A core entity was formed as a
company limited by guarantee and called GER Ltd. This entity has an arms-
length relationship with other stakeholders. GER Ltd is controlled by a board
of seven expert directors and a Chair (Bob Debus) with three advisory
groups each chaired by a GER director (science, regional communications,
and fundraising). Figure 2 shows the new structure:
58
Figure 2 - New structure showing GER Ltd responsibilities
(source: www.greateasternranges.org.au/)
GER Ltd provides strategic support to the ten regional partnerships, each of
which is responsible for regional planning, on-ground project delivery,
landowner support and local fundraising. The organisation also manages
agreements with various conservation organisations for specific initiatives.
59
Appendix 3 – Gondwana Link
Corridor description:
Gondwana Link (GL) is an important landscape-scale wildlife Corridor
providing environmental connectivity from the Margaret River in the west of
south-western Australia to the Goldfields to the east, a distance of
approximately 1000 kilometers. Figure 3 shows a map of GL showing the
various regional areas of interest:
Figure 3 - A map of Gondwana Link in south-western Australia
Source: http://www.gondwanalink.org/
The main areas of current connectivity conservation focus are the Margaret
River, Lindesay Link, Ranges Link, Forest to Stirling, Stirling to Fitzgerald
and the Great Western Woodlands.
The varied ecological nature of the Corridor is described on the GL website
(http://www.gondwanalink.org/):
“As you move from east to west along Gondwana Link the natural vegetation
systems and the wildlife they support change dramatically. In the east,
bordering the Nullarbor Plain is the largest intact Temperate woodland in the
60
world. Here an impressive variety of tall eucalypts interspersed with
incredibly species-rich sand heath thrive in areas which receive only 250-
300mm rainfall per year. As you continue west the woodlands and sand
heath give way to mallee and Kwongan heath. Further west, as the annual
rainfall begins to increase taller eucalypts again appear. Different species
and understory occur on different soil types and rainfall zones. Very roughly
speaking, as your move from the Fitzgerald towards the west coast the
dominant tree type changes from Flat topped yate woodlands to wandoo,
jarrah-marri, karri, tingle then back to karri and jarrah-marri.
Rainfall (which varies from 200-1100mm per year across the link), soil type,
topography, nutrient levels, all sorts of physical factors determine what
vegetation can grow in any one place.”
The Vision of GL is:
Reconnected country across south-western Australia, from the Karri forest of
the SW corner to the woodlands and mallee bordering the Nullarbor plain, in
which ecosystem function and biodiversity are restored and maintained
Organisational evolution (Source: Interview programme):
The CEO of GL, Keith Bradby, and his Information Manager Amanda
Keesing have jointly championed GL since its formal inception 16 years ago.
The organisational arrangements have developed in three main phases:
Phase 1 (Pre-2002) – Keith spent some years developing the concept, which
was first raised in the mid-1980s (under various names) before support from
The Nature Conservancy enabled the full program to be launched.
Phase 2 (2002 - 2009) – the program was managed through an informal
collaboration of 6 partners within a GL Council. There was no MOU, but
there was initial funding of $1m from The Nature Conservancy for property
acquisition and other corridor activities, which helped attract both support
from the groups and additional funding. Keith Bradby and Amanda Keesing
provided a central coordination unit, hosted by one of the larger groups, and
they liaised with all involved groups, with a particular early focus on the Fitz-
61
Stirling section. Eventually, this model was not considered sufficiently
inclusive, and it had difficulty providing the broad leadership needed to
accelerate achievement of the corridor Vision and objectives. The
partnership arrangement did, however, enable GL to gain significant
momentum and national and international recognition for its environmental
achievements during the period.
Phase 3 (2009 to date) – Gondwana Link Ltd (GLL) was established in 2009
as a core entity and company limited by guarantee with three Directors
(currently Virginia Young, Louise Duxbury, Peter Luscombe and John Holley)
and two paid managers (Bradby and Keesing). A full-time contractor, Peter
Price, manages the Great Western Woodlands program.
The structure of GLL board and its functions are shown in Figure 4 (but note
that the Science Advisory Group is largely inactive at this stage):
Figure 4 - The structure of the Gondwana Link board and its management
Source: http://www.gondwanalink.org/
GLL is responsible for the overall direction, communication, coordination and
evaluation across the GL program and works with many groups including the
larger environmental NGOs (Greening Australia, The Wilderness Society,
Birdlife Australia, The Nature Conservancy and Bush Heritage) and local
catchment and Landcare groups. GL also has some operational involvement
62
with Federal and State Government agencies and some local governments
and has been supported for scientific research by ANU, Curtin University, the
University of WA (which has a campus in Albany), Edith Cowan and Murdoch
University.
GLL has survived with limited funding and few staff (x2) since its inception.
This has hampered its ability to adequately support the range of needs and
interactions across the program.
63
Appendix 4 – Habitat 1410
Description:
The H1410 Corridor traverses SA, Victoria, and NSW and spans longitude
141 from Glenelg Woodlands and Wetlands in the south to the Murray
Mallee region in the north. It covers 18 million hectares of land including
fourteen national parks, and less than 3% of open woodland habitats remain
after land clearing for agriculture, and 80% of the region’s freshwater
wetlands have been lost or heavily modified. (H141 2015)
There are currently three main areas of project activity including the Murray
Mallee Linkages, Wimmera Woodlands and Wetlands and the Glenelg
Woodlands and Wetlands.
A map of the H1410 Corridor is shown in Figure 5:
Figure 5 - A map of the H1410 Corridor crossing SA/Victoria/NSW
Source - www.habitat141.org.au/
64
The Habitat 1410 Vision is contained in the H1410 Strategic Plan (H141
2015) and is as follows:
To work with communities to conserve, restore and connect habitat for plants
and wildlife from the ocean to the outback
Organisation (Source: Interview programme):
H1410 is a partnership (The H1410 Alliance) of 10 government agencies and
environmental NGOs governed by an MOU. The partners are 3 x Victorian
CMAs, 2 x SA NRMs, SA DEWNR, Parks Victoria, Conservation Volunteers
Australia, Trust for Nature and Greening Australia (GA). The MOU has
expired and is in the process of being renegotiated. GA fund and provide a
part-time coordinator to liaise with Alliance partners as required.
An alternative organisational structure involving a core entity (like GLL) was
considered around 2010, but the idea was not considered justified at the time
because the additional layer of governance was not seen as necessary; the
implementation would be complex (with multiple States involved); significant
additional expense would need to be incurred; and lack of available funding.
There is a possibility that a move towards this model may be considered in
future.
65
Appendix 6 – Reconnecting Northland
Description:
Reconnecting Northland (RN) is a significant large landscape connectivity
conservation initiative across a 14,000 km2 region in the northern part of the
North Island of New Zealand from Kaipara harbour to North Cape (Cape
Reinga) at the northerly tip of the North Island (Te Rerenga Wairua). See a
map of the region in Figure 7 below:
Figure 6 - A map of the Reconnecting Northland Programme area in New Zealand
Source – www.reconnectingnorthland.org.nz/
Reconnecting Northland is leading a programme of connectivity conservation
in New Zealand. By taking a longer-term view of the landscape and the
natural processes that contribute to ecosystem functioning and resilience
and recognising human interdependence on the landscape and natural
world, Reconnecting Northland seeks to enable a mutual interdependence
based upon a healthy, natural environment that provides sustainable
livelihoods for its human inhabitants.
The current focus of activity is concentrated in the following areas:
66
Kiwi Coast - community-led kiwi recovery projects along Northland’s
east coast.
Warawara - Integrated pest control in the Warawara kauri forest – the
living spiritual being of Te Rarawa nation.
Taratahi Totara - project combining good riparian management with
indigenous farm forestry, on a training dairy farm.
He Ripo Kau - Co-ordinating cohesive , community-led biodiversity
restoration within the Hokianga
Wairoa Project: reducing sediment and bacteria levels in the northern
Wairoa River catchment by implementing sustainable land
management practices informed by indigenous knowledge.
Ngā Roto Tāpokapoka: Dune lake restoration integrating socio-
economic opportunities for local indigenous nations working in
partnership
The Vision for RN is:
Whenua ora, wai ora, tangata ora – Our land and people flourishing together
Organisation evolution (Source: Interview Programme):
The concept of establishing a Large Landscape Connectivity Conservation
Initiative (LLI) in New Zealand was originally advanced by The Tindall
Foundation and later agreed to by project partners in February 2010, but at
this stage, work was needed to identify the area of New Zealand that would
be the focus of the LLI. The planning work for LLI identification phase was
funded by the Tindall Foundation who contracted it out to WWF-NZ and the
NZ Landcare Trust. Five most likely candidate landscapes were considered
in a comprehensive and detailed process that involved matching key criteria
for success. The outcome was the identification of the area that is now
described as Reconnecting Northland (RN) that covers over 5% of NZ’s
landmass or 14,000 km2 at the north-east end of the North Island of New
Zealand.
67
In 2012, The Tindall Foundation sought an application from WWF and the NZ
Landcare Trust to manage the first five years of a long-term project to
establish the RN programme. The Tindall Foundation agreed to provide up to
50% of the NZD $3m Establishment Phase cost over the five years. Other
funding was provided by Foundation North (a regional philanthropic funder)
and HSBC Global Water Programme. The project was managed by WWF
and NZ Landcare Trust as ‘Delivery Partners,’ guided by an advisory local
Steering Group of selected stakeholders. This period has now ended, and a
strategic review was held to plan for the follow-on period.
In 2017, new network arrangements were put in place involving the
establishment of an independent Trust (or core entity) consisting of a board
of trustees (governance group) and a small operations team. There are
government representatives on the Committee, but only from local
government (Northland Regional Council) and a local Department of
Conservation representative. The Tindall Foundation and Foundation North
remain the primary programme funders. The new governance arrangement
changed the role of the RN organisation from one that was involved in
project funding and implementation to one of an enabler and facilitator of
connectivity project work (and funding) responsibilities will be borne by
external partners. (This is similar to the recent structural change at GER to
establish GER Ltd as their core entity)
69
Appendix 6 - Wildlife Corridor – Semi-structured Interview Guide
Explain the purpose of the survey, the structure of the interview and the
basis for the choice of the ten theme areas related to the impacts of society
on Corridor success. Explain that the focus of the interview is to understand
the critical success factors and challenges involved in the development of the
Corridor within each theme area and that it is not seeking to gather
ecological information.
Theme 1 – Network
Explain arrangements for the overall structure of your Corridor
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 2 – Plans
Explain the planning process for your Corridor and how it has changed
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 3 – Stakeholder Relations
Explain how relationships with key stakeholders are managed to address their
diversity of interests (and any conflicts)
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Date of Interview
Wildlife Corridor Name
Participant’s name
Position
Organisation
Location
Face-to-Face/via Skype
70
Topic 4 – Community Engagement
Explain how the ongoing support of the local communities is achieved
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 5 – Resource Base
Explain how paid and volunteer workforces are recruited, trained and motivated
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 6 – Government Policy/Regulation
Explain how government policy has changed over time and the influence this has
had on Corridor development
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 7 – Private property conservation
Explain how native habitat on private property is restored and conserved
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 8 – Scientific Research
Explain how scientific research informs Corridor development
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 9 – Fundraising
Explain how funds are raised to support the Corridor development
Challenges encountered
Success factors
Theme 10 – Media/Communication
Explain how media support/communications for the Corridor is obtained and
highlight any recent success stories
Challenges encountered
Success factors
71
Appendix 7 - List of interviewees
CORRIDOR
INITIALS OF
INTERVIEWEE
ROLE
INTERVIEW DATE
Great Eastern Ranges (GER)
GH Director, GER 14/09/17
KE Director GER/Past CEO NPA
4/10/17
DR Facilitator, Illawarra to Shoalhaven region
17/10/17
WP Founder, Berry Landcare 16/11/17
SB Executive Director, Central Victorian Biolinks
27/10/17
Reconnecting Northland (RN)
EA General Manager 23/11/17
GB Ecology Manager 20/11/17
TG Director, Tindall Foundation
(Main RN Funder)
10/10/17
Gondwana Link (GL)
KB General Manager 16/10/17
LD Director & Executive, Greenskills
9/10/17
LQ Committee Member, Ranges Link
17/10/17
BP Director, Conservation, Greening Aust. WA
10/10/17
Habitat 1410
(H141) AB Coordinator
25/09/17
MH Representative, SA Government, DEWNR
11/10/17
TB Representative SA Government, DEWNR
11/10/17
RD H141 Alliance Chair 10/10/17
DW Coordinator/Greening Australia
10/10/17
DB CEO Wimmera CMA Victoria
31/10/17
72
Appendix 8 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme
and Corridor – Challenges
Theme Challenges
Total comments
GER GL H141 RN Total
Network
17 15 22 6 60
Planning
15 13 17 7 52
Stakeholder
Relations
10 13 13 4 40
Community
relations
9 3 11 2 25
Resources
12 8 11 2 33
Government
policy/regulation
7 10 9 2 28
Private property
conservation
14 12 12 6 44
Scientific research
8 11 7 5 31
Fundraising
12 12 9 4 37
Media relations
/Communication
6 9 9 4 28
Total
110 106 120 42 378
No. of Interviewees
5 4 6 3 18
Comments per Interviewee
22 26 19 14 21
73
Appendix 9 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and
Corridor – Challenges
(* After merging same or similar ideas)
Theme Challenges
Total ideas
GER GL H141 RN Total*
Network
13 11 8 4 22
Planning
14 9 10 7 23
Stakeholder
Relations
9 10 10 3 21
Community
relations
6 3 5 1 10
Resources
10 7 5 2 12
Government
policy/regulation
5 7 3 2 13
Private property
conservation
8 8 5 5 16
Scientific
research
6 11 4 5 18
Fundraising
6 5 6 4 9
Media relations
/Communication
2 3 3 2 4
Total
79 71 62 35 148
No. of Interviewees
5 4 6 3 18
Ideas per Interviewee
16 18 10 12 8
74
Appendix 10 – Interview Programme – Excel database
The following four pages contain information in Excel format showing
challenges and success factors and associated ideas identified in the
Interview Programme.
75
INTERVIEWS
Number of comments
Number of ideas
Challenge or
Success factor
ALL CORRIDORS No. Network No. Network No. Planning No. Planning No. Resources No. Resources
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Dealing with government Gain government support Gaining planning support Gain/maintain planning support Organising resources Seek funding
2 Government relations 2 Seek govt agency support 3 Community involvement 6 Involve partners 3 Volunteer support 10 Gain funding -core/project
1 Reporting to government 1 Secure government support 2 Partner coordination 1 Involve community 3 Facilitator availability 1 Consolidate funding sources
1 Cross border complexity 1 Minimise govt. control 2 Large geography 1 Involve government/agencies 2 Prioritisation of resources 11
4 4 1 Arranging meetings 4 Communicate well 1 Capacity for projects 2
3 3 1 Indigenous involvement 2 Build trust/goodwill 1 Skilled project staff Build resource capability
1 Trust/goodwill 2 Utilise strong board 1 Comms resource 3 Employ facilitator(s)
Working with partners Build/maintain partner support 1 Ongoing commitment 1 Gain partner commitment 1 Intermittent project work 1 Develop facilitator skills
14 Partner alignment/conflicts 6 Support good partner relationships 1 Cross border complexity 1 Persist over time 1 Tracking performance 1 Gain govt support
3 Grant competition 4 Build trust and goodwill 12 1 Be patient 1 Alignment of partners 1 Expand partnerships
2 Coordination 2 Communicate well 8 1 Consult with partners 1 Succession planning 1 Regional partner support
2 Trust among partners 2 Enable close collaboration Organising planning process 1 Resource planning activity 15 1 Conservation training
3 Infrequent partner meetings 1 Select partners carefully 9 Resource/fund planning 1 Planning group selection 10 1 Leverage skills
1 Collaboration 1 Seek strong partner involvement 3 Integrating partner plans 22 1 Good landowner support
1 Information sharing 1 Be responsive to partner needs 3 Monitoring outcomes 12 Securing funds 1 Decentralised delivery
1 Communications 17 1 Resource for reporting Manage process effectively 11 Project (non core) funding 1 Indigenous involvement
1 Cultural differences 7 1 Different data sets 3 Establish clear accountabilities 7 Core entity funding 12
1 Partner resources Establish/support core entity 1 Priority setting 3 Be flexible 18 10
1 Resource/fund thru partners 10 Develop strong Board /Core entity 18 1 Adopt consultative approach 2 Inspire the workforce
2 Government relations 6 Leverage Corridor Vision 6 1 Use a participatory process 4 Compelling Vision
32 5 Gain core entity funding Setting the direction 1 Coordinate effectively 2 Build motivation
12 4 Establish clear accountabilities 4 Landscape vs Local focus 1 Cooperate 1 Encourage involvement
Managing the Corridor 25 3 Lack of scientific input 1 Delegate 1 Gain commitment
8 Resource/fund core entity 4 2 Maintaining focus on Vision 1 Use facilitator support 1 Good communications
2 Capability of Board Manage corridor well 2 Avoiding unrealistic goals 1 Good planning tools 1 Close collaboration
4 Succession planning 4 Be adaptable and flexible 1 Choosing targetted species 13 10
1 Conservation priorities 1 Balance - topdown vs.bottom up 1 Opportunistic opportunities 9 6
1 Measuring success 1 Achieve successful outcomes 4 Implementation funding Establish clear directions
6 Core orgn. accounatibilities 1 Encourage community engagement 17 5 CAP planning process
22 1 Perservere over time 7 5 CAP planning support/training
6 1 Demonstrate success Aligning with government 3 Alignment with Vision
Building community relations 1 Review plans regularly 4 Alignment with govt. plans 3 Leverage existing plans
1 Community engagement 10 1 Conflict with govt agencies 2 Exploit local knowledge
1 Corridor public profile 7 5 2 Secure core entity funding
2 2 1 Small scale focus
2 1 Utilise scientific input
1 Achievable plans/goals
1 Gain funding for plans
24
10
Total comments 60 56 52 59 33 33
Total ideas 23 21 23 31 12 18
76
ALL CORRIDORS No. Stakeholder Rels No. Stakeholder Rels No. Community No. Community No. Government No. Government
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Managing government relations Engage with stakeholders Building community awareness Promote the corridor Coping with policy change Raise corridor profile
2 Government support 6 Communicate well 2 Low awareness 7 Promote the Vision 8 Uncertain govt policy 2 Demonstrate success
2 4 Involve core entity 1 Extensive geography 4 Communicate regularly 1 Lack corridor focus 1 Promote corridor benefits
1 2 Apply consultative approach 1 No corridor -led activities 1 Motivate 1 Sub-optimal project focus 1 Leverage tourism benefits
Resolving stakeholder Issues 1 Consult with stakeholders 1 Fragmented activities 1 Outreach resources 1 Changing fire control regs 4
6 Grant competition 1 Encourage bilateral resolutions 1 Meet community expectations 1 Skilled Board (core entity) 1 Ill informed hazard burns 3
2 Indigenous diversity 1 Gain/support landowner 6 1 Celebrate success 1 Native vegetation legislation Gain government support
2 Personality issues 1 Support indigenous relations 5 15 13 12 Build govt relationships
1 Agree priorities 1 Build strong relationships Arranging community outreach 6 6 1 Partner alignment
1 Branding conflicts 17 8 Community outreach Gain support/involvement Securing funding 13
1 Landscape scale vs Local 8 2 Lack of resources 3 Involve community 7 Unreliable funding 2
1 Lack of Vision alignment Empower stakeholders 11 2 Indigenous involvement 2 Gain govt funding
1 Lack of transparency 1 Promote uniting Vision 2 1 Seek active support 2 Inadequate funding
1 Planning issues 1 Implement effective planning Encouraging involvement 1 Build strong relationships 1 Limited govt resources
1 Local tribalism 1 Gain funding 3 Local support 1 Support local community 1 Grant coordination
17 1 Empower local groups 4 Indigenous involvement 1 Good coordination 1 No core entity funding
10 1 Leverage local govt rels 1 Fund local activities 1 Consultative approach 1 Resource- govt grant applications
Building relationships 1 Implement good practice 8 1 Conservation training 15
5 Role of partners 1 Have fewer, supportive partners 3 1 Commitment 7
4 Landowner support 1 Employ a stakeholder manager 1 Reliable partners
3 Meetings/frequency 8 13
2 Communications 8 10
1 Extensive geography Encourage positive values
1 Build relationships 3 Trust
1 No core entity (one corridor) 1 Patience
2 Core entity resources 1 Flexibility
1 Planning involvement 1 Commitment
1 Too many partners 1 Mutual respect
21 1 Collaboration
10 8
6
Total comments 40 33 25 28 28 17
Total ideas 21 22 10 16 13 5
77
ALL CORRIDORS Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Supporting conservation process Promote conservation Achieving research focus Develop research focus Exploiting funding opportunities Promote corridor
12 Sell conservation 2 Sell Vision 2 Align needs/interests 5 Identify projects 11 Access private funding 6 Promote the Vision
6 Fund conservation 2 Support covenants 1 Prioritisation 2 Identify priorities 8 Access govt funding 1 Achieve corridor targets
9 Support conservation 1 Communicate regularly 3 Identify projects 7 1 Availability of carbon offsets 1 Promote successes
4 Identify suitable land 1 Promote conserv. benefits 1 Relevance of research 2 20 1 Sustainable core entity
2 Negotiate agreements 1 Offer conservation options 1 Lack of focus Seek university support 3 9
1 Address diversity of needs 1 Sustainable land use focus 1 Useful research 4 Compelling Vision Prioritising funding needs 4
1 Patience 8 1 Low knowledge base 5 Engage with universities 1 Project funding Seek funds
35 6 1 Research integration 2 Locally based researchers 2 Core entity funding 6 Diversify funding sources
7 Build relationships 1 Opportunistic vs planned 1 Student involvement 3 3 Resource fundraising
Addressing conservation issues 1 Build relationships 1 Low priority 1 Develop partnerships 2 2 Develop strategy/plan
1 Legislative uncertainty 1 Trust 13 13 Conducting fundraising activity 1 Leverage core entity
1 Lack of incentives 1 Good farmer relations 10 5 7 Compete for funds 1 Partner coordination
1 Ongoing farmer costs 1 Partner collaboration Seeking university involvement Attract research funding 4 Resource fundraising 1 Landowner support
1 Govt support 4 3 Low academic interest 6 Gain funding 2 Grant reporting 14
1 Carbon credit incentives 4 2 Engage with universities 6 1 Lack of DGR status 6
5 Support conservation 1 Communication 1 14
5 8 Fund conservation 1 Partner support 4
Enabling conservation acquisition 4 Support farmers 1 Competition
1 Fund acquisitions 3 Provide facilitators 8
1 Manage acquisitions 3 Provide advice/support 5
1 Sensible sale negotiations 1 Available resources Securing funding and resources
1 Support - agreements 1 Pool funding 6 Funding
4 20 1 Resource to plan research
4 6 3 Monitor/report progress
Facilitate conservation investment 10
1 Seek conservation investors 3
1 Involve landowners
1 Real estate agent support
1 Trust for Nature support
4
4
Total comments 44 36 31 26 37 23
Total ideas 16 20 18 8 9 10
78
ALL CORRIDORS Media Media
Challenges Success Factors
Addressing newsworthiness Build media relations
9 Not newsworthy 9 Resource comms
1 3 Exploit social media
Managing w/out comms resource 2 Partner cooperation
13 Lack of comms resouce 1 Core entity involvement
1 1 Maintain good relations
Raising corridor profile 1 Sponsor support/promotion
2 Low corridor profile 17
1 6
Recognising partner contributions Create media opportunities
4 Recognition of partners 4 Compelling Vision
1 3 Promote events/projects
1 Flexibility
8
3
Challenges Success factors
Total comments 28 25 Grand Total - Comments 378 Grand Total - Comments 336
Total ideas 4 9 Grand Total - Ideas 149 Grand Total - Ideas 160 `
79
Appendix 11 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas about challenges
Network Comments
Ideas Planning Comments
Ideas
Working with partners
Managing the Corridor
Dealing with government
Building community relations
32
22
4
2
12
6
3
2
Gaining planning support
Organising the planning process
Setting the direction
Aligning with government
12
18
17
5
8
6
7
2
Totals 60 23 Totals 52 23
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Organising resources for plans
Securing funds for core entity and
projects
15
18
10
2
Resolving stakeholder issues
Building relationships
Managing government relations
17
21
2
10
10
2
Totals 33 12 Totals 40 22
Community Government
Building community awareness
Encouraging community involvement
Arranging community outreach
6
8
11
5
3
2
Securing limited/unpredictable funding
Coping with policy change
15
13
7
6
Totals 25 10 Totals 28 13
Private Property Science
Supporting the conservation process
Addressing conservation issues
Enabling conservation by acquisition
35
5
4
7
5
4
Achieving research focus
Seeking university involvement
Securing funding and resources
13
8
10
10
5
3
Totals 44 16 Totals 31 18
Fundraising Media/Communication
Exploiting funding opportunities
Prioritising funding needs
Conducting fundraising activity
20
3
14
3
2
4
Addressing newsworthiness
Managing without communications resources
Raising Corridor profile
Properly recognizing partner contributions
9
13
2
4
1
1
1
1
Totals 37 9 Totals 28 4
80
Appendix 12 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme and Corridor
for success factors
Societal
Theme
Success factors
Total comments
GER GL H141 RN Total
Network
14 13 12 17 56
Planning
17 12 16 14 59
Stakeholder
Relations
7 9 11 6 33
Community
relations
11 8 5 4 28
Resources
13 10 5 5 33
Government
policy/regulation
6 4 4 3 17
Private property
conservation
13 7 11 5 36
Scientific research
11 8 5 2 26
Fundraising
8 6 6 3 23
Media relations
/Communication
7 7 5 6 25
Total
107 84 80 65 336
No. of Interviewees
5 4 6 3 18
Comments per Interviewee
21 21 13 22 19
81
Appendix 13 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and Corridor for
success factors
(* After merging same or similar ideas)
Societal
Theme
Success factors
Total ideas
GER GL H141 RN Total*
Network
13 8 10 9 21
Planning
17 9 14 8 31
Stakeholder
Relations
7 7 8 4 22
Community
relations
9 6 4 4 16
Resources
11 9 4 5 18
Government
policy/regulation
6 3 1 3 5
Private property
conservation
11 6 9 4 20
Scientific
research
5 5 4 2 8
Fundraising
7 3 5 3 10
Media relations
/Communication
4 5 3 4 9
Total
90 59 62 46 160
No. of Interviewees
5 4 6 3 18
Ideas per Interviewee
18 15 10 15 9
82
Appendix 14 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors
Network Comments
Ideas Planning Comments
Ideas
Build/maintain partner support
Establish/support core entity
Manage Corridor well
Gain government support
17
25
10
4
7
4
7
3
Gain/maintain planning support
Manage process effectively
Establish clear, well-informed directions
22
13
24
12
9
10
Totals 56 21 Totals 59 31
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Seek funding
Build resource capability
Inspire the workforce
11
12
10
2
10
6
Engage with stakeholders
Empower stakeholders
Encourage positive values
17
8
8
8
8
6
Totals 33 18 Totals 33 20
Community Government
Promote the Corridor
Gain community support/involvement
15
13
6
10
Raise Corridor profile
Gain government support
4
13
3
2
Totals 25 16 Totals 17 5
Private Property Science
Promote conservation
Build relationships
Support conservation
Facilitate conservation investment
8
4
20
4
6
4
6
4
Develop research focus/needs
Seek university support
Attract research funding
7
13
6
2
5
1
Totals 36 20 Totals 26 8
Fundraising Media/Communication
Promote the Corridor
Seek funds for core and projects
9
14
4
6
Establish media relationships
Create media opportunities
17
8
6
3
Totals 23 10 Totals 25 9
83
Appendix 15 - Research papers and articles reviewed in the Literature
Review
Author Year Title Geography
Worboys et al 2010 Connectivity Conservation Management – A Global Guide World
Sandwith et al
Ch 4, p 55 – 68
2010 Cape Floristic Region South Africa
Plumptre et al 2010 Greater Virunga Landscape Congo,Uganda
Ch 4, p 69 – 76
Zunkel, K 2010 Maloti-Drakensberg South Africa
Lesotho
Ch 4, p 77 – 85
Anderson et al 2010 Australian Alps Australia
Ch 5, p 87 – 95
Pulsford et al 2010 Australian Alps to Atherton Australia
Ch 5, p 96 – 104
Watson et al 2010 Gondwana Link Australia
Ch 5, p 105 – 115
Norbu et al 2010 Conservation Complex Bhutan
Ch 6, p 117 – 123
Chettri et al
Ch 6, p 124 – 132
2010 Sacred Himalayan Landscape Nepal (73%),
India (24%),
Buthan (3%)
Inung, W 2010 Seulawah-Leuser-Angkola (Northern Sumatra) Indonesia
Ch 6, p 133 – 139
Irwin, H 2010 Southern Appalachian Mountains USA
Ch 7,p 140 – 151
Hamilton et al 2010 Northern Appalachian Region USA
Ch 7, p 152 – 160
Locke, H 2010 Yellowstone to Yukon Initiative (Y2Y) USA
Ch7, p 161 – 181
Muller et al 2010 Mesoamerican biological Corridor South America
Ch 8, p 183 – 190
Hofstede, R
Ch 8, p 191 – 198
2010 Andean Paramo Corridor Venezuela
Colombia
Ecuador
Andrade et al, 2010 Serra do Espinhaco Biosphere Brazil
84
Ch 8, p 211 – 220
Ortego et al 2010 Munchique- Pinche Corridor Colombia
Ch 8, p 221 – 225
Viteri, X 2010 Llanganates-Sangay Corridor Ecuador
Ch 8, p 226 -233
Yerena, et al. 2010 Venezuelan Andes national parks Venezuela
Ch 8, p 234 – 244
Badenkov, Y
Ch 9, p 246 – 249
2010 Altai Mountain Knot Kazakstan,
Russia, China,
Mongolia
Ehringhaus, B 2010 European Alps Europe
Ch 9, p 250 – 257
Ehringhaus, B 2010 Espace Mont-Blanc region Italy, France
Ch 9, p 258 – 263
Kohler et al 2010 AlpArc initiative France
Ch 9, Pages 264 – 269
Mallarach et al.
Ch 9, p 269 – 278
2010 Cantabrian-Pyrenees Alps, Great Mountain Corridor Spain, France,
Italy
Romano, B 2010 The Appennines Italy
Ch 9, p 279 – 282
Worboys et al.
Fitzsimons et al.
(Journal article)
2015
2013
From Book: Protected Area Governance and Management
Lessons from Large –Scale Conservation Networks in Australia
General
Australia
Fitzsimons et al
(Book)
2013 Linking Australia’s Landscapes – lessons and opportunities from
Large-scale conservation networks
Australia
Carr, B 2013 Habitat141 : linking outback to ocean Australia
Ch. 8, p 75 – 84
Cowell et al.
Ch 9, p 85 – 94
2013 Midlandscapes : matching actions to opportunities in landscape
conservation in the Tasmanian Midlands
Australia
Pulsford et al.
Ch 13, p 123 – 134
2013 The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative : a continental-scale lifeline
connecting people and nature
Australia
Guerrero et al. 2015 Achieving cross-scale collaboration for large scale conservation
initiatives
Australia
85
Curtin, C
2016
The Science of Open Spaces: Theory and Practice for Conserving
Large, Complex Systems
USA
Bixler et al. 2016 Networks and landscapes: a framework for setting goals and
evaluating performance at the large landscape scale
USA
Wyborn, C 2008 Connecting People, Connecting Landscapes USA/ Australia
Lambert , J 2013 Social aspects: linking the people and their landscapes Australia
Wyborn, C 2013 Collaboration across scales: the governance challenges of linking
landscapes
Australia
Fitzsimmons et al. 2013 Challenges and opportunities for linking Australia’s landscapes : a
synthesis
Australia
Worboys et al. 2010 Connectivity conservation management framework and key tasks UK
Bixler, R 2014 From community forest management to polycentric governance:
assessing evidence from the bottom up
Canada
Bodin et al 2006 Social networks and natural resource management General
Guerrero et al 2013 Scale mismatches, conservation planning, and the value of social-
network analysis
General
Jacobson et al 2012 Landscape conservation cooperatives: bridging entities to facilitate
adaptive co-governance of social ecological systems
General
Mills et al. 2014 Linking regional planning and local action: towards using social
network analysis in systematic conservation planning
Australia/
Solomon
Islands
Scarlett et al. 2016 Connecting people and places: the emerging role of network
governance in large-scale conservation
USA
Bixler et al. 2016 Network governance for large-scale natural resource conservation and
the challenge of capture
USA
Armitage et al. 2012 Environmental governance and its implications for conservation
practice
Canada/
Sweden
Ak, Tutku 2015 Implementation of wildlife Corridor through local land use planning USA
Diez et al. 2015 Evaluating participatory processes in conservation policy and
governance: Lessons from Natura 2000 pilot study
Spain
Durand et al. 2014 Inclusion and Exclusion in participation strategies in the Montes Azules
Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico
Mexico
Ban et al. 2013 A social-ecological approach to conservation planning ; embedding
social considerations
General
Curtin, C 2015 The Science of open spaces USA
Vance-Borland et al. 2011 Conservation stakeholder network mapping, analysis and weaving USA
Axelson et al. 2013 Evaluation of multi-level social learning for sustainable landscapes:
Perspective of a development initiative in Bergslagen, Sweden
Sweden
Alexander et al. 2016 Navigating governance networks for community-based conservation
(CBC)
Jamaica
Vietnam
86
Stoll-Kleeman et al.
2010
The role of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO
Biosphere Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two
parallel global surveys
World
Brown et al. 2005 Co-management of wildlife Corridors: the case for citizen participation
in the Algonquin to Adirondack proposal
USA
Marsh, K 2017 Conservation education and outreach techniques (A review of the
Jacobson book (2015) with the same title)
UK
Fitzsimmons et al. 2014 Conservation covenants of private land: Issues with measuring and
achieving biodiversity outcomes in Australia
Australia
Lindsay, B 2016 Legal instruments in private land conservation: the nature and role of
conservation contracts and conservation covenants
Australia
Cooke et al. 2011 Social context and the role of collaborative policy making for private
land conservation
General
Hardy et al. 2017 Exploring the permanence of conservation covenants Australia
Beier et al. 2017 A How-to-Guide for coproduction of actionable science USA
Nel et al. 2016 Knowledge co-production and boundary work to promote
implementation of conservation plans
General
Maraseni et al. 2016 An assessment of carbon sequestration potential of riparian zone of
Condamine Catchment, Queensland, Australia
Australia
Matzek et al. 2015 Can carbon credits fund riparian forest restoration USA
OECD 2013 Scaling up financial mechanisms for biodiversity General
Clark, S 2007 A field guide to conservation finance General
Jacobson et al. 2009 Communications skills for conservation professionals General
87
Appendix 16 – Literature Review – Excel database
The following five pages contain information in Excel format showing
identified challenges and success factors and associated ideas identified in
the Literature Review.
88
LIT REVIEW
Number of comments
Number of ideas
Challenges or
Success factors
THEMES No. Network No. Network No. Planning No. Planning No. Resources No. Resources
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Visioning the network Think strategically Understanding context Establish clear priorities Finding resources Provide adequate resources
4 Developing shared Vision 2 Establish a bold, guiding Vision 4 Connectivity vs economy 2 Establish clear goals/objectives 2 Capacity for projects 2 Build capacity to perform
1 Sustaining Vision 1 Develop consistent Vision 1 Socio-ecological changes 2 Set realistic priorities 1 Resource constraints 1 Gain staff support
1 Unifying Vision 1 Establish an audacious Vision 1 Social/ecological diversity 1 Establish priorities/requirements 1 Build capacity 1 Secure funding/resources
1 Conflicts over Vision/direction 2 Establish shared/ guiding Vision 1 Understand constraints/opps 1 Integrate multiple objectives 1 Capacity/redundancy 1 Recruit enthusiastic young people
7 1 Think big 1 Understanding S-E context 1 Recognise long term commitment 1 Gaining resources 1 Build local capacity
5 1 Apply large-scale thinking 1 Address uncertainties 2 Embrace opportunism 6 1 Maintain long term support
2 Establish common agenda 1 Difficult ecological issues 1 Prepare to upscale 5 3 Fund/support coordinators
Structuring the network 10 1 Indigenous planning 10 Keeping resources 1 Arrange on-ground delivery
3 Resource/funding core entity 7 1 Competing technical claims 7 2 Staff turnover 1 Maintain core group of volunteers
3 Involving intl. NGOs Demonstrate leadership 12 Optimise corridor goals 2 Succession planning 1 Decentralise project delivery
2 Addressing equity/accountability 4 Provide leadership/ "champions" 10 2 Balance conservation/economy 4 13
2 Gaining early stakeholder support 2 Implement strong leadership 1 Innovate for economic benefits 2 10
2 Recruiting dynamic network 1 Foster leadership at local level Discovering information 1 Link ecological and cultural values
1 Ensuring equitable benefits to all 1 Inspire/coordinate action 1 Acquiring planning information 1 Link economic/ecological benefits
1 Recruiting stakeholders 3 Gain long term commitment 1 Planning information availability 1 Support sustainable development
1 Establishing network 1 Build strong relationships 1 Lack of data/monitoring 1 Support economic development
1 Recruiting too many partners 1 Share power and responsibility 1 Measuring outcomes 1 Build on previous programmes
1 Recruiting too few key partners 1 Achieve an integrated approach 1 Utilising all knowledge 1 Focus on small scale conservation
1 Establishing legitimacy early 1 Be responsive and supportive 1 Improving knowledge base 1 Reflect social factors in planning
1 Local decisionmaker support 1 Integrate relationships/activities 1 Imperfect monitoring 2 Participate in reinforcing activity
1 Establishing heterogeneity 1 Apply flexible mgt locally 1 Limited data 2 Prioritise conservation with SNA
1 Building adaptive capacity 1 Balance top/bottom mgt 1 Co-production of knowledge 2 Facilitate planning with SNA
1 Gaining commitment 1 Drive multi-scale/multi-sector 9 1 Utilise IUCN knowledge
1 Resolving partner roless 19 9 17
1 Organisational complexity 13 Developing plans 13
1 Addressing network capture Embrace participation 1 Effective planning Manage process effectively
25 1 Apply polycentric gov. principles 1 Develop/implement plans 5 Monitor and evaluate progress
18 2 Implement co-management 1 Integrated planning 1 Lead/plan/implement/evaluate
89
Understanding the network 1 Apply adaptive co-management 1 Plan strategically 1 Adopt multi-disciplinary approach
1 Relating to landscape/actors 1 Adopt adaptive, multi-level gov. 1 Exploiting eco-system mapping 1 Coordinate planning with partners
1 Systematic social learning 1 Manage change 1 Preparing land-use plans 1 Consult on conservation plan
1 Knowledge distribution 1 Manage cross border complexity 1 Planning without science 1 Establish effective relationships
1 Facilitate information exchange 1 Limit jurisdictional complexity 1 Dealing with planning fatigue 2 Undertake shared measurement
1 Share information 1 Manage multiple jurisdictions 8 1 Collect data for feedback
1 Build/retain social memory 1 Avoid network capture 8 1 Coordinate plan implementation
1 Identify SNA boundaries 10 Planning effectively 1 Manage implementation well
1 Understand SN dynamics 9 2 Being opportunistic 1 Lead mutually inforcing activities
1 Understand SN characteristics Develop effective structure 1 Meet change with action 1 Manage resources and assets
1 Time and cost of SNA analysis 9 Establish/fund core entity 1 Overcoming planning conflicts 1 Eliminate exclusion from process
1 Coping with change in SNA 1 Involve multiple partners 1 Actionable plans 1 Use ecosystem mapping tools
11 1 Involve NGOs/regional partners 1 Explaining choices/trade-offs 19
11 1 Optimise partner structure 1 Implementation commitment 14
Managing the corridor 1 Align partners and opportunities 7
5 Coping with complexity 1 Develop representative structure 7
2 Strong leadership/commitment 1 Secure International NGO support Deciding on direction
2 Balance top/bottom up mgt 3 Build early partner support 2 Establishing priorities
1 Effective management 1 Manage international projects 1 Having clear/agreed goals
1 Landscape-scale mgt 19 1 Improving decisionmaking
1 Corridor-wide governance 8 1 Complex decisionmaking
1 Facilitating Implementation Be successful 1 Establish measurable objectives
1 Dealing with human diversity 1 Demonstrate success 6
1 Dealing with different people 1 Achieve on-ground results early 5
15 3 Seek international recognition
9 5
Achieving results 3
1 Match results to expectations Acquire and share knowledge
1 Achieving project success 1 Drive knowledge coproduction
1 Effective network 1 Develop learning orientation
1 Innovation/adaptation 1 Drive collective learning cycle
1 Adaptiveness/flexibility/learning 1 Generate knowledge across netw
5 1 Understand through participation
5 1 Seek/use all available knowledge
1 Foster social learning /knowledge
7
7
Total comments 63 70 42 46 10 13
Total ideas 39 47 39 34 7 10
90
THEMES No. Stakeholder Rels No. Stakeholder Rels No. Community No. Community No. Government No. Government
Challenges Success factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Managing conflict Strengthen partner relationships Educating communities Communicate locally Gaining government support Gain government support
13 Partner alignment/conflicts 2 Strengthen partner relationships 6 Informing communities 1 Keep communities well-informed 8 Government support 6 Gain government support
1 Partner misunderstandings 1 Develop personal relationships 2 Community outreach 1 Disseminate information locally 1 Gaining political support 1 Gain political support
1 Cross border issues 2 Drive participatory process 1 Overcoming resistance 1 Explain benefits to communities 1 Overcoming govt barriers 1 Encourage political leadership
1 Overcome barriers to efficiency 1 Promote participatory processes 1 Address "external exclusion" 1 Promote community benefits 10 1 Leverage government assets
16 1 Engage with partners 1 Address"internal exclusion" 1 Motivate community 3 9
4 1 Improve partner interaction 11 1 Seek popular support Coping with policy change 4
Building relationships 1 Improve partner rels with SNA 5 3 Organise community outreach 1 Adverse policy shifts Exploit government legislation
3 Stakeholder engagement 9 Gaining local support 9 1 Diverse/conflicting mandates 2 Exploit govt mandates/funding
2 Build relationships 7 3 Local engagement/support 7 2 1 Exploit land-use policies
1 Stakeholder relations Encourage positive traits 3 Community participation Gain community support 2 3
1 Stakeholder liaison 1 Trust/integrity/inclusivity 1 Encourage local support 5 Involve communities Responding to legislation 2
1 Stakeholder cooperation 1 Transparency/accountability 1 Involving local communities 1 Gain local cooperation/support 1 Exploit legislation
1 Manage stakeholders interests 1 Reciprocity/communication 1 Involve local associations 1 Harness community power 1 Exploiting land-use legislation
5 Build/maintain trust 1 Develop mutual respect and trust 1 Involve young people 1 Leverage motivated community 1 Conservation zoning support
2 Build trust/resilience 1 Build constructive relationships 10 1 Leverage cultural heritage 1 Establishing protected areas
1 Support participatory inclusion 1 Maintain transparency and trust 6 1 Leverage "sense of place" benefit 4
1 Maintaining interest 6 Recognising cultural diversity 1 Identify local champions 4
1 Maintain commitment over time 6 1 Spiritual/cultural support 1 Involve indigenous peoples
19 Collaborate and cooperate 1 Leveraging relations/culture 1 Engage with community
11 4 Communicate/collaborate/coord. 2 1 Implement community NRM
Communicating with partners 3 Build cross-scale collaboration 2 1 Leverage community values
2 Communications 1 Encourage collaboration 15
1 Stakeholder communications 1 Drive participation/collaboration 11
3 1 Involve/coordinate partners
2 1 Encourage cooperative efforts
Seeking govt. support 4 Involve all key partners
2 Local govt liaison/support 1 Encourage partner networking
1 Government relations/involved 1 Cooperate across borders
3 1 Involve partners in land-use plans
2 18
Working across the corridor 10
6 Partner collaboration Overcome partner differences
6 Partner coordination 1 Share power among stakeholders
2 Partner engagement 1 Communicate early with partners
1 Cross sectoral collaboration 1 Improve information sharing
1 Integrating activities 1 Address cross-boundary issues
1 Coordinating across jurisdictions 1 Manage partner diversity
17 1 Arbitrate partner differences
6 1 Overcome barriers to progress
1 Overcome resistance to change
8
8
Total comments 58 41 23 24 16 12
Total ideas 25 31 13 18 9 6
91
THEMES Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Selling connectivity Support connectivity conservation Planning with science Develop scientific knowledge Seeking funding Raise funds
2 Sell conservation 1 Collaborate for land conservation 8 Scientific input to planning 2 Leverage scientific knowledge 3 Funding through carbon credits 1 Gain philanthropic funding
1 Engaging landowners/govt 2 Incentivise landowners 1 Research collaborartion 1 Adopt best practice science 2 Finding funding sources 1 Raise funds
1 Landowner involvement 1 Engage with landowners locally 9 1 Leverage best available science 1 Project funding 1 Secure adequate funding
1 Landowner participation 1 Improve land management 2 1 Provide/manage research 1 Philanthropic funding 1 Fund - govt, philanthropy, corp.
5 5 5 1 Funding shortages/uncertainty 1 Focus on funding
4 4 4 1 Funding - competition 5
Supporting conservation Plan connectivity options Use scientific knowledge 1 Inadequate funding 5
2 Support for conservation 1 Participate in land-use planning 1 Link planning to science 10 Exploit carbon opportunity
1 Farmer education 1 Understand land ownership 1 Learn by research/ adaptive mgt 7 1 Exploit carbon sequestration potl.
1 Exploiting land experience 1 Purchase strategic land 1 Link scientists and practitioners 1 Prepare for carbon opportunity
4 3 1 Implement scientific approach 2
3 3 1 Collaborate with researchers 2
Resolving issues Preserve conservation outcomes 1 Co-produce scientific knowledge
1 Negotiating with landowners 2 Provide conservation instruments 6
1 Landowner misunderstandings 1 Protect land with covenants 6
1 Landowner/conservation conflicts 1 Use multi-party covenants
1 Land-use restrictions 1 Future-proof covenants
1 Identifying land to purchase 1 Plan/monitor covenants
5 1 Establish dispute mechanisms
5 7
Covenanting land 6
1 Measuring covenant success
1 Managing covenanting outcomes
1 Inflexible agreements
1 Dispute resolution
1 Ensuring covenant permanancy
5
5
Total comments 19 15 9 11 10 7
Total ideas 17 13 2 10 7 7
92
THEMES Media/Communications Media/Communications
Challenges Success Factors
Promoting conservation Promote the Vision
1 Increasing media awareness 8 Promote Vision
1 Promoting conservation 8
1 Providing information 1
1 Maintaining communications Develop effective communications
1 Recognition - competition 1 Develop effective communication
1 Communications 1 Provide accessible information
1 Communicating conservation 1 Provide good information
7 1 Deploy powerful media tools
7 4
4
Communicate frequently
4 Maintain continuous comms
1 Communicate early
1 Increase awareness/comms
1 Undertake education programmes
7
4
Promote social benefits
1 Promote eco-tourism benefits
1 Leverage tourism/cultural product
2
2
Challenges Success factors
Total comments 7 21 Grand Total - Comments 257 Grand Total - Comments 260
Total ideas 7 11 Grand Total - Ideas 165 Grand Total - Ideas 187
93
Appendix 17 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas about challenges
Themes/Challenges Comments
(No.)
Ideas
(No.)
Themes/Challenges Comments
(No.)
Ideas
(No.)
Network
Visioning the network
Structuring the network
Understanding the network
Managing the Corridor
Achieving results
7
25
11
15
5
5
18
11
9
5
Planning
Understanding context
Discovering information
Developing plans
Planning effectively
Deciding on direction
12
9
8
7
6
10
9
8
7
5
Totals 63 39 Totals 42 39
Resources
Finding resources
Keeping resources
6
4
5
2
Stakeholder Relations
Managing conflict
Building relationships
Communicating with partners
Seeking government support
Working across the Corridor
16
19
3
3
17
4
11
2
2
6
Totals 10 7 Totals 58 25
Community
Educating communities
Gaining local support
Recognising cultural diversity
11
10
2
5
6
2
Government
Gaining government support
Coping with policy change
Responding to legislation
10
2
4
3
2
4
Totals 23 13 Totals 16 9
Private Property
Selling connectivity to landowners
Supporting conservation
Resolving issues
Covenanting land
5
4
5
5
4
3
5
5
Science
Planning with science
9
2
Totals 19 17 Totals 9 2
Fundraising
Seeking funding
10
7
Media/Communication
Promoting conservation
7
7
Totals 10 7 Totals 7 7
94
Appendix 18 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors
Themes/Success factors
Comments
(No.)
Ideas
(No.)
Themes/Success factors Comments
(No.)
Ideas
(No.)
Network
Think strategically
Demonstrate leadership
Embrace participation
Develop an effective structure
Be successful
Acquire and share knowledge
10
19
10
19
5
7
7
13
9
8
3
7
Planning
Establish clear priorities
Optimise Corridor goals
Manage process effectively
10
17
19
7
13
14
Totals 70 47 Totals 46 34
Resources
Provide adequate resources
13
10
Stakeholder Relations
Strengthen partner relationships
Encourage positive traits
Collaborate and cooperate
Overcome partner differences
9
6
18
8
7
6
10
8
Totals 13 10 Totals 41 31
Community
Communicate locally
Gain community support
9
15
7
11
Government
Gain government support
Exploit government legislation
9
3
4
2
Totals 24 18 Totals 12 6
Private Property
Supporting connectivity conservation
Plan connectivity options
Preserve conservation outcomes
5
3
7
4
3
6
Science
Develop scientific knowledge
Use scientific knowledge
5
6
4
6
Totals 15 13 Totals 11 10
Fundraising
Raise funds
Exploit carbon opportunity
5
2
5
2
Media/Communication
Promote the Vision
Develop effective communications
Communicate frequently
Promote social benefits
8
4
7
2
1
4
4
2
Totals 7 7 Totals 21 11
95
Appendix 19 – Challenges from the Interview Programme and Literature
Review
Theme Interviews Literature Review Commonality
Network Working with partners
Managing the Corridor
Dealing with government
Building community relations
Visioning the network
Structuring the network
Understanding the network
Managing the Corridor
Achieving results
Managing the Corridor
Planning Gaining planning support
Organising the planning
process
Setting the direction
Aligning with government
Understanding context
Discovering information
Developing plans
Planning effectively
Deciding on direction
Developing plans
Setting the direction
Stakeholder Relations
Resolving stakeholder issues
Building relationships
Managing government
relations
Managing conflict
Building relationships
Communicating with partners
Seeking government support
Working across the Corridor
Building relationships
Managing conflict
Community relations
Building community
awareness
Encouraging community
involvement
Arranging community outreach
Educating communities
Gaining local support
Educating communities
Resources
Organising resources for plans
Securing funds for core entity
and projects
Finding resources
Keeping resources
Finding resources
Government
Securing limited and
unpredictable funding
Coping with policy change
Gaining government support
Coping with policy change
Responding to legislation
Gaining government
support
Coping with policy change
Private Property
Supporting the conservation
process
Addressing conservation
issues
Enabling conservation by
acquisition
Selling connectivity to
landowners
Supporting conservation
Resolving issues
Covenanting land
Supporting conservation
Fundraising
Exploiting funding
opportunities
Prioritising funding needs
Conducting fundraising activity
Seeking funding
Seeking funding
Science Achieving research focus
Seeking university involvement
Securing funding and
resources
Planning with science -
Media/Communication
Addressing newsworthiness
Managing without
communications resources
Raising Corridor profile
Properly recognizing partner
contributions
Promoting conservation _
No. of Challenges 31 29 11
96
Appendix 20 – Success factors from the Interview Programme and Literature
Review
Theme Interviews Literature Review Commonality
Network Build/maintain partner support
Establish/support core entity
Manage Corridor well
Gain government support
Think strategically
Demonstrate leadership
Embrace participation
Develop an effective
structure
Be successful
Acquire and share
knowledge
Be successful/manage
Corridor well
Planning Gain/maintain planning
support
Manage process effectively
Establish clear, well-informed
directions
Establish clear priorities
Optimise Corridor goals
Manage process effectively
Establish clear priorities
Manage process well
Stakeholder Relations
Engage with stakeholders
Empower stakeholders
Encourage positive values
Strengthen partner
relationships
Encourage positive traits
Collaborate and cooperate
Overcome partner
differences
Encourage positive
traits/values
Collaborate and cooperate
Community relations
Promote the Corridor
Gain community
support/involvement
Communicate locally
Gain community support
Gain community support
Resources
Seek funding
Build resource capability
Inspire the workforce
Provide adequate resources
Provide adequate resources
Government
Raise Corridor profile
Gain government support
Gain government support
Exploit government
legislation
Gain government support
Private Property
Promote conservation
Build relationships
Support conservation
Facilitate conservation
investment
Support connectivity
conservation
Plan connectivity options
Preserve conservation
outcomes
Support connectivity
conservation
Fundraising
Promote the Corridor
Seek funds for core and
projects
Raise funds
Exploit carbon opportunity
Raise funds
Science Develop research focus/needs
Seek university support
Attract research funding
Develop scientific knowledge
Use scientific knowledge
Media/Communication
Establish media relationships
Create media opportunities
Promote the Vision
Develop effective
communications
Communicate frequently
Promote social benefits
No. of Success factors 28 29 10
97
Appendix 21 – Combined Database – Excel database
The following seven pages contain the Excel database of the combined comments, ideas,
challenges and success factors derived from the merger of Interview Programme and the
Literature Review information.
98
COMBINED
Number of comments
Number of ideas
Challenge or
Success factor
ALL CORRIDORS No. Network No. Network No. Planning No. Planning No. Resources No. Resources
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Working with partners Build/maintain partner support Gaining planning support Establish clear directions Organising resources Build resource capability
14 Partner alignment/conflicts 6 Support good partner relationships 3 Community involvement 5 CAP planning process 5 Capacity for projects 6 Fund/support coordinators
3 Grant competition 4 Build trust and goodwill 2 Partner coordination 5 CAP planning support/training 3 Volunteer support 2 Build capacity to perform
2 Coordination 2 Communicate well 2 Large geography 3 Alignment with Vision 3 Facilitator availability 1 Develop coordinator skills
2 Trust among partners 2 Enable close collaboration 1 Arranging meetings 3 Leverage existing plans 2 Prioritisation of resources 1 Gain govt support
3 Infrequent partner meetings 1 Select partners carefully 1 Indigenous involvement 3 Establish clear goals/objectives 1 Skilled project staff 1 Expand partnerships
1 Collaboration 1 Seek strong partner involvement 1 Trust/goodwill 2 Set realistic priorities 1 Comms resource 1 Regional partner support
1 Information sharing 1 Be responsive to partner needs 1 Ongoing commitment 2 Exploit local knowledge 1 Intermittent project work 1 Conservation training
1 Communications 17 1 Cross border complexity 2 Secure core entity funding 1 Tracking performance 1 Leverage skills
1 Cultural differences 7 12 1 Small scale focus 1 Alignment of partners 1 Good landowner support
1 Partner resources Establish/support core entity 8 1 Utilise scientific input 1 Succession planning 1 Decentralised delivery
1 Resource/fund thru partners 10 Develop strong Board /Core entity Organising the planning process 1 Achievable plans/goals 1 Resource constraints 1 Indigenous involvement
2 Government relations 6 Leverage Corridor Vision 9 Resource/fund planning 1 Gain funding for plans 1 Gaining resources 1 Gain staff support
32 5 Gain core entity funding 4 Integrating partner plans 1 Integrate multiple objectives 21 1 Secure funding/resources
12 4 Establish clear accountabilities 3 Monitoring outcomes 1 Recognise long term commitment 12 1 Recruit enthusiastic young people
Managing the Corridor 25 1 Resource for reporting 2 Embrace opportunism Securing funds 1 Build local capacity
8 Resource/fund core entity 4 1 Different data sets 1 Prepare to upscale 11 Project (non core) funding 1 Maintain long term support
6 Core orgn. accountabilities Manage corridor well 1 Priority setting 34 7 Core entity funding 1 Arrange on-ground delivery
5 Coping with complexity 4 Be adaptable and flexible 1 Effective planning 16 18 1 Maintain core group of volunteers
4 Succession planning 3 Seek international recognition 1 Develop/implement plans Manage process effectively 2 1 Decentralise project delivery
2 Capability of Board 2 Demonstrate success 1 Plan strategically 5 Monitor and evaluate progress Keeping resources 25
2 Strong leadership/commitment 1 Balance - topdown vs.bottom up 1 Exploiting eco-system mapping 3 Establish clear accountabilities 2 Staff turnover 10
2 Succession planning Seek funding
2 Balance top/bottom up mgt 1 Achieve successful outcomes 1 Preparing land-use plans 3 Be flexible 4 10 Gain funding -core/project
2 Corridor-wide governance 1 Encourage community engagement 1 Planning without science 3 Coordinate effectively 2 1 Consolidate funding sources
2 Dealing with human diversity 1 Perservere over time 1 Dealing with planning fatigue 2 Undertake shared measurement 11
1 Measuring success 1 Review plans regularly 26 1 Adopt consultative approach 2
1 Effective management 1 Achieve on-ground results early 13 1 Use a participatory process Inspire the workforce
1 Conservation priorities 15 Setting the direction 1 Cooperate 4 Compelling Vision
1 Facilitating Implementation 9 4 Landscape vs Local focus 1 Delegate 2 Build motivation
37 Gain government support 4 Implementation funding 1 Use facilitator support 1 Encourage involvement
13 2 Seek govt agency support 3 Lack of scientific input 1 Good planning tools 1 Gain commitment
Dealing with government 1 Secure government support 2 Maintaining focus on Vision 1 Lead/plan/implement/evaluate 1 Good communications
2 Government relations 1 Minimise govt. control 2 Avoiding unrealistic goals 1 Adopt multi-disciplinary approach 1 Close collaboration
1 Reporting to government 4 2 Establishing priorities 1 Consult on conservation plan 10
1 Cross border complexity 3 2 Improving decisionmaking 1 Establish effective relationships 6
4 Think strategically 1 Choosing targetted species 1 Collect data for feedback
3 2 Establish a bold, guiding Vision 1 Opportunistic opportunities 1 Manage implementation well
Building community relations 1 Develop consistent Vision 1 Having clear/agreed goals 1 Lead mutually inforcing activities
1 Community engagement 1 Establish an audacious Vision 1 Establish measurable objectives 1 Manage resources and assets
1 Corridor public profile 2 Establish shared/ guiding Vision 23 1 Eliminate exclusion from process
2 1 Think big 11 1 Use ecosystem mapping tools
2 1 Apply large-scale thinking Aligning with government 32
Visioning the network 2 Establish common agenda 4 Alignment with govt. plans 21
4 Developing shared Vision 10 1 Conflict with govt agencies Gain/maintain planning support
1 Sustaining Vision 7 5 6 Involve partners
99
2 1 Apply large-scale thinking Aligning with government 32
Visioning the network 2 Establish common agenda 4 Alignment with govt. plans 21
4 Developing shared Vision 10 1 Conflict with govt agencies Gain/maintain planning support
1 Sustaining Vision 7 5 6 Involve partners
1 Unifying Vision Demonstrate leadership 2 1 Involve community
1 Conflicts over Vision/direction 4 Provide leadership/ "champions" Understanding context 1 Involve government/agencies
7 2 Implement strong leadership 4 Connectivity vs economy 4 Communicate well
4 1 Foster leadership at local level 1 Socio-ecological changes 2 Build trust/goodwill
Structuring the network 1 Inspire/coordinate action 1 Social/ecological diversity 2 Utilise strong board
3 Resource/funding core entity 3 Gain long term commitment 1 Understand constraints/opps 1 Gain partner commitment
3 Involving intl. NGOs 1 Build strong relationships 1 Understanding S-E context 1 Persist over time
2 Addressing equity/accountability 1 Share power and responsibility 1 Address uncertainties 1 Be patient
2 Gaining early stakeholder support 1 Achieve an integrated approach 1 Difficult ecological issues 1 Consult with partners
2 Recruiting dynamic network 1 Be responsive and supportive 1 Indigenous planning 1 Resource planning activity
1 Ensuring equitable benefits to all 1 Integrate relationships/activities 1 Competing technical claims 1 Planning group selection
1 Recruiting stakeholders 1 Apply flexible mgt locally 12 22
1 Establishing network 1 Balance top/bottom mgt 9 12
1 Recruiting too many partners 1 Drive multi-scale/multi-sector Discovering information Optimise corridor goals
1 Recruiting too few key partners 19 1 Acquiring planning information 2 Balance conservation/economy
1 Establishing legitimacy early 13 1 Planning information availability 1 Innovate for economic benefits
1 Local decisionmaker support Embrace participation 1 Lack of data/monitoring 1 Link ecological and cultural values
1 Establishing heterogeneity 1 Apply polycentric gov. principles 1 Measuring outcomes 1 Link economic/ecological benefits
1 Building adaptive capacity 2 Implement co-management 1 Utilising all knowledge 1 Support sustainable development
1 Gaining commitment 1 Apply adaptive co-management 1 Improving knowledge base 1 Support economic development
1 Resolving partner roless 1 Adopt adaptive, multi-level gov. 1 Imperfect monitoring 1 Build on previous programmes
1 Organisational complexity 1 Manage change 1 Limited data 1 Focus on small scale conservation
1 Addressing network capture 1 Manage cross border complexity 1 Co-production of knowledge 1 Reflect social factors in planning
25 1 Limit jurisdictional complexity 9 2 Participate in reinforcing activity
18 1 Manage multiple jurisdictions 9 2 Prioritise conservation with SNA
Understanding the network 1 Avoid network capture Planning effectively 2 Facilitate planning with SNA
1 Relating to landscape/actors 10 2 Being opportunistic 1 Utilise IUCN knowledge
1 Systematic social learning 9 1 Meet change with action 17
1 Knowledge distribution Develop effective structure 1 Overcoming planning conflicts 13
1 Facilitate information exchange 9 Establish/fund core entity 1 Actionable plans
1 Share information 1 Involve multiple partners 1 Explaining choices/trade-offs
1 Build/retain social memory 1 Involve NGOs/regional partners 1 Implementation commitment
1 Identify SNA boundaries 1 Optimise partner structure 7
1 Understand SN dynamics 1 Align partners and opportunities 6
1 Understand SN characteristics 1 Develop representative structure
1 Time and cost of SNA analysis 1 Secure International NGO support
1 Coping with change in SNA 3 Build early partner support
11 1 Manage international projects
11 19
8
Achieving results Acquire and share knowledge
1 Match results to expectations 1 Drive knowledge coproduction
1 Achieving project success 1 Develop learning orientation
1 Effective network 1 Drive collective learning cycle
1 Innovation/adaptation 1 Generate knowledge across netw
1 Adaptiveness/flexibility/learning 1 Understand through participation
5 1 Seek/use all available knowledge
5 1 Foster social learning /knowledge
7
7
Total comments 123 126 94 105 43 46
Total ideas 68 47 58 62 16 18
100
Achieving results Acquire and share knowledge
1 Match results to expectations 1 Drive knowledge coproduction
1 Achieving project success 1 Develop learning orientation
1 Effective network 1 Drive collective learning cycle
1 Innovation/adaptation 1 Generate knowledge across netw
1 Adaptiveness/flexibility/learning 1 Understand through participation
5 1 Seek/use all available knowledge
5 1 Foster social learning /knowledge
7
7
Total comments 123 126 94 105 43 46
Total ideas 68 47 58 62 16 18
ALL CORRIDORS No. Stakeholder Rels No. Stakeholder Rels No. Community No. Community No. Government No. Government
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Resolving stakeholder Issues Empower stakeholders Building community awareness Promote the corridor Coping with policy change Raise corridor profile
13 Partner alignment/conflicts 1 Promote uniting Vision 6 Informing communities 7 Promote the Vision 8 Uncertain govt policy 2 Demonstrate success
6 Grant competition 1 Implement effective planning 2 Low awareness 4 Communicate regularly 1 Lack corridor focus 1 Promote corridor benefits
2 Indigenous diversity 1 Gain funding 2 Community outreach 1 Motivate 1 Sub-optimal project focus 1 Leverage tourism benefits
2 Personality issues 1 Empower local groups 1 Extensive geography 1 Outreach resources 1 Changing fire control regs 4
1 Agree priorities 1 Leverage local govt rels 1 No corridor -led activities 1 Skilled Board (core entity) 1 Ill informed hazard burns 3
1 Branding conflicts 1 Implement good practice 1 Fragmented activities 1 Celebrate success 1 Native vegetation legislation Gain government support
1 Landscape scale vs Local 1 Have fewer, supportive partners 1 Meet community expectations 15 1 Adverse policy shifts 12 Build govt relationships
1 Lack of Vision alignment 1 Employ a stakeholder manager 1 Overcoming resistance 6 1 Diverse/conflicting mandates 6 Gain government support
1 Lack of transparency 8 1 Address "external exclusion" Gain support/involvement 15 1 Gain political support
1 Planning issues 8 1 Address"internal exclusion" 10 Involve community 8 1 Encourage political leadership
1 Local tribalism Encourage positive values 17 3 Indigenous involvement Securing govt funding 1 Leverage government assets
1 Partner misunderstandings 3 Trust 5 1 Seek active support 8 Government support 1 Partner alignment
1 Cross border issues 2 Transparency/accountability Encouraging involvement 1 Build strong relationships 7 Unreliable funding 22
1 Overcome barriers to efficiency 1 Patience 3 Local support 1 Support local community 2 Gain govt funding 6
33 1 Flexibility 4 Indigenous involvement 1 Good coordination 2 Inadequate funding Exploit government legislation
14 1 Commitment 1 Fund local activities 1 Consultative approach 1 Limited govt resources 2 Exploit govt mandates/funding
Building relationships 2 Mutual respect 8 1 Conservation training 1 Grant coordination 1 Exploit land-use policies
7 Build trust/resilience 1 Collaboration 3 1 Commitment 1 No core entity funding 3
5 Role of partners 1 Trust/integrity/inclusivity Gaining local support 1 Reliable partners 1 Resource- govt grant applications 2
4 Landowner support 1 Reciprocity/communication 3 Local engagement/support 1 Harness community power 1 Gaining political support
3 Meetings/frequency 1 Build constructive relationships 3 Community participation 1 Leverage motivated community 1 Overcoming govt barriers
3 Stakeholder engagement 14 1 Encourage local support 1 Leverage cultural heritage 25
2 Communications 6 1 Involving local communities 1 Leverage "sense of place" 10
2 Build relationships Strengthen partner relationships 1 Involve local associations 1 Identify local champions Responding to legislation
1 Extensive geography 2 Strengthen partner relationships 1 Involve young people 1 Implement community NRM 1 Exploit legislation
1 Build relationships 1 Develop personal relationships 10 1 Leverage community values 1 Exploiting land-use legislation
1 No core entity (one corridor) 2 Drive participatory process 6 28 1 Conservation zoning support
2 Core entity resources 1 Promote participatory processes Recognising cultural diversity 10 1 Establishing protected areas
1 Planning involvement 1 Engage with partners 1 Spiritual/cultural support Communicate locally 4
1 Too many partners 1 Improve partner interaction 1 Leveraging relations/culture 1 Keep communities well-informed 4
1 Stakeholder relations 1 Improve partner rels with SNA 2 1 Disseminate information locally
1 Stakeholder liaison 9 2 1 Explain benefits to communities
1 Stakeholder cooperation 7 Arranging community outreach 1 Promote community benefits
101
2 Core entity resources 1 Promote participatory processes Recognising cultural diversity 10 1 Establishing protected areas
1 Planning involvement 1 Engage with partners 1 Spiritual/cultural support Communicate locally 4
1 Too many partners 1 Improve partner interaction 1 Leveraging relations/culture 1 Keep communities well-informed 4
1 Stakeholder relations 1 Improve partner rels with SNA 2 1 Disseminate information locally
1 Stakeholder liaison 9 2 1 Explain benefits to communities
1 Stakeholder cooperation 7 Arranging community outreach 1 Promote community benefits
1 Manage stakeholders interests Collaborate and cooperate 8 Community outreach 1 Motivate community
1 Support participatory inclusion 6 Communicate well 2 Lack of resources 1 Seek popular support
2 Maintaining interest 4 Involve core entity 11 3 Organise community outreach
40 4 Communicate/collaborate/coord. 2 9
19 3 Build cross-scale collaboration 7
Managing government relations 3 Apply consultative approach
2 Government support 1 Encourage collaboration
2 1 Drive participation/collaboration
1 1 Involve/coordinate partners
Communicating with partners 1 Encourage cooperative efforts
2 Communications 4 Involve all key partners
1 Stakeholder communications 1 Encourage partner networking
3 1 Cooperate across borders
2 1 Involve partners in land-use plans
Seeking govt. support 1 Encourage bilateral resolutions
2 Local govt liaison/support 1 Gain/support landowner
1 Government relations/involved 1 Support indigenous relations
3 1 Build strong relationships
2 35
Working across the corridor 17
6 Partner collaboration Overcome partner differences
6 Partner coordination 1 Share power among stakeholders
2 Partner engagement 1 Communicate early with partners
1 Cross sectoral collaboration 1 Improve information sharing
1 Integrating activities 1 Address cross-boundary issues
1 Coordinating across jurisdictions 1 Manage partner diversity
17 1 Arbitrate partner differences
6 1 Overcome barriers to progress
1 Overcome resistance to change
8
8
Total comments 98 74 48 52 44 29
Total ideas 44 46 18 23 22 11
ALL CORRIDORS Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Supporting conservation process Promote conservation Seeking university involvement Develop research focus Exploiting funding opportunities Promote corridor
12 Sell conservation 2 Sell Vision 3 Low academic interest 5 Identify projects 12 Access private funding 6 Promote the Vision
6 Fund conservation 2 Support covenants 2 Engage with universities 2 Identify priorities 8 Access govt funding 1 Achieve corridor targets
11 Support conservation 1 Communicate regularly 1 Communication 7 3 Funding through carbon credits 1 Promote successes
4 Identify suitable land 1 Promote conserv. benefits 1 Partner support 2 2 Finding funding sources 1 Sustainable core entity
2 Negotiate agreements 1 Offer conservation options 1 Competition Seek university support 1 Availability of carbon offsets 9
1 Address diversity of needs 1 Sustainable land use focus 8 4 Compelling Vision 1 Project funding 4
1 Patience 8 5 5 Engage with universities 1 Funding shortages/uncertainty Seek funds
1 Farmer education 6 Securing funding and resources 2 Locally based researchers 1 Funding - competition 6 Diversify funding sources
1 Exploiting land experience Build relationships 6 Funding 1 Student involvement 1 Inadequate funding 3 Resource fundraising efforts
39 1 Build relationships 1 Resource to plan research 1 Develop partnerships 30 2 Develop strategy/plan
9 1 Trust 3 Monitor/report progress 13 9 2 Fund - govt, philanthropy, corp.
102
ALL CORRIDORS Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising
Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors
Supporting conservation process Promote conservation Seeking university involvement Develop research focus Exploiting funding opportunities Promote corridor
12 Sell conservation 2 Sell Vision 3 Low academic interest 5 Identify projects 12 Access private funding 6 Promote the Vision
6 Fund conservation 2 Support covenants 2 Engage with universities 2 Identify priorities 8 Access govt funding 1 Achieve corridor targets
11 Support conservation 1 Communicate regularly 1 Communication 7 3 Funding through carbon credits 1 Promote successes
4 Identify suitable land 1 Promote conserv. benefits 1 Partner support 2 2 Finding funding sources 1 Sustainable core entity
2 Negotiate agreements 1 Offer conservation options 1 Competition Seek university support 1 Availability of carbon offsets 9
1 Address diversity of needs 1 Sustainable land use focus 8 4 Compelling Vision 1 Project funding 4
1 Patience 8 5 5 Engage with universities 1 Funding shortages/uncertainty Seek funds
1 Farmer education 6 Securing funding and resources 2 Locally based researchers 1 Funding - competition 6 Diversify funding sources
1 Exploiting land experience Build relationships 6 Funding 1 Student involvement 1 Inadequate funding 3 Resource fundraising efforts
39 1 Build relationships 1 Resource to plan research 1 Develop partnerships 30 2 Develop strategy/plan
9 1 Trust 3 Monitor/report progress 13 9 2 Fund - govt, philanthropy, corp.
Addressing conservation issues 1 Good farmer relations 10 5 Prioritising funding needs 2 Focus on funding
1 Legislative uncertainty 1 Partner collaboration 3 Attract research funding 1 Project funding 1 Secure adequate funding
1 Lack of incentives 4 Achieving research focus 6 Gain funding 2 Core entity funding 1 Leverage core entity
1 Ongoing farmer costs 4 8 Scientific input to planning 6 3 1 Partner coordination
1 Govt support Support conservation 2 Align needs/interests 1 2 1 Landowner support
1 Carbon credit incentives 8 Fund conservation 1 Prioritisation Develop scientific knowledge Conducting fundraising activity 19
5 4 Support farmers 3 Identify projects 2 Leverage scientific knowledge 7 Compete for funds 6
5 3 Provide facilitators 1 Relevance of research 1 Adopt best practice science 4 Resource fundraising Exploit carbon opportunity
Enabling conservation acquisition 3 Provide advice/support 1 Lack of focus 1 Leverage best available science 2 Grant reporting 1 Exploit carbon sequestration potl.
1 Fund acquisitions 2 Incentivise landowners 1 Useful research 1 Provide/manage research 1 Lack of DGR status 1 Prepare for carbon opportunity
1 Manage acquisitions 1 Available resources 1 Low knowledge base 5 14 2
1 Sensible sale negotiations 1 Pool funding 1 Research integration 4 4 2
1 Support - agreements 1 Collaborate for land conservation 1 Opportunistic vs planned Use scientific knowledge
4 1 Engage with landowners locally 1 Low priority 1 Link planning to science
4 1 Improve land management 1 Research collaborartion 1 Learn by research/ adaptive mgt
Selling connectivity 25 22 1 Link scientists and practitioners
2 Sell conservation 6 12 1 Implement scientific approach
1 Engaging landowners/govt Facilitate conservation investment 1 Collaborate with researchers
1 Landowner involvement 1 Seek conservation investors 1 Co-produce scientific knowledge
1 Landowner participation 1 Involve landowners 6
5 1 Real estate agent support 6
4 1 Trust for Nature support
Resolving issues 4
1 Negotiating with landowners 4
1 Landowner misunderstandings Plan connectivity options
1 Landowner/conservation conflicts 1 Participate in land-use planning
1 Land-use restrictions 1 Understand land ownership
1 Identifying land to purchase 1 Purchase strategic land
5 3
5 3
Covenanting land Preserve conservation outcomes
1 Measuring covenant success 2 Provide conservation instruments
1 Managing covenanting outcomes 1 Protect land with covenants
1 Inflexible agreements 1 Use multi-party covenants
1 Dispute resolution 1 Future-proof covenants
1 Ensuring covenant permanancy 1 Plan/monitor covenants
5 1 Establish dispute mechanisms
5 7
6
Total comments 63 51 40 37 47 30
Total ideas 32 29 20 18 15 12
103
Covenanting land Preserve conservation outcomes
1 Measuring covenant success 2 Provide conservation instruments
1 Managing covenanting outcomes 1 Protect land with covenants
1 Inflexible agreements 1 Use multi-party covenants
1 Dispute resolution 1 Future-proof covenants
1 Ensuring covenant permanancy 1 Plan/monitor covenants
5 1 Establish dispute mechanisms
5 7
6
Total comments 63 51 40 37 47 30
Total ideas 32 29 20 18 15 12
ALL CORRIDORS Media Media
Challenges Success Factors
Addressing newsworthiness Build media relations
9 Not newsworthy 9 Resource comms
1 3 Exploit social media
Managing w/out comms resource 2 Partner cooperation
13 Lack of comms resouce 1 Core entity involvement
1 1 Maintain good relations
Raising corridor profile 1 Sponsor support/promotion
2 Low corridor profile 17
1 6
Recognising partner contributions Create media opportunities
4 Recognition of partners 4 Compelling Vision
1 3 Promote events/projects
Promoting conservation 1 Flexibility
1 Increasing media awareness 8
1 Promoting conservation 3
1 Providing information Promote the Vision
1 Maintaining communications 8 Promote Vision
1 Recognition - competition 8
1 Communications 1
1 Communicating conservation Develop effective communications
7 1 Develop effective communication
7 1 Provide accessible information
1 Provide good information
1 Deploy powerful media tools
4
4
Communicate frequently
4 Maintain continuous comms
1 Communicate early
1 Increase awareness/comms
1 Undertake education programmes
7
4
Promote social benefits
1 Promote eco-tourism benefits
1 Leverage tourism/cultural product
2
2
Challenges Success factors
Total comments 35 46 Grand Total - Comments 635 Grand Total - Comments 596
Total ideas 11 20 Grand Total - Ideas 304 Grand Total - Ideas 286 `
104
Communicate frequently
4 Maintain continuous comms
1 Communicate early
1 Increase awareness/comms
1 Undertake education programmes
7
4
Promote social benefits
1 Promote eco-tourism benefits
1 Leverage tourism/cultural product
2
2
Challenges Success factors
Total comments 35 46 Grand Total - Comments 635 Grand Total - Comments 596
Total ideas 11 20 Grand Total - Ideas 304 Grand Total - Ideas 286 `
105
Appendix 22 – Combined Findings –Challenges
Challenges Comments
Challenges Comments
Network Planning
Working with partners
Managing the Corridor
Dealing with government
Building community relations
Visioning the network
Structuring the network
Understanding the network
Achieving results
32
37
4
2
7
25
11
5
Gaining planning support
Organising the planning process
Setting the direction
Aligning with government
Understanding context
Discovering information
Planning effectively
12
26
23
5
12
9
7
Totals 123 Totals 94
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Organising resources for plans
Securing funds for core entity
and projects
Keeping resources
21
18
4
Resolving stakeholder issues
Building relationships
Managing government relations
Communicating with partners
Seeking government support
Working across the Corridor
33
40
2
3
3
17
Totals 43 Totals 98
Community Government
Encouraging community
involvement
Arranging community outreach
Educating communities
Gaining local support
Recognising cultural diversity
8
11
17
10
2
Coping with policy change
Gaining government support
Responding to legislation
15
25
4
Totals 48 Totals 44
Private Property Science
Supporting the conservation
process
Addressing conservation issues
Enabling conservation by
acquisition
Selling connectivity to
landowners
Resolving issues
Covenanting land
39
5
4
5
5
5
Seeking university involvement
Securing funding and resources
Planning with science
8
10
22
Totals 63 Totals 40
Fundraising Media/Communication
Exploiting funding opportunities
Prioritising funding needs
Conducting fundraising activity
30
3
14
Addressing newsworthiness
Managing without communications
resources
Raising Corridor profile
Properly recognizing partner
contributions
Promoting conservation
9
13
2
4
7
Totals 47 Totals 35
Total Comments 635
Total Challenges 49
106
Appendix 23 - Combined Findings –Success factors
Success Factors Comments
Success Factors Comments
Network Planning
Build/maintain partner support
Establish/support core entity
Manage Corridor well
Gain government support
Think strategically
Demonstrate leadership
Embrace participation
Develop an effective structure
Acquire and share knowledge
17
25
15
4
10
19
10
19
7
Gain/maintain planning support
Establish clear, well-informed
directions
Optimise Corridor goals
Manage process effectively
22
34
17
32
Totals 126 Totals 105 Resources Stakeholder Relations
Seek funding
Build resource capability
Inspire the workforce
11
25
10
Empower stakeholders
Encourage positive values
Strengthen partner relationships
Collaborate and cooperate
Overcome partner differences
8
14
9
35
8
Totals 46 Totals 74
Community Government
Promote the Corridor
Gain community
support/involvement
Communicate locally
15
28
9
Raise Corridor profile
Gain government support
Exploit government legislation
4
22
3
Totals 52 Totals 29
Private Property Science
Promote conservation
Build relationships
Support conservation
Facilitate conservation
investment
Plan connectivity options
Preserve conservation outcomes
8
4
25
4
3
7
Develop research focus/needs
Seek university support
Attract research funding
Develop scientific knowledge
Use scientific knowledge
7
13
6
5
6
Totals 51 Totals 37
Fundraising Media/Communication
Promote the Corridor
Seek funds for core entity and
projects
Exploit carbon opportunity
9
19
2
Establish media relationships
Create media opportunities
Promote the Vision
Develop effective communications
Communicate frequently
Promote social benefits
17
8
8
4
7
2
Totals 30 Totals 46
Total Comments 613
Total Success Factors 47
107
Appendix 24 – Combined Findings – Top 3 success factors by theme with the associated ideas
Network
Planning
Stakeholder Relations
Establish and support a core entity Establish a core entity Develop a strong board Gain funding to provide adequate resources Leverage the impact of the Corridor Vision via the core entity Establish clear accountabilities for the corridor and its partners Demonstrate leadership Provide leadership through “champions” Foster leadership and flexible management at the local level Build strong relationships Inspire and coordinate action Gain long term commitment to planning and implementation Share power and responsibility for implementation Be responsive and supportive Achieve an integrated approach to activities Balance tops down and bottoms up management Drive action across multi-scales and multi-sectors Develop an effective structure Include a core entity in the structure (as mentioned above) Optimise the network structure through good partner selection and involve a representative mix of partners Align partners with opportunities Secure national and international NGO support Build early partner support
Establish clear, well informed directions Establish multiple objectives and clear goals Align these with the Corridor Vision Set priorities and ensure they are realistic Recognise the need for long term commitment Prepare to upscale conservation activity over time Embrace opportunism – when new opportunities arise Prioritise conservation using CAP environmental planning Leverage existing plans and exploit local knowledge Base directions on sound scientific input Gain and maintain planning support Involve partners in planning Engage with the community Gain government agency input Build trust and goodwill and communicate well Use core entity and its Board to gain planning support Be persistent and patient Resource planning activity Use best practice planning tools Manage process effectively Establish clear accountabilities with partners Be flexible with the process to accommodate differing views Establish effective relationships Adopt a consultative and participatory approach Use facilitator support to progress the process Delegate planning tasks to relevant partners Cooperate on decision-making Monitor and evaluate progress Adopt a multi-disciplinary approach Coordinate plan implementation across Corridor
Collaborate and cooperate Communicate, collaborate and cooperate Build cross-scale collaboration Drive participation Involve and coordinate partners Encourage cooperative efforts Involve all key partners Encourage partner networking Cooperate across borders Involve partners in land use planning Encourage positive values and traits Trust, integrity and inclusivity Accountability and transparency Reciprocity and good communications Mutual respect Constructive relationships Patience Flexibility Commitment Strengthen partner relationships Strengthen partner relationships Develop good personal relationships Promote and drive a participatory process Engage with partner Improve partner interactions Use social network analysis for improvements
108
Community Relations Resources
Government
Gain community support and involvement
Involve communities
Communicate locally
Explain benefits of Corridor to community and the
environment
Motivate the community and seek their support
Organise community outreach programmes
Promote the Corridor
Promote the Vision
Communicate regularly
Leverage core entity resources and position
Celebrate success
Communicate locally Keep communities well informed Communicate with local indigenous communities Raise awareness of the Corridor through the Vision Run outreach activities regularly
Build resource capability
Employ, train and support regional facilitators
Gain support from government agencies
Expand partner involvement
Undertake conservation training
Leverage skills base effectively
Encourage landowner involvement and support
Decentralise on-ground delivery
Involve indigenous people on their land
Recruit enthusiastic younger people
Maintain long term support (with succession planning)
Seek funding
Seek funding from government, corporates and philanthropic
organisations for on ground projects
Secure long term funding to ensure the ongoing viability and
capability of the core entity
Inspire the workforce
Communicate a compelling Vision
Build motivation
Encourage involvement
Gain commitment
Communicate well
Collaborate together
Gain government support
Gain government support at all levels
Lobby for political support
Encourage supportive political leadership
Leverage government assets where possible
Build relationships with government
Leverage partner relationships with government
Raise Corridor profile
Promote Corridor benefits
Demonstrate success
Leverage tourism and other associated benefits
Exploit government legislation Influence government policy
Leverage government mandates
Pursue grant opportunities Seek favourable biodiversity/land-use legislation and regulation
109
Private Property
Fundraising
Science
Support conservation
Fund conservation
Pool funding from various sources
Support landowners with resources
Provide facilitator support
Incentivise landowners
Engage with landowners
Improve land management
Promote conservation
Sell the Corridor Vision
Communicate regularly
Promote conservation benefits
Focus on sustainable land use
Preserve conservation outcomes Provide conservation instruments (eg. Covenants) Protect land with covenants and other agreements Use multi-party covenants for maximum longevity Future proof covenants with contract drafting Plan and monitor covenant implementation Establish dispute mechan
Seek funds for the core entity and projects
Diversify funding sources (government, corporate,
philanthropic, NGOs)
Resource fundraising activity (and develop a strategy/plan)
Leverage core entity resources and partners
Seek landowner support (in kind)
Promote the Corridor
Promote the Vision to potential funders Achieve Corridor targets Promote successes Demonstrate core entity sustainability and contribution Exploit carbon opportunity Prepare for carbon credit opportunity
Consider carbon sequestration in planning 109orridor
Seek university support
Sell compelling Vision
Engage with universities
Exploit locally based universities and researchers
Involve university students
Develop partnerships with universities
Develop research focus/needs
Identify suitable projects
Identify priorities
Link planning with science
Co-produce scientific knowledge
Collaborate with researchers
Attract research funding Gain necessary funding to support research
110
Media and communications
Establish media relationships
Resource the communications function
Cooperate with partners
Involve the core entity resources
Maintain good media relationships
Seek sponsor support and promotion
Create media opportunities
Sell compelling Vision to media reps
Promote interesting events and projects
Be flexible and pro-active
Promote the Vision
Promote the Vision widely and regularly!
111
Appendix 25 – Combined Findings – Alignment of success factors with
challenges (asterisked items are not matched)
Challenges Success factors
Challenges Success factors
Network Planning
Managing the Corridor
Working with partners
Demonstrate leadership
Setting the direction
Establish clear, well-
informed directions
Structuring the network Develop an effective
structure
Establish/support core entity
Gaining planning support
Gain/maintain planning
support
Organising the planning
process
Manage process effectively
Resources Stakeholder Relations
Organising resources for
plan
Build resource capability
Working across the network
Collaborate and cooperate Encourage positive values and traits
Securing funds for the core
entity
Seek funding
Building relationships
Resolving stakeholder
issues
Strengthen partner
relationships
Keeping resources* Inspire the workforce*
Community Government
Educating communities
Arranging community
outreach
Promote the Corridor
Communicate locally
Gaining government support
Gain government support
Raise Corridor profile
Gaining local support Gain community support
and involvement
Responding to legislation
Coping with policy change
Exploit government
legislation
Private Property Science
Supporting the conservation
process
Addressing conservation
issues
Support conservation Preserve conservation
outcomes
Planning with science
Develop research
focus/needs
Selling connectivity to
landowners
Promote conservation
Securing funding and
resources
Attract research funding
Seeking university
involvement
Seek university support
Fundraising Media/Communication
Exploiting funding
opportunities
Conducting fundraising
activities
Seek funds for the core
entity and projects
Promote the Corridor
Promoting conservation
Promote the Vision
Prioritising funding needs*
Exploit carbon opportunity* Managing without
communications resources*
Addressing
newsworthiness*
Establish media
relationships*
Create media opportunities*
112
Appendix 26 – Improving Knowledge Exchange
Here are some suggestions from two research papers for improving knowledge
exchange between academics and practitioners:
McNie (2007), p. 31-32
1. Understand the decision-making process – how decisions are made and by
whom
2. Improve relationships between the parties - build trusted and respectful
relationships across the science-society boundary
3. Understand the context of the process – recognise the importance of
temporal, spacial, political, scientific and cultural factors in the success or
failure of knowledge transfer
4. Facilitate knowledge exchange through a third party boundary person or
organisation – to actively manage the science-society boundary
5. Develop an agreed prioritised plan – through effective two way
communications about objectives and priorities
Beier, Hansen et al. (2017), p.290-294
1. Managers: approach scientists with the need, goal or problem and not ask for
a product
2. Scientists: understand the decision to be made and the environment in which
it is to be made
3. Partners: arrange a face-to-face meeting of all partners to agree on necessary
decisions and research needs
4. Partners: agree to establish an advisory group to progress the project
5. Partners: regularly meet to discuss progress
6. Decision-makers: explain to scientists the decision-making environment and
management requirements for research
7. Scientists: clearly communicate the uncertainty attached to the research
results and their implications. Expect results to be challenged by managers
8. Partners: evaluate progress and process, and disseminate findings
9. Funders/universities/governments: create and grow boundary organisations to
support co-production of actionable science
10. Funders/universities/governments/NGOs: create incentives for academic
scientists to consider co-production
Top Related