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Master’s Project - ENV690

Critical Success Factors and Challenges for Landscape-Scale

Wildlife Corridor Governance and Management: Ideas to

Inform Good Practice

The Berry Corridor, a part of the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative – from the Escarpment to the Sea

(This photograph is courtesy of the Berry Chamber of Commerce, NSW)

David W. Brawn BSc, MSc, GradDipEnEnv, GAICD

School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University

July 2018

i

ABSTRACT

This research project aimed to identify challenges and critical success

factors (success factors) that impact on the successful governance and

management of landscape-scale wildlife corridor developments around the

World. Corridors aim to provide habitat connectivity over large geographies

to preserve and enhance flora and fauna biodiversity under threat particularly

from anthropogenic actions. Key stakeholder relationships and how Corridors

are managed are considered to play an important role in achieving Corridor

aims.

Semi structured interviews and a quantitative literature review were used to

identify challenges and success factors. UNESCO guidelines, a framework of

4 governance themes (network; planning; stakeholder relations; and

community relations) and 6 management themes (resources; government;

private property; fundraising; scientific research; and media and

communications) informed the research methods. Semi structured interviews

were conducted, by skype or phone, with 18 Corridor managers from 4

Australasian Corridors including the Great Eastern Ranges Initiative,

Gondwana Link, Habitat 1410 and Reconnecting Northland (NZ). A

systematic quantitative literature review identified challenges and success

factors in 70 relevant scholarly papers accessed using reputable online

databases. The two studies collected many ideas from experts grouped into

49 challenges and 47 success factors and segmented by the ten governance

or management themes.

Important challenges were stakeholder relations; social network structure

and management; private property conservation; fundraising and

government relations/funding. Significant success factors included

stakeholder collaboration and cooperation; direction and planning;

community support; core entity direction and support; private property

conservation and resources.

ii

The findings highlight that governance and management processes are

important drivers of Corridor performance. The research findings also point

to a gap between academic and practitioner priorities highlighting issues with

knowledge exchange.

The findings identify opportunities for improvement in corridor governance

and management that provide guidance for practitioners, researchers, and

other interested parties.

iii

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... i

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1

1.1 Purpose of the research.................................................................... 1

1.2 Governance and Management ......................................................... 1

1.3 Wildlife Corridors .............................................................................. 2

1.4 Project initiation ................................................................................ 3

1.5 Research questions .......................................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2 – METHOD ............................................................................... 5

2.1 Development of themes for data collection and analysis .................. 5

2.2 Interview Programme ........................................................................ 7

2.3 Systematic quantitative Literature Review ...................................... 11

CHAPTER 3 - INTERVIEW PROGRAMME – FINDINGS ............................ 13

3.1 Interview findings - Challenges ....................................................... 13

3.2 Interview findings - Success factors ................................................ 16

CHAPTER 4 – SYSTEMATIC QUANTITATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW -

FINDINGS .................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 21

4.2 Literature Review findings - Challenges .......................................... 21

4.3 Literature Review findings - Success factors .................................. 24

4.4 Combined findings - Interview Programme and Literature Review . 28

CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 35

5.1 Themes ....................................................................................... 35

5.2 Comments ................................................................................... 35

5.3 Ideas ............................................................................................ 36

5.4 Challenges……………………………………………………………..34

5.5 Success factors ........................................................................... 37

5.6 Further commentary .................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 47

REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 49

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………… 53

iv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 – Actively managed landscape-scale wildlife Corridors 0

around the World......…………………………………………………………… .53

Appendix 2 – Great Eastern Ranges Initiative……………….………….…. .55

Appendix 3 – Gondwana Link…………………………………………..…… 59

Appendix 4 – Habitat 1410 ….…………………………………………………. 63 Appendix 5 – Reconnecting Northland………………………………………. 65

Appendix 6 - Wildlife Corridor – Semi-structured Interview Guide….……. .69

62

Appendix 7 - List of interviewees………………………………………….… 71

Appendix 8 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme

and Corridor - Challenges…………………………………………………… .72

Appendix 9 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and

Corridor – Challenges…………………………………………………………. 73

Appendix 10 – Interview Programme – Excel database…………………… 74 Appendix 11 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas………………………………………………………………………... 79 Appendix 12 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme and Corridor - Success factors………………………………………………… 80 Appendix 13 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and Corridor for success factors……………………………………………………. 81 Appendix 14 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors………………………………………….… 82 Appendix 15 - Research papers and articles reviewed in the Literature Review……………………………………………………………… 83 Appendix 16 – Literature Review – Excel database………………………… 87

Appendix 17 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas

about challenges ……………………………………………………………… .93

Appendix 18 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas

about success factors………………………………………………………….. 94

Appendix 19 – Challenges from the Interview Programme and

Literature Review……….………………………………………………………. 95

Appendix 20 – Success factors from the Interview Programme

and Literature Review…………………………………………………………. 96

Appendix 21 – Combined Findings – Excel database……………………… 97

Appendix 22 – Combined Findings –Challenges………………………… 105

Appendix 23 – Combined Findings –Success factors…………………… .106

Appendix 24 – Combined Findings – Top 3 success factors by theme

with the associated ideas…………………………………………………….. 107

Appendix 25 – Combined Findings – Alignment of success factors

with challenges……………………………………………………………… 111

Appendix 26 – Improving Knowledge Exchange………………………….. 112

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 - List of themes for the project ........................................................... 5

Table 2 - Occurrence of societal themes across 25 Corridors (Worboys,

Francis et al. 2010) ........................................................................................ 6

Table 3 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about

themes - Challenges .................................................................................... 13

Table 4 - Interview Programme - list of Challenges ..................................... 14

Table 5 - Interview Programme - the top 5 challenges based on comments 15

Table 6 - Interview programme - the top 5 challenges based on ideas ........ 15

Table 7 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about

themes – Success factors ............................................................................ 16

Table 8 - Interview programme - list of success factors by theme ............... 17

Table 9 - Interview programme - the top 5 success factors based on

comments .................................................................................................... 18

Table 10 – Interview Programme - the top 5 success factors based on ideas

..................................................................................................................... 18

Table 11 - Literature Review - comments and ideas by theme – Challenges

..................................................................................................................... 21

Table 12 - Literature Review - List of challenges by theme ......................... 22

Table 13 - Literature Review - The top 5 challenges based on comments .. 23

Table 14 - The top 5 challenges based on ideas ......................................... 23

Table 15 - Literature Review - Comments and ideas by theme – success

factors .......................................................................................................... 25

Table 16 - Literature Review - the list of success factors by theme ............. 26

Table 17 - Literature Review - the top 5 success factors based on comments

..................................................................................................................... 27

Table 18 - The top 5 success factors based on ideas .................................. 27

Table 19 - Commonality of Interview Programme and Literature Review .... 28

Table 20 - Combined findings - top 3 challenges per theme based on

comments .................................................................................................... 30

Table 21 - Combined findings - top 3 success factors per theme based on

comments .................................................................................................... 31

Table 22 - Top 10 Success factors across all themes .................................. 32

Table 23 – Approx. % comments about themes in the Interview Programme

and the Literature Review ............................................................................ 33

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Map of the Great Eastern Ranges corridor .................................. 55

Figure 2 - New structure showing GER Ltd responsibilities ......................... 58

Figure 3 - A map of Gondwana Link in south-western Australia .................. 59

Figure 4 - The structure of the Gondwana Link board and its management 61

Figure 5 - A map of the H1410 Corridor crossing SA/Victoria/NSW ............. 63

Figure 6 - A map of the Reconnecting Northland Programme area in New

Zealand ........................................................................................................ 65

vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the

support of the ENV690 Unit Coordinator Professor Lynnath Beckley with her

constant encouragement and motivation; and my supervisor Dr. Michael

Hughes for his regular and generous availability, sound advice and timely

feedback.

I would also like to thank the experienced, knowledgeable and helpful people

from the four wildlife Corridors who agreed to assist me with this research

programme. They included: Gary Howling, Kevin Evans, David Rush, Bill

Piggott, Sophie Bickford, Eamon Nathan, Gary Bramley, Trevor Gray, Keith

Bradby, Louise Duxbury, Lucia Querry, Blair Parsons, Andrew Bradey,

Melissa Herpich, Tim Bond, Ron Dodds, David Warne and David Brennan.

viii

1

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the research

The purpose of this research project was to identify challenges and critical

success factors (success factors) that impact on governance and

management of landscape-scale wildlife corridor (Corridor) developments

around the World. This information is important because governance and

management are considered to be key drivers of Corridor success in terms

of connectivity conservation. Specifically, active, efficient and effective

management of the Corridor environments will help to conserve species,

ecosystems, and habitats threatened by natural and anthropogenic changes,

including climate change (Worboys and Lockwood 2010).

Critical success factors are defined in the Cambridge University Business

English Dictionary (Cambridge 2018) as:

“The most important things that a company or organization must do well for

its business or work to be successful”

Challenges are defined in the same Dictionary as:

“Situations that need great mental or physical effort to be done successfully

and therefore test your ability”

1.2 Governance and Management

The concept of governance follows UNESCO advice. UNESCO defines and

differentiates the terms governance and management in UNESCO (2018) as

follows:

“Governance:

Set strategic vision and direction and formulate high-level goals

and policies

Oversee management and organisational performance to ensure that

the organization is working in the best interests of the public, and

more specifically the stakeholders who are served by the

organization’s mission

2

Direct and oversee the management to ensure that the organization is

achieving the desired outcomes and ensuring that the organization is

acting prudently, ethically and legally.”

And,

“Management:

Run the organisation in line with the broad goals and direction set

by the governing body

Implement the decisions within the context of the mission and

strategic vision

Make operational decisions and policies, keep the governance

bodies informed and educated

Be responsive to requests for additional information.”

Governance and management are important complementary processes that

are both reflected in the Literature Review and Interview Programme

conducted for this project. As mentioned earlier, these processes are

essential for the achievement of conservation goals.

1.3 Wildlife Corridors

Wildlife corridors can range in size from small fauna crossings across

motorways to Corridors that span continents and protect all forms of flora

and fauna. A succinct definition of a wildlife corridor was included in the

Federal Government’s National Wildlife Corridor Plan (Department of Energy

and the Environment 2012):

“Wildlife Corridors are connections across the landscape that link up areas of

habitat. They support natural processes that occur in a healthy environment,

including the movement of species to find resources, such as food and

water.”

This research project concentrates on Corridors that are typically over 500

kilometres in length that may cross regional or country borders because of

the greater complexity of the associated governance and management

processes. In Pulsford, Lindenmayer et al. (2015), there is a comprehensive

list of 44 actively managed Corridors from around the World, and this is

3

included in Appendix 1. Australia has several Corridors including the Great

Eastern Ranges Initiative (GER) (3,600 km) and Gondwana Link (GL) (1000

km).

1.4 Project initiation

The genesis of this research project was my knowledge of the experiences at

Gondwana Link Corridor in south-western Australia where governance and

management across 1000 km of the Corridor have proved to be major

challenges for the establishment of this particular Corridor. GL is described in

Appendix 3.

A journal article about GL (Bradby, Keesing et al. 2016) documents the

history of the Corridor and its challenges and highlights the importance of

society. The article stated that: “Ongoing success rests on the responses of

people working together, having respect for the integrity of the collective

effort and for the specific roles of others across differing but complementary

roles.” (p 827)

Examples of governance and management challenges mentioned by Bradby,

Keesing et al. (2016) dealt with stakeholders’ diverse and changing interests;

maintaining good personal relationships; coordinating funding for projects

among partners; limited funding; managing property negotiations; seeking

major donor funding; and planning, coordinating and collaborating

successfully across the large geography of the Corridor. These challenges

can adversely impact on the cost, efficiency and effectiveness of the Corridor

development activity leading to slower progress than expected and

frustration amongst stakeholder groups.

This research project investigates the incidence of similar challenges in other

corridors around the World and success factors that help address these

challenges.

4

1.5 Research questions

Based on the impact of society on the success of Corridors noted by Bradby,

Keesing et al. (2016), and Worboys, Francis et al. (2010), the research

questions seek to identify ways to improve the governance and management

of Corridors, given their apparent impact on Corridor conservation

performance. The project involved answering the following three questions:

1. What are the main reported governance and management challenges

and key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining selected

landscape-scale wildlife Corridors in Australia and New Zealand?

2. What are the main documented governance and management challenges

and key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining

landscape-scale wildlife Corridors around the World?

3. What are the combined documented and reported challenges and key

success factors that can help inform good practice for landscape-scale

wildlife Corridor governance and management in Australia?

5

CHAPTER 2 – METHOD

2.1 Development of themes for data collection and analysis

This project required the identification of specific themes within governance

and management that could provide a framework for the data collection and

analysis in the Literature Review and Interview Programme. The

development of the list of themes involved a two-step process. First, I

developed a provisional list of ten themes related to Corridor governance and

management. This list was based on my knowledge of the subject and a

preliminary literature review about GL, GER, and Y2Y (Bradby et al. 2016;

Locke 2010; Pulsford et al. 2013). This provisional list of themes is shown in

Table 1:

Table 1 - List of themes for the project

Theme Explanation

Go

ve

rna

nc

e

Network

The social network of government and non-government

partners that supports Corridor activities - involving both formal

and informal relationships between participating players. The

network provides the Vision, Mission, objectives, strategic

direction, and overall support for the Corridor

Planning

The planning of Corridor activities

Stakeholder relations

The management of key stakeholder relations and the resolution of issues and conflicts between the parties

Community relations

The development and maintenance of local community relations

to gain support and participation in Corridor activity

Ma

na

ge

men

t

Resources The provision and organisation of resources to execute plans

Government

The interaction with governments on Corridor development

Private property

The establishment of landscape connectivity across private

landholdings

Fundraising

The raising of funds to support Corridor development and

ongoing management and the core entity’s operation

Scientific research

The generation and exchange of scientific research to inform

Corridor planning and development

Media relations and

Communication

The communication about the Corridor Vision and activities to

key stakeholders and the community at large

6

The first four themes are related to governance matters in line with the

UNESCO (2018) definition and are inter-dependent. The six management

themes support the achievement of objectives, strategy, and plans. These

themes were considered to be important drivers of Corridor performance.

The second step was to validate the provisional list of themes by checking

the occurrence of the themes in articles about 25 Corridors around the World

that were included in an authoritative book called “Connectivity Conservation

Management – A Global Guide” (Worboys, Francis et al. 2010). There was a

diverse range of Corridors included in the book, ranging from fully protected

land to land that included a high proportion of private and indigenous

property. All Corridors were considered for this theme analysis.

The occurrence of particular themes was derived from studying the section

called “lessons learned” in each Corridor article. In total, there were 128

“lessons learned” across the Corridors, and the frequency of comments

about the ten themes is shown in Table 2:

Table 2 - Occurrence of societal themes across 25 Corridors (Worboys, Francis et al. 2010)

This small-scale preliminary literature review supported the inclusion of all

ten themes in the theme list for further study.

The “lessons learned” analysis also reinforced the importance of societal

themes to connectivity conservation with 128 associated with societal

themes and only 28 related to ecological issues.

Themes

Number of “lessons learned”

Network 33

Stakeholder relations 25

Planning 18

Community relations 17

Media relations/Communication 12

Government 9

Resources 5

Private property conservation 4

Scientific research 3

Fundraising 2

All themes 128

7

2.2 Interview Programme

2.2.1 Overview of the Interview Programme

My proposal for the Interview Programme component of this project was

approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Murdoch University

in June 2017 (Project no: 2017/133). The proposal contained a description of

the process for conducting the Interview Programme including interviewee

communication and recruitment, the conduct of the semi-structured

interviews and the subsequent analysis. This Interview Programme

responds to Question 1:

“What are the main reported governance and management challenges and

key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining selected

landscape-scale wildlife Corridors in Australia and New Zealand?”

The method followed advice about qualitative research methods in

Erlingsson and Brysiewicz (2013).

2.2.2 Selection of the wildlife Corridors

4 Corridors in Australasia were chosen to capture a diversity of ideas from

different governance regimes and environments. The efficient and timely

conduct of the interviews was facilitated because these Corridors were in

similar time zones and there were no language difficulties. The details of

governance arrangements and ecology of each Corridor are described in

Appendices 2 – 5 respectively.

The selected corridors were:

Great Eastern Ranges Initiative

GER follows the alignment of the Great Dividing Range and the Great

Escarpment in eastern Australia with various lateral extensions inland and to

the coast. It extends 3600 km from western Victoria through NSW and the

ACT to far north Queensland. See Appendix 2 for more details.

8

Gondwana Link

GL provides habitat connectivity from Margaret River in the west of south-

western Australia to the Goldfields to the east, a distance of approximately

1000 km. See Appendix 3 for more detail.

Habitat 1410 (H141)

The H141 Corridor traverses SA, Victoria, and NSW along longitude 1410

and runs from the Glenelg Woodlands and Wetlands in the south to the

Murray Mallee region in the north over a distance of 500 km. See Appendix 4

for more detail.

Reconnecting Northland (RN)

RN is situated in the northern part of the North Island of New Zealand from

Kaipara harbour to North Cape (Cape Reinga) at the northerly tip of the

North Island (Te Rerenga Wairua) and covers an area of 14,000 km2. See

Appendix 5 for more detail.

The Interview programme was focused on analysing the merged data on

challenges and success factors from all four Corridors. All Corridors did not

face the same challenges, but they are all relevant in the broader context of

a range of Corridors. Also, information about all identified success factors will

best inform Corridor managers about best practice approaches.

The project did not attempt to compare the Corridors regarding their

governance, landscape context, restoration activities and ongoing

management or their success in achieving conservation goals. The purpose

of the project was to provide general advice on common challenges and

success factors of value to all Corridors. Also, no attempt was made to

compare the chosen 4 Corridors with the other 40 identified Corridors

worldwide as this was not in the scope of the project.

The term “core entity” mentioned in this paper refers to an incorporated

central coordinating body for a Corridor’s network that provides direction and

support to participating stakeholders around the particular Corridor.

Examples of a core entity are GL Ltd, GER Ltd, and the RN Trust.

9

2.2.3 Selection of the interviewees

Experienced practitioners involved in Corridor management were recruited

from each selected Corridor to gain a balanced view of the governance and

management situation in each Corridor and were chosen through a snowball

selection process starting with one prominent Corridor representative

identified from the Corridor’s website. A total of 18 experts agreed to be

interviewed, and the position titles of the interviewees and the dates of the

interviews are shown in Appendix 7.

2.2.4 Interview process and the Guide

Each potential interviewee was emailed a university approved letter

describing the scope and objectives of the research project and the interview

process; a request for their participation; a consent form for their signature;

and a copy of the interview guide to allow for preparation before the

interview.

The interviews were semi-structured and focused on the challenges and

success factors within the ten selected themes. The semi-structured

interview guide is included in Appendix 6 and, for each theme, the

interviewee was asked to discuss the theme as it relates to their Corridor and

then to highlight challenges and success factors.

For logistical and economic reasons, most interviews were conducted via

Skype or phone and ran for approximately one hour. The interviews were

recorded using a digital voice recorder and a written Word summary of each

interview was produced. An interview summary was then emailed to each

interviewee with a request that they check the document for accuracy and

completeness.

The process could have been improved if the interviews had been face-to-

face and of longer duration, but this was not possible logistically and

economically.

10

2.2.5 An explanation of terms – comments and ideas

The following terms were used for the reporting of the information collected

in both the Interview Programme and the Literature Review:

Comments are the various comments about challenges or success factors

made by interviewees during the 18 interviews (or collected from research

papers).

Ideas are the result of merging repetitive ideas that are the same or very

similar to those made by other interviewees (with the number of comments

per idea recorded). Clusters of ideas form success factors or challenges.

Comment counts indicate the relative importance that the interviewees

attached to a particular idea, success factor or challenge, while idea counts

indicate the seriousness of particular challenges or the extent of the

opportunities for success.

2.2.6 Database of interviewee comments by Corridor

The written Word summaries from the interviews provided comments about

challenges and success factors for the ten theme areas. These comments

were recorded in an abbreviated form (2 - 4 words) in an Excel “Interview”

database containing 4 Corridor spreadsheets:

2.2.7 Database of ideas – all Corridors combined

An “all Corridors” spreadsheet was then produced to convert comments into

ideas from each of the Corridor spreadsheets, taking into account repeated

ideas (which number of comments per idea recorded).

2.2.8 Database of ideas by success factor/challenge – all Corridors

combined

Recognising that it is difficult to present and communicate so many ideas, an

“all Corridor – success factors and challenges” spreadsheet was produced

using the following inductive process of analysis:

11

The ideas under each theme were sorted (using Post-it notes) to

produce small clusters of related ideas. These were entered into a

success factor/challenge spreadsheet

A success factor or challenge statement was then developed and

assigned to each group of related ideas to explain the relationship

2.3 Systematic quantitative Literature Review

A systematic quantitative literature review, as described in Pickering and

Byrne (2014) was conducted to answer Question 2:

“What are the main documented governance and management challenges

and key success factors involved in establishing and maintaining landscape-

scale wildlife Corridors around the World?”

The process was adapted to suit this particular research project:

i. The particular focus of the review was the ten themes mentioned in

Table 1. The keywords for the search were wildlife Corridors (or

biospheres or connectivity conservation Corridors) combined with the

ten themes related to governance and management.

ii. The following online search databases were consulted - Murdoch

Library, Proquest, and Google Scholar

iii. The papers were selected based on the criteria mentioned in (i)

above. and irrelevant papers discarded.

iv. The papers were reviewed to identify comments about success

factors and challenges.

v. An Excel database was created to record comments derived from

selected papers. This database includes research reference

information and a list of comments about challenges and success

factors sourced from each document in summary form (in a sentence).

vi. The data about challenges and success factors was then compiled for

inclusion in the Literature Review findings section (Chapter 4). This

involved the same three-step process of filtering comments down to

ideas and then to success factors or challenges as for the Interview

Programme:

12

a. The comments were abbreviated for analysis purposes (to 2-4

words)

b. Repeated ideas were merged to form a list of ideas, recording

the number of the comments per idea.

c. The assignment of clusters of ideas to appropriate success

factor or challenge categories.

2.4 Combined findings - Interview Programme and Literature Review

The combined findings of challenges and success factors were determined

by merging success factor and challenge information from the Interview

Programme and the Literature Review, with the same or similar challenges

and success factors combined (including the merger of same or similar

ideas). This provided the necessary information to respond to Question 3:

“What are the combined documented and reported challenges and key

success factors that can help inform good practice for landscape-scale

wildlife Corridor governance and management in Australia?”

13

CHAPTER 3 - INTERVIEW PROGRAMME – FINDINGS

The interview programme had a 100% response rate, with all interviewees

keen to provide information for this research because they felt that the

results could provide useful insights of benefit to Corridor development. The

only practical issue was controlling the flow of the conversation so that it

remained focused on the information needs in the guide within the limited

time available. It was easy to get distracted by interesting but unrelated

ecological matters which needed sensitive moderation. The comments from

the interviewees about challenges and success factors across the ten

themes are shown in the following Sections.

3.1 Interview findings - Challenges

3.1.1 Number of comments and ideas by theme - Challenges

Appendix 8 and Appendix 9 shows the distribution of comments and ideas by

theme and, all Corridors combined totalled 378 and 149 respectively. The “all

Corridor” count ranged from 25 comments about “community relations” up to

60 comments for the theme “network.”

Table 3 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about themes - Challenges

Themes Comments Ideas

Network 60 23

Planning 52 23

Private property 44 16

Stakeholder relations 40 21

Fundraising 37 9

Resources 33 12

Scientific research 31 18

Government 28 13

Media relations/communications 28 4

Community relations 25 10

Total comments 378 149

% Top five themes 62% 67%

14

The top 5 themes generated the majority (62%) of comments based on

comments. The 3 governance themes featured in the top 5 themes and most

management themes scored significantly fewer comments.

3.1.2 The development of challenges

Appendix 10 shows the conclusions of the inductive analysis that grouped

similar ideas as challenges with the process described in Section 2.2.8.

31 challenges were identified after the analysis of the reported 378

comments and 149 ideas. The list of challenges is shown in Table 4 below:

Table 4 - Interview Programme - list of Challenges

Network Planning

Working with partners

Managing the Corridor

Dealing with government

Building community relations

Gaining planning support

Organising the planning process

Setting the direction

Aligning with government

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Organising resources for planning

Securing funds for core entity and projects

Resolving stakeholder issues

Building relationships

Managing government relations

Community Government

Building community awareness

Encouraging community involvement

Arranging community outreach

Securing limited/unpredictable funding

Coping with policy change

Private Property Science

Supporting the conservation process

Addressing conservation issues

Enabling conservation by acquisition

Achieving research focus

Seeking university involvement

Securing funding and resources

Fundraising Media/Communication

Exploiting funding opportunities

Prioritising funding needs

Conducting fundraising activity

Addressing newsworthiness

Managing without communications resources

Raising Corridor profile

Properly recognizing partner contributions

3.1.3 Frequency of comments about challenges

Appendix 11 shows the relative importance of the challenges by the

frequency of comments about the 31 challenges listed in Section 3.1.3.

15

The frequency of comments about the top 5 challenges is shown in Table 5.

Table 5 - Interview Programme - the top 5 challenges based on comments

Theme Challenges Comments

Private property Supporting the conservation

process

35

Network Working with partners 32

Network Managing the Corridor 22

Stakeholder

relations

Building relationships 21

Fundraising Exploiting funding opportunities 20

Top 5 totals 130

% All comments 35%

3 of the top 5 challenges in Table 5 are related to governance ideas.

Appendix 11 also shows that the ideas per challenge varied from 2 – 12

ideas and Table 6 shows the top 5 challenges based on the frequency of

ideas.

Table 6 - Interview programme - the top 5 challenges based on ideas

Theme Challenges Ideas

Network Working with partners 12

Stakeholder

Relations

Resolving stakeholder

ideas

10

Stakeholder

Relations

Building relationships 10

Science Achieving research focus 10

Resources Organising resources for

planning

10

Top 5 totals 52

% All comments 35%

16

3.1.4 Summary - Challenges

This section reported on feedback from interviewees about the challenges

facing Corridor practitioners, and it helps address Question 1.

The Interview Programme generated 378 comments and 149 ideas and the

ideas formed 31 challenges. The challenges were distributed across the ten

themes in Table 4 with 14 challenges under governance and 17 challenges

under management.

3.2 Interview findings - Success factors

3.2.1 The number of comments and ideas by theme – success factors

Appendices 12 and 13 detail the frequency of comments and ideas by

theme, which totaled 336 comments and 160 ideas. Table 7 shows their

distribution of comments and ideas by theme.

Table 7 - Interview Programme - frequency of comments and ideas about themes – Success factors

Themes Comments Ideas

Planning 59 31

Network 56 21

Private property 36 20

Stakeholder relations 33 22

Resources 33 18

Community relations 28 16

Scientific research 26 8

Media relations and communications 25 9

Fundraising 23 10

Government 17 5

Total comments 336 160

% Top five themes 64% 70%

The top 4 themes for comments are the same as those shown for challenges

in Table 5 with “planning”, “network”, and “stakeholder relations” being three

of the four governance themes. The only difference is the fifth theme with

“fundraising” in the challenges top 5 chart and “resources” in the success

factors chart.

17

3.2.2 The development of success factors

Appendix 10 also shows the detailed results of an inductive analysis process

to combine similar comments and ideas under success factors with a total of

28 success factors (refer to Section 2.2.8 for a description of the process).

The list of success factors is shown in Table 8:

Table 8 - Interview programme - list of success factors by theme

The information about success factors in Table 8 highlights areas that

require priority focus to improve Corridor performance.

Network Planning

Build/maintain partner support

Establish/support core entity

Manage Corridor well

Gain government support

Gain/maintain planning support

Manage process effectively

Establish clear, well-informed directions

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Seek funding

Build resource capability

Inspire the workforce

Engage with stakeholders

Empower stakeholders

Encourage positive values

Community Government

Promote the Corridor

Gain community support/involvement

Raise Corridor profile

Gain government support

Private Property Science

Promote conservation

Build relationships

Support conservation

Facilitate conservation investment

Develop research focus/needs

Seek university support

Attract research funding

Fundraising Media/Communication

Promote the Corridor

Seek funds for core and projects

Establish media relationships

Create media opportunities

18

3.2.3 Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors

Appendix 14 shows the frequency of comments and ideas about the 28

success factors listed in Section 3.2.3 and the comments per success factor

are highlighted in Table 9:

Table 9 - Interview programme - the top 5 success factors based on comments

Theme Success factor Comments

Network Establish and support the core entity 25

Planning Establish clear, well-informed

directions

24

Planning Gain and maintain planning support 22

Private property Support conservation 20

Network Build and maintain partner support 17

Top 5 totals 108

% All comments 32%

Particular mention should be made of the success factor shown at the top of

Table 9 – “establish and support the core entity” which is discussed later.

Appendix 14 shows the ideas per success factor and this varied from 1 – 12

ideas and Table 10 shows the top 5 success factors based on ideas.

Table 10 – Interview Programme - the top 5 success factors based on ideas

It is significant that Planning scores highly here with 3 out of the 5 success

factors for ideas.

Theme Success factor Ideas

Planning Gain and maintain planning support 12

Resources Build resource capability 10

Planning Establish clear, well-informed

directions

10

Community Gain community support and

involvement

10

Planning Manage planning process effectively 9

Top 5 totals 51

% All comments 32%

19

3.2.4 Summary – Success factors

The Interview Programme generated 336 comments and, after analysis, a

total of 160 ideas were identified. These ideas were then sorted into 28

clusters and identified as distinct success factors in Table 8.

This success factor information suggests those areas of Corridor governance

and management that may provide opportunities for Corridor managers,

based on the experience of their peers.

20

21

CHAPTER 4 – SYSTEMATIC QUANTITATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW -

FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

The systematic quantitative Literature Review included an analysis of 70

scholarly research documents (as detailed in Appendix 15). The analysis

included 28 papers about individual Corridors, 2 papers about biosphere

reserves and another paper about a group of 11 Corridors. The majority of

the remaining 39 theme-based papers focused on the various governance

and management themes.

4.2 Literature Review findings - Challenges

4.2.1 Number of comments and ideas by theme - Challenges

Appendix 16 shows the comments and ideas about challenges derived from

the Literature Review. The distribution of comments and ideas by theme are

shown in Table 11 below:

Table 11 - Literature Review - comments and ideas by theme – Challenges

Themes Comments Ideas

Network 63 39

Planning 42 39

Stakeholder Relations 58 25

Community Relations 23 13

Resources 10 7

Government 16 9

Private property 19 17

Science 9 2

Fundraising 10 7

Media/Communications 7 7

Total 257 165

The analysis identified 257 comments about challenges. After the merger of

repeated ideas, there were 165 ideas to consider

The majority of both comments (71%) and ideas (71%) were related to the

four governance themes of “network,” “planning,” “stakeholder relations” and

22

“community relations.” The management themes received significantly fewer

comments/ideas because fewer relevant papers were identified. This

shortage of research papers about management themes is addressed later.

4.2.2 The development of challenges

Appendix 16 also shows the conclusions of the inductive analysis that

grouped similar ideas under success factor or challenge descriptions with the

process described in Section 2.2.8.

29 challenges were identified after the analysis of the 165 ideas, and these

challenges are shown in Table 12

Table 12 - Literature Review - List of challenges by theme

Network Planning

Visioning the network

Structuring the network

Understanding the network

Managing the Corridor

Achieving results

Understanding Context

Discovering information

Developing plans

Planning effectively

Deciding on direction

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Finding resources

Keeping resources

Managing conflict

Building relationships

Communicating with partners

Seeking government support

Working across the Corridor

Community Government

Educating communities

Gaining local support

Recognising cultural diversity

Gaining government support

Coping with policy change

Responding to legislation

Private Property Science

Selling connectivity to landowners

Supporting conservation

Resolving issues

Covenanting land

Planning for science

Fundraising Media/Communication

Seeking funding Promoting conservation

The information about challenges in Table 12 confirmed the difficulties faced

by Corridor practitioners in developing and maintaining their Corridors.

23

4.2.3 Frequency of comments and ideas about challenges

Appendix 17 shows the frequency of comments and ideas about the

challenges listed in Table 12.

Table 13 highlights the top 5 challenges from the list which have between 12

to 25 comments per challenge:

Table 13 - Literature Review - The top 5 challenges based on comments

Theme Challenges Comments

Network Structuring the network 25

Stakeholder Relations Building relationships 19

Stakeholder Relations Working across the Corridor 17

Stakeholder Relations Managing conflicts 16

Planning Understanding Context 12

Top 5 totals 89

% All comments 35%

These top 5 challenges are associated with governance themes once again,

with the three “stakeholder relations” challenges a particular focus with 52

comments (or 20% of all comments). Note that these five challenges (17%)

contributing a disproportionately high number of total comments (35%).

The top 5 challenges based on ideas are shown in Table 14 below:

Table 14 - The top 5 challenges based on ideas

Theme Challenges Ideas

Network Structuring the network 18

Network Understanding the network 11

Stakeholder Relations Building relationships 11

Planning Understanding Context 10

Planning Discovering information 9

Top 5 totals 59

% All comments 36%

“Structuring the network” attracted the highest number of ideas reflecting the

complexity of forming an effective social network involving many diverse

partners over a broad geography. The ideas related to this particular

24

challenge included resourcing the core entity, involving partners including

international NGOs, gaining stakeholder support and addressing issues of

equity and accountability.

4.2.4 Literature Review Summary - Challenges

257 comments representing 165 ideas about challenges were identified

through the Literature Review process and, after analysis, 29 discrete

challenges were isolated across the ten theme areas.

The 4 governance themes accounted for 71% of the comments with

“network” generating most comments (24%), “stakeholder relations”

marginally less at 22% and “planning” at 16%. Within the 6 management

themes, “private property” was associated with the most comments and

ideas.

4.3 Literature Review findings - Success factors

4.3.1 The number of comments and ideas by theme – success factors

Table 15 below summarises the number of comments and ideas about

success factors collected during the Literature Review and detailed in

Appendix 16.

25

Table 15 - Literature Review - Comments and ideas by theme – success factors

Themes Comments Ideas

Network 70 47

Planning 46 34

Stakeholder Relations 41 31

Community Relations 24 18

Resources 13 10

Government 12 6

Private property 15 13

Science 11 10

Fundraising 7 7

Media/Communications 21 11

Total 260 187

There were a large number of comments and ideas about success factors

and, as expected, the four governance themes again scored the highest

number of comments (69%) and ideas (69%), with management themes in

the minority. The “network” theme generated the highest comment/idea

counts reflecting the importance of this topic to overall Corridor success.

4.3.2 The development of success factors

As for challenges, Appendix 16 details the conclusions of the inductive

analysis that grouped similar ideas about success factors with the process

described in Section 2.2.8.

29 success factors were identified after the analysis of 187 ideas, and these

success factors are shown in Table 16 below:

26

Table 16 - Literature Review - the list of success factors by theme

The themes identified in Table 16 guide practitioners on how best to focus

their limited resources to achieve positive outcomes regarding Corridor

connectivity conservation..

4.3.3 Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors

Appendix 18 shows the frequency of comments and ideas related to the 29

success factors list in Table 16.

The number of comments per success factor varied from 2 up to 19

comments with the top 5 success factors highlighted in Table 17 below:

Network Planning

Think strategically

Demonstrate leadership

Embrace participation

Develop an effective structure

Be successful

Acquire and share knowledge

Establish clear priorities

Optimise Corridor goals

Manage process effectively

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Provide adequate resources Strengthen partner relationships

Encourage positive traits

Collaborate and cooperate

Overcome partner differences

Community Government

Communicate locally

Gain community support

Gain government support

Exploit government legislation

Private Property Science

Support connectivity conservation

Plan connectivity options

Preserve conservation outcomes

Develop scientific knowledge

Use scientific knowledge

Fundraising Media/Communication

Raise funds

Exploit carbon opportunity

Promote the Vision

Develop effective communications

Communicate frequently

Promote social benefits

27

Table 17 - Literature Review - the top 5 success factors based on comments

Theme Success factor Comments

Network Demonstrate leadership 19

Network Develop effective structure 19

Planning Manage process effectively 19

Stakeholder Relations Collaborate and cooperate 18

Planning Optimise Corridor goals 17

Top 5 total 92

% All comments 35%

% All success factors 17%

These top 5 success factors all fall within the governance area and involve

“network,” “planning” and ‘stakeholder relations.”

Appendix 18 also shows the ideas per success factor and this varied from 2

– 14 comments and Table 18 shows the top 5 success factors.

Table 18 - The top 5 success factors based on ideas

These top 5 success factors were significantly higher regarding ideas than

the other success factors which typically ranged between 2 and 7 ideas per

success factor. For example, the success factor “ manage process

effectively” was supported by 14 ideas including adopting a multi-disciplinary

approach, coordinating planning with partners and monitoring and evaluating

progress.

4.3.4 Summary – Success factors

Theme Success factor Ideas

Planning Manage process effectively 14

Planning Optimise Corridor goals 13

Network Demonstrate leadership 13

Community Gain community support 11

Stakeholder relations Collaborate and cooperate 10

Top 5 total 61

% All comments 33%

% All success factors 17%

28

260 comments and 187 ideas about success factors were identified through

the Literature Review process and, after analysis, 29 success factors were

isolated across the ten theme areas.

The 4 governance themes accounted for most of the comments in the

literature at 69%, with “network” generating 26%, “planning” 18% and

“stakeholder relations” 16%. Within the 6 management themes, there were

fewer comments and ideas about success factors (below 9%).

4.4 Combined findings - Interview Programme and Literature Review

Combining the findings of the Interview Programme and the Literature

Review provided the information required to answer Question 3.

4.4.1 Combined findings from the Interview Programme and the Literature

Review

Appendices 19 and 20 show comparisons of the challenges and success

factors from the Interview Programme and the Literature Review analysis,

highlighting areas of commonality. Table 19 shows the summary of this

analysis:

Table 19 - Commonality of Interview Programme and Literature Review

Interview

Programme

Literature

review

Commonality

No. of challenges

31 29 11

No. of success

factors

28 29 10

The challenges and success factors varied between the Interview

Programme and the Literature Review analysis with 35 – 45% commonality.

This variability was to be expected because of the wide variety of information

sources (including Corridor practitioners and scientists), two different

investigative methods and a large number of comments and ideas collected.

The Excel database of combined comments, ideas, challenges and success

factors is shown in Appendix 21. After merging the common challenges and

29

success factors and the same or similar ideas, the Combined database

contains approximately 600 comments and 300 ideas about challenges and

the same numbers for success factors. There were 49 challenges, and 47

success factors and these are detailed in Appendices 22 and 23

respectively, including the frequency of comments.

For communications purposes, the next three sections highlight the more

significant challenges and success factors based on comment frequency.

4.4.2 Top 3 Challenges associated with each theme

Table 20 focusses on the top 3 challenges for each theme based on the

number of supporting comments.

30

Table 20 - Combined findings - top 3 challenges per theme based on comments

The challenges mentioned in Table 20 account for 83% of all comments in

the project so are clearly significant.

4.4.3 Top 3 Success factors associated with each theme

Table 21 contains the top 3 success factors under each theme based on

comments.

Challenges Comments

Challenges Comments

Network Planning

Managing the Corridor

Working with partners

Structuring the network

37

32

25

Organising the planning process

Setting the direction

Gaining planning support

26

23

12

Totals 94 Totals 61

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Organising resources for plan

Securing funds for the core entity

Keeping resources

21

18

4

Building relationships

Resolving stakeholder issues

Working across the network

40

33

17

Totals 43 Totals 90

Community Government

Educating communities

Arranging community outreach

Gaining local support

17

11

10

Gaining government support

Coping with policy change

Responding to legislation

25

13

4

Totals 38 Totals 42

Private Property Science

Supporting the conservation

process

Addressing conservation issues

Selling connectivity to landowners

39

5

5

Planning with science

Securing funding and resources

Seeking university involvement

22

10

8

Totals 49 Totals 40

Fundraising Media/Communication

Exploiting funding opportunities

Conducting fundraising activities

Prioritising funding needs

30

14

3

Managing with communications

resources

Addressing newsworthiness

Promoting conservation

13

9

7

Totals 47 Totals 29

All above comments 527

% total research comments 83%

31

Table 21 - Combined findings - top 3 success factors per theme based on comments

The choice of the 30 “top 3 per theme” success factors was appropriate

because they were supported by the majority (78%) of all the comments

made about success factors in the whole research effort. Appendix 24 shows

the clusters of ideas that formed the success factors shown in Table 21.

4.4.4 Top 10 Success factors across all themes

The Top 10 success factors are the most important based on combined

comments and are shown in Table 22, with the asterisked governance

themes connected with 7 out of 10:

Success Factors Comments

Success Factors Comments

Network Planning

Establish/support core entity

Demonstrate leadership

Develop an effective structure

25

19

19

Establish clear, well-informed

directions

Gain/maintain planning support

Manage process effectively

34

22

32

Totals 63 Totals 88

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Build resource capability

Seek funding

Inspire the workforce

25

11

10

Collaborate and cooperate

Encourage positive values/traits

Strengthen partner relationships

35

14

9

Totals 46 Totals 58

Community Government

Gain community support and

involvement

Promote the Corridor

Communicate locally

28

15

9

Gain government support

Raise Corridor profile

Exploit government legislation

22

4

3

Totals 52 Totals 29

Private Property Science

Support conservation

Promote conservation

Preserve conservation outcomes

25

8

7

Seek university support

Develop research focus/needs

Attract research funding

13

7

6

Totals 40 Totals 26

Fundraising Media/Communication

Seek funds for the core entity and

projects

Promote the Corridor

Exploit carbon opportunity

19

9

2

Establish media relationships

Create media opportunities

Promote the Vision

17

8

8

Totals 30 Totals 33

All above comments 465

% total research comments 78%

32

Table 22 - Top 10 Success factors across all themes

Rank Success factor Theme

1 Collaborate and cooperate Stakeholder relations*

2 Establish clear, well-informed

directions

Planning*

3 Manage planning process effectively Planning*

4 Gain community support and

involvement

Community relations*

5 Establish and support a core entity Network*

6 Support conservation Private property

7 Build resource capability Resources

8 Gain and maintain planning support Planning*

9 Gain government support Government

10 Demonstrate leadership Network*

These success factors are discussed in detail in Section 5.5.

4.4.5 The alignment of challenges with success factors

The challenges and success factors were compared to see if they matched.

They could be matched with a particular success factor addressing one or

more challenges or a success factor could exploit a new or existing

opportunity that is not considered a challenge. There can also be challenges

with no success factors to resolve them.

The list of challenges and success factors in this project were developed

independently, so it was interesting to see the extent of their alignment. The

chart in Appendix 25 shows that 26 out of the 30 success factors can be

matched with challenges. 4 challenges were not matched with a success

factor and 4 success factors were not matched with a particular challenge.

4.4.6 The incidence of comments about Management themes in the

Literature Review

There was the low incidence of comments about the six management

themes in the Literature Review

Table 23 shows the percentage of total comments about governance and

management themes in the Interview Programme and the Literature Review:

33

Table 23 – Approx. % comments about themes in the Interview Programme and the Literature Review

Theme Interview Programme Literature Review

Governance ~50% ~70%

Management (by Corridor) - ~20%

Management (by theme) ~50% ~10%

100% 100%

The highlighted row (in bold) shows that Corridor practitioners mentioned

management themes much more frequently than the academics did in the

reviewed literature. Only 10% of research comments came from theme

based research papers with the other research comments about

management themes (20%) sourced from general Corridor reviews (and not

in issue-specific research papers).

The low level of research inquiry into management themes could be

validated in further work, but it is potentially a concern. This matter is

addressed in the Discussion chapter.

34

35

CHAPTER 5 – DISCUSSION

This project was initiated because the GL experience (Bradby, Keesing et al.

2016) suggested that there were societal issues to manage effectively to

enable this particular Corridor to succeed. These issues were highlighted in

Section 1.4. The fact that this project has uncovered so many challenges

associated with Corridor governance and management suggests that the

Gondwana Link experience is part of a broader international problem that

impacts on the cost, efficiency, and effectiveness of Corridor operations and,

thus, the ability to achieve conservation goals in reasonable timeframes.

5.1 Themes

The ten societal themes for governance and management in Table 1, which

provided the framework for the data collection and analysis in this project,

proved to be an effective means of segmentation because it efficiently

identified a large number of comments and ideas in both the Interview

Programme and the Literature Review. The four governance themes

attracted the majority of commentary. Table 23 shows that governance

themes were particularly significant in the Literature Review while there was

a balance of comments between governance and management themes in

the Interview Programme. This situation is mentioned further in the next

section.

5.2 Comments

The contribution of hundreds of comments from the interviewees during their

relatively short one hour sessions was surprising and welcome. Two factors

may have driven the good response rates. The theme-based semi-structured

interview process helped focus the conversations, and the participants were

generous with their expert comments.

The relative shortage of comments about management themes in the

reviewed literature contrasts with the balance of governance and

36

management themes identified in Interviews as shown in Table 23. The

focus on management themes in the interviews indicates the significance of

these themes to practitioners but highlights a gap regarding the focus of

published research.

The apparent imbalance between practitioner interest (demand) and

scientific output (supply) appears to be a part of a broader knowledge

exchange issue and has been the subject of much academic inquiry. For

example, McNie (2007) addresses the issue of reconciling the supply of

scientific information with user demand. The paper makes recommendations

to help resolve this identified supply/demand problem including better

understanding the decision-making process and improving relationships.

Beier, Hansen et al. (2017) published a “How-to Guide for the coproduction

of actionable science” that presents recommended practices for improved

knowledge exchange for scientists, managers, funders, universities,

government, and NGOs. More details of the recommendations from these

two papers are shown in Appendix 26.

The same comment counts were retained in the combined findings as they

supported the ideas, challenges and success factors.

5.3 Ideas

The ideas generated in the Interview Programme were significantly less than

the recorded comments (~50%) for both challenges and success factors

because of the high level of repetition of ideas. For example in Appendix 10 -

under network challenges/”working with partners”, the idea “partner

alignment/conflicts” was mentioned as a comment by 14 respondents. The

repetition suggests that the shared practitioner experiences and possibly

regional knowledge exchange have led to a common awareness of the

problems and solutions across the Corridors.

By contrast, there were significantly fewer ideas repeated in the Literature

Review (30%). These ideas focused on a wide variety of mainly governance

issues arising from research papers developed around the World. This

37

diversity of academic interest and global scope probably accounted for the

lower number of repetitive comments.

Overall, the large number of ideas about challenges and success factors

from both studies demonstrated the level of concern about Corridor

development and the opportunities for improvement.

5.4 Challenges

In the Interview Programme, 3 of the top 5 challenges focused on

governance themes related to day-to-day relationship issues; and the top

challenge was to support conservation on private land. This demonstrates

the practical on-ground approach adopted by practitioners in the interviews.

In the Literature Review, unlike the Interview Programme, all the top 5

challenges related to governance issues with the focus being on optimising

social networks. This focus seems to reflect the strategic interests of

researchers in examining theoretical social concepts rather than practical

day-to-day management issues of more importance to practitioners.

The combined findings established a list of 47 challenges with governance

themes accounting for 57% of comments.

5.5 Success factors

In the Interview Programme, “establish and support the core entity”; “support

conservation on private land”; “establish clear, informed directions”; “gain

and maintain planning support”; and “build partner support” were in the top 5

success factor list and highlighted the practitioners’ focus on more practical

matters.

Conversely, the top 5 success factors in the Literature Review were more

strategic and related to governance themes with “demonstrate leadership”;

“develop an effective structure”; and “manage the planning process

effectively” at the top of the priority list.

38

It would appear that the more strategic focus of researchers on governance

issues related to strategic direction and the practical approach of

practitioners related to implementation issues could complement each other

with researchers focused on “big picture” issues while practitioners focus on

the planning and delivery of outcomes on the ground.

The top 10 success factors across all themes shown in Table 22 are

discussed below given their importance based on the frequency of

comments from contributors.

The discussion will address each success factor, in turn, highlighting and

referencing qualitative commentary from the Literature Review and the

Interview Programme that explain why the identified success factors are

significant.

(1) “Collaborate and cooperate” (Stakeholder Relations)

Difficulties establishing and maintaining good stakeholder relationships were

identified in the Interview Programme and the Literature Review with the

challenge “building relationships” generating significant commentary. The

challenges “working across the Corridor” and “managing conflict” also

featured. This success factor addresses these challenges as they relate to

the ability of stakeholders to work well together in Corridors. If there is poor

collaboration and cooperation, projects may not be initiated and, if

commenced, may take longer to complete and involve significant additional

costs, resources and delays. This will impact negatively on Corridor

expansion and thus biodiversity protection.

The following two references confirm the importance of collaboration and

cooperation for the effective management of Corridors:

Based on a review of 90 biosphere reserves worldwide, Van Cuong, Dart et

al. (2017), p.15, stated that “stakeholder participation and collaboration is

critical for good governance either in formal or informal structures.” And,

Wyborn (2013), p.273 recommended general principles to enable effective

governance among stakeholders in Corridors including collaboration,

39

communications, and coordination. Specific strategies to improve

performance in these areas were included.

(2) “Establish clear, well-informed directions” (Planning)

“Setting the direction” was identified as a significant challenge in the

Interview Programme with concerns about balancing the local focus with the

overarching landscape situation; developing plans without a sound scientific

basis; maintaining the focus on the Corridor Vision; avoiding unrealistic goals

and coping with uncertain funding for implementation. Lack of clear, well-

informed directions can lead to misallocated and potentially wasted

resources and costs, sub-optimal conservation activity and inability to

achieve conservation goals. There were 34 comments supporting this

success factor in the combined findings in Table 21 and it came second as a

success factor in the Interview Programme (Table 9).

References confirm the importance of this success factor based on

experiences in 3 international Corridors. Locke (2010) stated that a success

factor from the Y2Y Corridor was to “establish priorities for action.” A success

factor from the southern Appalachian mountain Corridor according to Irwin

(2010), p.151, was to “have clear goals and objectives to help guide

connectivity conservation management efforts.” A success factor from South

Africa in Zunckel (2010), p.85, was “setting priorities and allowing adequate

time are essential to success.” And, in Beever, Mattsson et al. (2014), p.304,

shared objectives are one of several challenges for Corridors:

“Establishing and maintaining a partnership, identifying shared objectives,

and coordinating and implementing actions toward these objectives across

ecological and jurisdictional scales constitute substantial challenges”

This research covered a diverse set of 11 broad‐extent conservation

partnerships in 29 countries

(3) “Manage process effectively” (Planning)

The Interview Programme and the Literature Review highlighted a number of

significant challenges related to planning including “understanding context”;

40

“discovering information”; “organising the planning process” and “developing

plans”. The nominated success factor addresses this complex situation.

Ineffective planning adversely impacts on the development of a Corridor.

Worboys and Lockwood (2010), p.312, highlighted the importance of

planning for connectivity conservation “develop processes for the efficient

and effective delivery of implementation actions and identify who will

undertake the tasks”. Planning was highlighted as one of four key

management functions in four spatial scales in the proposed management

framework in the same article (p.310)

(4) “Gain community support and involvement” (Community)

This success factor addresses three significant challenges identified in the

Interview Programme including “building community awareness”,

“encouraging involvement” and “arranging community outreach”. This

success factor recognises the importance of these challenges and seeks to

address them. There is strong support for good community engagement for

Corridor development in the interviews and the literature. It is seen as

essential for successful Corridor development because it helps leverage

community resources and funds for Corridor conservation activities and

facilitates connectivity conservation on private land.

Stoll-Kleemann, De La Vega-Leinert et al. (2010), p.236, concluded that

“community participation played an important role in Corridor management”

and, “to recognize and harness the effective power of local communities.”

Pulsford, Lindenmayer et al. (2015), p.860 asserted that “a crucial measure

of success is the engagement of people and communities who understand

the benefits of connectivity.” And, in his paper about the Y2Y Corridor,

Locke (2010), p.179 highlighted the importance of community support by

saying that “an informed, inspired and supportive community is a powerful

ally.” Reference is specifically made in this paper to the importance of

engaging with the First Nation and Native American communities in the Y2Y

Corridor as well as to some pro-development groups (to minimize any

backlash)

41

The Interview Programme mentions the need for a regular and effective

community outreach programme to help gain community support.

(5) “Establish and support a core entity” (Network)

Interviewees KB, GH, and EA (Refer to Appendix 7 for Corridor affiliations)

considered that a core entity is essential to provide clear direction and

support to the diverse range of Corridor partners spread over large

landscapes so that environmental goals and plans can be mutually agreed

and effectively executed. The structures and representation in the core

entities in GER, GL, and RN are described in Appendices 2, 3 and 5

respectively. H1410 has no core entity. KB and GH also highlighted the

difficulty involved in funding core entities because governments normally only

fund on-ground conservation activities. There is a significant amount of

research about the beneficial role of a core entity (or broker) in helping to

provide direction, support, and motivation for complicated social networks

involved in Corridor development. For example Curtin (2015), p.92 states

that “sustaining successful collaboratives requires not just local engagement,

but also strong external guidance provided by a backbone or coordinating

organization, an “honest broker” whose sole mission is to objectively promote

local interests from a much broader context.” Jacobson and Robertson

(2012), p.336 suggest that “a coordinating or “bridging” entity is needed to

facilitate the circumstances necessary for adaptive co-governance to occur,

including providing a platform for equal participation among stakeholders and

for knowledge exchange/social learning to occur.” And, Bodin, Crona et al.

(2006), p.2 say that “we highlight the structural position that, in our view,

seems to be one of the most important for social and institutional

entrepreneurship: the broker. Brokers are individual or organizational actors

who carry many exclusive links, that is, links to groups that would otherwise

not be in direct contact with each other”

Some Corridors rely on partnership structures without core entities, and this

does not seem to be an optimal approach. GER replaced its partnership

model with a new model with a core entity called GER Ltd in 2017 to provide

42

better landscape-scale direction and support for its regional partners (refer to

Appendix 2 for more detail).

(6) “Support conservation” (Private Property)

“Supporting the conservation process” was the most important management

challenge identified in the Interview Programme. The ideas within this

challenge were divided between issues associated with selling conservation

to landowners in the first place and then supporting conservation thereafter

with funding, advice, and resources. As private land often constitutes a

significant part of most Corridors, connectivity over this land is essential to

meet overall conservation objectives for the Corridor.

Most of the identified research papers on private property conservation

focused on preserving conservation outcomes through binding legal

contracts. For example, Lindsay (2016), p.698 supports legal protections for

connectivity conservation and suggests that “common law conservation

contracts and conservation covenants are important tools within this

framework of private land conservation. They can provide legal protections to

biodiversity and natural assets on private land, as well as legal frameworks,

in the form of obligations, to restoration programs”.

(7) “Build resource capability” (Resources)

Challenges with enough resources to execute plans (“organising resources”

and “finding resources”) were identified in both the Interview Programme and

the Literature Review as a significant challenge. Related ideas included

general lack of resources; gaining and retaining volunteers, providing skilled

local facilitators; coping with staff turnover; conservation training and

succession planning. Without the necessary resources, conservation

activities will either not take place or be significantly delayed.

Based on experience in the Cederberg Mountains in South Africa, Sandwith

(2010), p.69, stated that “the pace of progress toward connectivity

conservation outcomes must match the capacity of participants.” From

experience in the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation area in

43

South Africa, Zunckel (2010), p.85, asserts that “building support for

collaborative effort takes time.”

(8) “Gain and maintain planning support” (Planning)

According to interviewees, it was a significant challenge to involve

stakeholders in planning activity and to maintain their commitment over time.

The challenge “gaining planning support” was problematic due to the limited

availability of partner representatives and the time, cost and inconvenience

involved in attending meetings requiring long travel times. There was no

commentary recorded about this success factor in the Literature Review, but

there was a significant number of comments about this success factor in the

interviews with practitioners on the front line, most impacted by this obviously

frustrating situation. Getting people together for planning sessions is a

logistical issue for Corridor management and their partners, and it resonates

with them. Good communications and active partner involvement were

frequently mentioned as drivers of positive outcomes here.

If key stakeholders do not participate in the planning process, they will not be

able to contribute their knowledge and ideas and, worse still, they will have

little ownership of the planning outcomes and interest in plan implementation.

(9) “Gain government support” (Government)

“Gaining government support” is viewed as essential for the survival and

growth of Corridors with comments about limited funding; unreliable and

unpredictable funding; no funding for core entities; policy and regulatory

changes that impact funding; changes in governments and regular budgetary

changes. Applying for grant funding and coordinating this among partners

was also seen as problematic. Comments about the inadequacy of

government funding were made in interviews with GH, KE and SB (GER),

GB (RN), KB, LD, LQ, and BP (GL) and AB, RD, DB and DW (H141).

Government funding and resources are essential to support Corridor

development and enable Corridors to deliver the associated environmental

benefits.

44

The significance of the role of governments in Australia is also highlighted in

Pulsford, Worboys et al. (2010), p.104 who suggest that “in Australia,

governments have a key role in working in partnership with the community by

supporting and facilitating large-scale connectivity conservation.” The

practitioners in the Interview programme mentioned the importance of

maintaining good government relations.

In the context of the Australian corridors, the importance of government and

its influence on large scale corridors was demonstrated by a previous

national government launching a National Wildlife Corridors Plan in 2012 and

funding its implementation (Department of Sustainability, Environment,

Water, Population and Communities 2012). The development of the Plan

afforded attention and legitimacy to landscape scale wildlife corridors in the

wider community, as well as funding support (Wyborn 2015). However, the

Strategic Plan was abandoned following a national election that precipitated

a change in government, resulting in a loss of community recognition and

government support at the national level.

(10) “Demonstrate leadership” (Network)

There were a significant number of comments in the literature about the need

for strong leadership to develop and promote the Vision for Corridors, gain

the involvement and support of partners, establish goals and direct activities.

This included the importance of leadership from the core entity (as

mentioned in (3) above) and Corridor “champions” at both landscape and

local level. This was evident in the case of the GL Corridor as explained in

Section 1.4. All Corridors rely on a “patchwork quilt” of formal and informal

stakeholder relationships to deliver positive environmental outcomes and,

without good leadership, the available resources will not be deployed

optimally, efficiently and effectively.

Inung (2010), p.139, described the challenge of establishing connectivity

over 4.6 million hectares of tropical rainforest in Sumatra, Indonesia and

mentioned the importance of leadership to achieve good results with the

statement that “strong leadership is essential to success.” Managing the

conservation of the Greater Northern Appalachian bioregion traversing the

45

USA and Canada is discussed in Hamilton and Trombuluk (2010), p.160,

and they highlight the significant contribution of good leadership with “bold

leadership is essential for large-scale connectivity conservation success.”

And Worboys, Lockwood et al. (2015), in their book “Protected Area

Governance and Management” support the role of leadership as a key driver

of Corridor performance and say that “leading is perhaps the most critical

management function for connectivity conservation” p.305 and,

“nevertheless, it is absolutely clear that now, more than ever, strong and firm

leadership is essential to achieve the effective conservation of protected

areas around the world” p.355

5.6 Further commentary

5.6.1 The State of Play

The extensive number and variety of challenges recorded in the Interview

Programme and the Literature Review confirm that the development and

management of Corridors are complex and difficult around the World.

This challenging situation is compounded in Australia where unpredictable,

variable and sometimes limited support from Federal and State governments

has impeded Corridor progress. The Interview Programme found that the

challenges “securing limited/unpredictable funding” and “coping with policy

change” were considered important by interviewees across the Australian

Corridors. In 2012, the previous Federal Labour Government published a

National Wildlife Corridor Plan (Department of Energy and the Environment

2012) which provided a clear direction and potential funding for Australian

Corridors. This Plan was shelved by the incoming Coalition government

leaving a vacuum for policy in the Corridor area.

5.6.2 The value of this Masters project

This project has presented many ideas from experts around the World about

effective Corridor governance and management. This information can be

used by practitioners in Australasia to help extend and enhance Corridor

connectivity more cost-effectively and efficiently to the benefit of flora and

46

fauna, biodiversity, sustainability and resilience. It can also inform scientists

interested in Corridor-related issues.

The information can be deployed to inform good practice in 6 different ways:

1. Communicate the findings about success factors more widely by

publishing a journal article.

2. Make presentations to corridor practitioners in small groups or at

conferences to encourage the adoption of the ideas for improvement

in this paper.

3. Provide a comprehensive range of ideas to help support strategic

planning.

4. Alert academics and practitioners to the apparent lack of research

about the management themes featured in this project.

5. Provide as a basis for further research, possibly focused on selected

management themes under-represented in reviewed research,

informed by input from practitioners.

6. Inspire the creation of a “how-to” guide to assist Corridor practitioners

that could become a PhD project.

47

CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION

This paper was developed to assist Corridor practitioners by communicating

a comprehensive amount of success factor information sourced from expert

practitioners and knowledgeable academics around the World. The

information contained in the paper should also be of interest to academics

who are involved in wildlife connectivity conservation and social networks as

it has combined expert opinion from around the World.

The project was successful in identifying a large number of ideas about

challenges and success factors across the specified ten theme areas. This

information was obtained through interviews with 18 expert Corridor

practitioners in the Interview Programme and ideas from 70 relevant

research papers and articles in the Literature Review. These ideas have

been analysed and form the basis for a list of 49 challenges and 47 success

factors segmented by theme.

The key drivers of success for Corridors are highlighted in Table 21 (top 3

success factors per theme) and Table 22 (top 10 success factors across all

themes). Appendices 19 and 20 show all the identified challenges and

success factors from both the Interview Programme and the Literature

Review.

The findings in this paper suggest that the impact of society on governance

and management processes are important drivers for the achievement of

Corridor conservation goals.

It is recommended that practitioners, scientists, and other interested parties

take note of the findings of this research so that they can identify

opportunities for improvement in Corridor governance and management and

take action accordingly.

This project also highlighted a mismatch between practitioners’ strong

interest in discussing the six management themes and the apparent lack of

academic Corridor research in these areas. This situation is a concern and

appears to merit further study.

48

49

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Worboys, G. and M. Lockwood (2010). Connectivity Conservation

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53

Appendix 1 – Actively managed landscape-scale wildlife Corridors

around the World

Source: Connectivity Conservation Management (Pulsford, Lindenmayer et al. 2015) (p.859)

54

55

Appendix 2 – Great Eastern Ranges Initiative

Corridor description:

The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative was originally established in 2007 when

it was announced by the then NSW Minister of the Environment (and now

Chair, GER Ltd), The Hon. Bob Debus.

This landscape-scale wildlife corridor follows the alignment of the Great

Dividing Range and the Great Escarpment in eastern Australia with various

lateral extensions inland and to the coast. It extends 3600 km from Western

Victoria through NSW and the ACT to far north Queensland. Figure 1 shows

a map of the corridor with the ten partner regions, protected areas, and state

forests indicated:

Figure 1 - Map of the Great Eastern Ranges corridor

56

Source: www.greateasternranges.org.au/

Pulsford, Howling et al. (2013) describe the GER landscape as follows:

“GER has a matrix of mostly interconnected forests, woodlands and shrub

lands in an archipelago of hundreds of protected areas. Surrounding or

interconnecting the protected areas are large areas of state forests, other

public lands, leasehold and private land. Much of the rural private land is

used for agricultural production, production forestry, and mining.”

The Vision for the GER is:

The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative brings people and organisations

together to protect, link and restore healthy habitats over 3,600 km, from

western Victoria through NSW and the ACT to far north Queensland

Source: www.greateasternranges.org.au/

Organisational evolution (Source: Interview Programme):

The organisational arrangements for the GER have evolved over the last ten

years in three stages to address challenges faced as GER expanded and to

address the complexities associated with the managing relationships with

many and diverse stakeholder groups:

Phase 1 (2007 – 2010) – the initiative was initially controlled by the NSW

Government’s Department of the Environment and funded by the NSW

Environmental Trust. This arrangement was replaced because of difficulties

involved in managing relationships and projects with many stakeholders from

the government.

Phase 2 (2010 – 2017) – A public-private partnership was established

involving the NSW Government and four NGOs including Greening Australia,

the NSW Nature Conservation Trust, OzGreen, and National Parks

Association of NSW with four years of start-up funding provided by the NSW

Environmental Trust. This collaborative but loose partnership was managed

under an MOU, with the NGO partners hosting GER staff and sharing GER

project activities and funding. The responsibility for hosting and managing

relationships within the ten regional partnerships (and other strategic

57

partners) was shared among the partners. The initiative was run by a board

of lead partner representatives (referred to as the Lead Partners’ Group), a

secretariat, Science and Communications advisory groups, the ten regional

partnership organisations and other partner organisations. The regional

partnerships are Central Victorian Biolinks, Border Ranges Alliance,

Hinterland Bushlinks, Hunter Valley Partnership, Illawarra to Shoalhaven,

Southern Highlands Link, Jaliigirr Biodiversity Alliance, Kanagra-Boyd to

Wyangala Link, Kosciuszko to Coast and Slopes to Summit. Each regional

partnership typically relies on support from federal, state and local

governments (National Parks and Wildlife, Catchment Management

Authorities, Natural Resource Management groups), environmental NGOs

and volunteer Landcare groups.

This arrangement proved to be problematic because of the complexity of

running the GER programme involving multiple stakeholders and many

diverse projects with this unwieldy and complicated governance structure. In

particular, issues arose with shared funding, grant proposals, operational

coordination, confusion over responsibilities/accountabilities and the

realisation of the difficult concept of the hosting of staff, shared funding,

project ownership, and regional relationships.

Phase 3 (Formally commenced July 2017) – A core entity was formed as a

company limited by guarantee and called GER Ltd. This entity has an arms-

length relationship with other stakeholders. GER Ltd is controlled by a board

of seven expert directors and a Chair (Bob Debus) with three advisory

groups each chaired by a GER director (science, regional communications,

and fundraising). Figure 2 shows the new structure:

58

Figure 2 - New structure showing GER Ltd responsibilities

(source: www.greateasternranges.org.au/)

GER Ltd provides strategic support to the ten regional partnerships, each of

which is responsible for regional planning, on-ground project delivery,

landowner support and local fundraising. The organisation also manages

agreements with various conservation organisations for specific initiatives.

59

Appendix 3 – Gondwana Link

Corridor description:

Gondwana Link (GL) is an important landscape-scale wildlife Corridor

providing environmental connectivity from the Margaret River in the west of

south-western Australia to the Goldfields to the east, a distance of

approximately 1000 kilometers. Figure 3 shows a map of GL showing the

various regional areas of interest:

Figure 3 - A map of Gondwana Link in south-western Australia

Source: http://www.gondwanalink.org/

The main areas of current connectivity conservation focus are the Margaret

River, Lindesay Link, Ranges Link, Forest to Stirling, Stirling to Fitzgerald

and the Great Western Woodlands.

The varied ecological nature of the Corridor is described on the GL website

(http://www.gondwanalink.org/):

“As you move from east to west along Gondwana Link the natural vegetation

systems and the wildlife they support change dramatically. In the east,

bordering the Nullarbor Plain is the largest intact Temperate woodland in the

60

world. Here an impressive variety of tall eucalypts interspersed with

incredibly species-rich sand heath thrive in areas which receive only 250-

300mm rainfall per year. As you continue west the woodlands and sand

heath give way to mallee and Kwongan heath. Further west, as the annual

rainfall begins to increase taller eucalypts again appear. Different species

and understory occur on different soil types and rainfall zones. Very roughly

speaking, as your move from the Fitzgerald towards the west coast the

dominant tree type changes from Flat topped yate woodlands to wandoo,

jarrah-marri, karri, tingle then back to karri and jarrah-marri.

Rainfall (which varies from 200-1100mm per year across the link), soil type,

topography, nutrient levels, all sorts of physical factors determine what

vegetation can grow in any one place.”

The Vision of GL is:

Reconnected country across south-western Australia, from the Karri forest of

the SW corner to the woodlands and mallee bordering the Nullarbor plain, in

which ecosystem function and biodiversity are restored and maintained

Organisational evolution (Source: Interview programme):

The CEO of GL, Keith Bradby, and his Information Manager Amanda

Keesing have jointly championed GL since its formal inception 16 years ago.

The organisational arrangements have developed in three main phases:

Phase 1 (Pre-2002) – Keith spent some years developing the concept, which

was first raised in the mid-1980s (under various names) before support from

The Nature Conservancy enabled the full program to be launched.

Phase 2 (2002 - 2009) – the program was managed through an informal

collaboration of 6 partners within a GL Council. There was no MOU, but

there was initial funding of $1m from The Nature Conservancy for property

acquisition and other corridor activities, which helped attract both support

from the groups and additional funding. Keith Bradby and Amanda Keesing

provided a central coordination unit, hosted by one of the larger groups, and

they liaised with all involved groups, with a particular early focus on the Fitz-

61

Stirling section. Eventually, this model was not considered sufficiently

inclusive, and it had difficulty providing the broad leadership needed to

accelerate achievement of the corridor Vision and objectives. The

partnership arrangement did, however, enable GL to gain significant

momentum and national and international recognition for its environmental

achievements during the period.

Phase 3 (2009 to date) – Gondwana Link Ltd (GLL) was established in 2009

as a core entity and company limited by guarantee with three Directors

(currently Virginia Young, Louise Duxbury, Peter Luscombe and John Holley)

and two paid managers (Bradby and Keesing). A full-time contractor, Peter

Price, manages the Great Western Woodlands program.

The structure of GLL board and its functions are shown in Figure 4 (but note

that the Science Advisory Group is largely inactive at this stage):

Figure 4 - The structure of the Gondwana Link board and its management

Source: http://www.gondwanalink.org/

GLL is responsible for the overall direction, communication, coordination and

evaluation across the GL program and works with many groups including the

larger environmental NGOs (Greening Australia, The Wilderness Society,

Birdlife Australia, The Nature Conservancy and Bush Heritage) and local

catchment and Landcare groups. GL also has some operational involvement

62

with Federal and State Government agencies and some local governments

and has been supported for scientific research by ANU, Curtin University, the

University of WA (which has a campus in Albany), Edith Cowan and Murdoch

University.

GLL has survived with limited funding and few staff (x2) since its inception.

This has hampered its ability to adequately support the range of needs and

interactions across the program.

63

Appendix 4 – Habitat 1410

Description:

The H1410 Corridor traverses SA, Victoria, and NSW and spans longitude

141 from Glenelg Woodlands and Wetlands in the south to the Murray

Mallee region in the north. It covers 18 million hectares of land including

fourteen national parks, and less than 3% of open woodland habitats remain

after land clearing for agriculture, and 80% of the region’s freshwater

wetlands have been lost or heavily modified. (H141 2015)

There are currently three main areas of project activity including the Murray

Mallee Linkages, Wimmera Woodlands and Wetlands and the Glenelg

Woodlands and Wetlands.

A map of the H1410 Corridor is shown in Figure 5:

Figure 5 - A map of the H1410 Corridor crossing SA/Victoria/NSW

Source - www.habitat141.org.au/

64

The Habitat 1410 Vision is contained in the H1410 Strategic Plan (H141

2015) and is as follows:

To work with communities to conserve, restore and connect habitat for plants

and wildlife from the ocean to the outback

Organisation (Source: Interview programme):

H1410 is a partnership (The H1410 Alliance) of 10 government agencies and

environmental NGOs governed by an MOU. The partners are 3 x Victorian

CMAs, 2 x SA NRMs, SA DEWNR, Parks Victoria, Conservation Volunteers

Australia, Trust for Nature and Greening Australia (GA). The MOU has

expired and is in the process of being renegotiated. GA fund and provide a

part-time coordinator to liaise with Alliance partners as required.

An alternative organisational structure involving a core entity (like GLL) was

considered around 2010, but the idea was not considered justified at the time

because the additional layer of governance was not seen as necessary; the

implementation would be complex (with multiple States involved); significant

additional expense would need to be incurred; and lack of available funding.

There is a possibility that a move towards this model may be considered in

future.

65

Appendix 6 – Reconnecting Northland

Description:

Reconnecting Northland (RN) is a significant large landscape connectivity

conservation initiative across a 14,000 km2 region in the northern part of the

North Island of New Zealand from Kaipara harbour to North Cape (Cape

Reinga) at the northerly tip of the North Island (Te Rerenga Wairua). See a

map of the region in Figure 7 below:

Figure 6 - A map of the Reconnecting Northland Programme area in New Zealand

Source – www.reconnectingnorthland.org.nz/

Reconnecting Northland is leading a programme of connectivity conservation

in New Zealand. By taking a longer-term view of the landscape and the

natural processes that contribute to ecosystem functioning and resilience

and recognising human interdependence on the landscape and natural

world, Reconnecting Northland seeks to enable a mutual interdependence

based upon a healthy, natural environment that provides sustainable

livelihoods for its human inhabitants.

The current focus of activity is concentrated in the following areas:

66

Kiwi Coast - community-led kiwi recovery projects along Northland’s

east coast.

Warawara - Integrated pest control in the Warawara kauri forest – the

living spiritual being of Te Rarawa nation.

Taratahi Totara - project combining good riparian management with

indigenous farm forestry, on a training dairy farm.

He Ripo Kau - Co-ordinating cohesive , community-led biodiversity

restoration within the Hokianga

Wairoa Project: reducing sediment and bacteria levels in the northern

Wairoa River catchment by implementing sustainable land

management practices informed by indigenous knowledge.

Ngā Roto Tāpokapoka: Dune lake restoration integrating socio-

economic opportunities for local indigenous nations working in

partnership

The Vision for RN is:

Whenua ora, wai ora, tangata ora – Our land and people flourishing together

Organisation evolution (Source: Interview Programme):

The concept of establishing a Large Landscape Connectivity Conservation

Initiative (LLI) in New Zealand was originally advanced by The Tindall

Foundation and later agreed to by project partners in February 2010, but at

this stage, work was needed to identify the area of New Zealand that would

be the focus of the LLI. The planning work for LLI identification phase was

funded by the Tindall Foundation who contracted it out to WWF-NZ and the

NZ Landcare Trust. Five most likely candidate landscapes were considered

in a comprehensive and detailed process that involved matching key criteria

for success. The outcome was the identification of the area that is now

described as Reconnecting Northland (RN) that covers over 5% of NZ’s

landmass or 14,000 km2 at the north-east end of the North Island of New

Zealand.

67

In 2012, The Tindall Foundation sought an application from WWF and the NZ

Landcare Trust to manage the first five years of a long-term project to

establish the RN programme. The Tindall Foundation agreed to provide up to

50% of the NZD $3m Establishment Phase cost over the five years. Other

funding was provided by Foundation North (a regional philanthropic funder)

and HSBC Global Water Programme. The project was managed by WWF

and NZ Landcare Trust as ‘Delivery Partners,’ guided by an advisory local

Steering Group of selected stakeholders. This period has now ended, and a

strategic review was held to plan for the follow-on period.

In 2017, new network arrangements were put in place involving the

establishment of an independent Trust (or core entity) consisting of a board

of trustees (governance group) and a small operations team. There are

government representatives on the Committee, but only from local

government (Northland Regional Council) and a local Department of

Conservation representative. The Tindall Foundation and Foundation North

remain the primary programme funders. The new governance arrangement

changed the role of the RN organisation from one that was involved in

project funding and implementation to one of an enabler and facilitator of

connectivity project work (and funding) responsibilities will be borne by

external partners. (This is similar to the recent structural change at GER to

establish GER Ltd as their core entity)

68

69

Appendix 6 - Wildlife Corridor – Semi-structured Interview Guide

Explain the purpose of the survey, the structure of the interview and the

basis for the choice of the ten theme areas related to the impacts of society

on Corridor success. Explain that the focus of the interview is to understand

the critical success factors and challenges involved in the development of the

Corridor within each theme area and that it is not seeking to gather

ecological information.

Theme 1 – Network

Explain arrangements for the overall structure of your Corridor

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 2 – Plans

Explain the planning process for your Corridor and how it has changed

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 3 – Stakeholder Relations

Explain how relationships with key stakeholders are managed to address their

diversity of interests (and any conflicts)

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Date of Interview

Wildlife Corridor Name

Participant’s name

Position

Organisation

Location

Face-to-Face/via Skype

70

Topic 4 – Community Engagement

Explain how the ongoing support of the local communities is achieved

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 5 – Resource Base

Explain how paid and volunteer workforces are recruited, trained and motivated

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 6 – Government Policy/Regulation

Explain how government policy has changed over time and the influence this has

had on Corridor development

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 7 – Private property conservation

Explain how native habitat on private property is restored and conserved

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 8 – Scientific Research

Explain how scientific research informs Corridor development

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 9 – Fundraising

Explain how funds are raised to support the Corridor development

Challenges encountered

Success factors

Theme 10 – Media/Communication

Explain how media support/communications for the Corridor is obtained and

highlight any recent success stories

Challenges encountered

Success factors

71

Appendix 7 - List of interviewees

CORRIDOR

INITIALS OF

INTERVIEWEE

ROLE

INTERVIEW DATE

Great Eastern Ranges (GER)

GH Director, GER 14/09/17

KE Director GER/Past CEO NPA

4/10/17

DR Facilitator, Illawarra to Shoalhaven region

17/10/17

WP Founder, Berry Landcare 16/11/17

SB Executive Director, Central Victorian Biolinks

27/10/17

Reconnecting Northland (RN)

EA General Manager 23/11/17

GB Ecology Manager 20/11/17

TG Director, Tindall Foundation

(Main RN Funder)

10/10/17

Gondwana Link (GL)

KB General Manager 16/10/17

LD Director & Executive, Greenskills

9/10/17

LQ Committee Member, Ranges Link

17/10/17

BP Director, Conservation, Greening Aust. WA

10/10/17

Habitat 1410

(H141) AB Coordinator

25/09/17

MH Representative, SA Government, DEWNR

11/10/17

TB Representative SA Government, DEWNR

11/10/17

RD H141 Alliance Chair 10/10/17

DW Coordinator/Greening Australia

10/10/17

DB CEO Wimmera CMA Victoria

31/10/17

72

Appendix 8 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme

and Corridor – Challenges

Theme Challenges

Total comments

GER GL H141 RN Total

Network

17 15 22 6 60

Planning

15 13 17 7 52

Stakeholder

Relations

10 13 13 4 40

Community

relations

9 3 11 2 25

Resources

12 8 11 2 33

Government

policy/regulation

7 10 9 2 28

Private property

conservation

14 12 12 6 44

Scientific research

8 11 7 5 31

Fundraising

12 12 9 4 37

Media relations

/Communication

6 9 9 4 28

Total

110 106 120 42 378

No. of Interviewees

5 4 6 3 18

Comments per Interviewee

22 26 19 14 21

73

Appendix 9 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and

Corridor – Challenges

(* After merging same or similar ideas)

Theme Challenges

Total ideas

GER GL H141 RN Total*

Network

13 11 8 4 22

Planning

14 9 10 7 23

Stakeholder

Relations

9 10 10 3 21

Community

relations

6 3 5 1 10

Resources

10 7 5 2 12

Government

policy/regulation

5 7 3 2 13

Private property

conservation

8 8 5 5 16

Scientific

research

6 11 4 5 18

Fundraising

6 5 6 4 9

Media relations

/Communication

2 3 3 2 4

Total

79 71 62 35 148

No. of Interviewees

5 4 6 3 18

Ideas per Interviewee

16 18 10 12 8

74

Appendix 10 – Interview Programme – Excel database

The following four pages contain information in Excel format showing

challenges and success factors and associated ideas identified in the

Interview Programme.

75

INTERVIEWS

Number of comments

Number of ideas

Challenge or

Success factor

ALL CORRIDORS No. Network No. Network No. Planning No. Planning No. Resources No. Resources

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Dealing with government Gain government support Gaining planning support Gain/maintain planning support Organising resources Seek funding

2 Government relations 2 Seek govt agency support 3 Community involvement 6 Involve partners 3 Volunteer support 10 Gain funding -core/project

1 Reporting to government 1 Secure government support 2 Partner coordination 1 Involve community 3 Facilitator availability 1 Consolidate funding sources

1 Cross border complexity 1 Minimise govt. control 2 Large geography 1 Involve government/agencies 2 Prioritisation of resources 11

4 4 1 Arranging meetings 4 Communicate well 1 Capacity for projects 2

3 3 1 Indigenous involvement 2 Build trust/goodwill 1 Skilled project staff Build resource capability

1 Trust/goodwill 2 Utilise strong board 1 Comms resource 3 Employ facilitator(s)

Working with partners Build/maintain partner support 1 Ongoing commitment 1 Gain partner commitment 1 Intermittent project work 1 Develop facilitator skills

14 Partner alignment/conflicts 6 Support good partner relationships 1 Cross border complexity 1 Persist over time 1 Tracking performance 1 Gain govt support

3 Grant competition 4 Build trust and goodwill 12 1 Be patient 1 Alignment of partners 1 Expand partnerships

2 Coordination 2 Communicate well 8 1 Consult with partners 1 Succession planning 1 Regional partner support

2 Trust among partners 2 Enable close collaboration Organising planning process 1 Resource planning activity 15 1 Conservation training

3 Infrequent partner meetings 1 Select partners carefully 9 Resource/fund planning 1 Planning group selection 10 1 Leverage skills

1 Collaboration 1 Seek strong partner involvement 3 Integrating partner plans 22 1 Good landowner support

1 Information sharing 1 Be responsive to partner needs 3 Monitoring outcomes 12 Securing funds 1 Decentralised delivery

1 Communications 17 1 Resource for reporting Manage process effectively 11 Project (non core) funding 1 Indigenous involvement

1 Cultural differences 7 1 Different data sets 3 Establish clear accountabilities 7 Core entity funding 12

1 Partner resources Establish/support core entity 1 Priority setting 3 Be flexible 18 10

1 Resource/fund thru partners 10 Develop strong Board /Core entity 18 1 Adopt consultative approach 2 Inspire the workforce

2 Government relations 6 Leverage Corridor Vision 6 1 Use a participatory process 4 Compelling Vision

32 5 Gain core entity funding Setting the direction 1 Coordinate effectively 2 Build motivation

12 4 Establish clear accountabilities 4 Landscape vs Local focus 1 Cooperate 1 Encourage involvement

Managing the Corridor 25 3 Lack of scientific input 1 Delegate 1 Gain commitment

8 Resource/fund core entity 4 2 Maintaining focus on Vision 1 Use facilitator support 1 Good communications

2 Capability of Board Manage corridor well 2 Avoiding unrealistic goals 1 Good planning tools 1 Close collaboration

4 Succession planning 4 Be adaptable and flexible 1 Choosing targetted species 13 10

1 Conservation priorities 1 Balance - topdown vs.bottom up 1 Opportunistic opportunities 9 6

1 Measuring success 1 Achieve successful outcomes 4 Implementation funding Establish clear directions

6 Core orgn. accounatibilities 1 Encourage community engagement 17 5 CAP planning process

22 1 Perservere over time 7 5 CAP planning support/training

6 1 Demonstrate success Aligning with government 3 Alignment with Vision

Building community relations 1 Review plans regularly 4 Alignment with govt. plans 3 Leverage existing plans

1 Community engagement 10 1 Conflict with govt agencies 2 Exploit local knowledge

1 Corridor public profile 7 5 2 Secure core entity funding

2 2 1 Small scale focus

2 1 Utilise scientific input

1 Achievable plans/goals

1 Gain funding for plans

24

10

Total comments 60 56 52 59 33 33

Total ideas 23 21 23 31 12 18

76

ALL CORRIDORS No. Stakeholder Rels No. Stakeholder Rels No. Community No. Community No. Government No. Government

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Managing government relations Engage with stakeholders Building community awareness Promote the corridor Coping with policy change Raise corridor profile

2 Government support 6 Communicate well 2 Low awareness 7 Promote the Vision 8 Uncertain govt policy 2 Demonstrate success

2 4 Involve core entity 1 Extensive geography 4 Communicate regularly 1 Lack corridor focus 1 Promote corridor benefits

1 2 Apply consultative approach 1 No corridor -led activities 1 Motivate 1 Sub-optimal project focus 1 Leverage tourism benefits

Resolving stakeholder Issues 1 Consult with stakeholders 1 Fragmented activities 1 Outreach resources 1 Changing fire control regs 4

6 Grant competition 1 Encourage bilateral resolutions 1 Meet community expectations 1 Skilled Board (core entity) 1 Ill informed hazard burns 3

2 Indigenous diversity 1 Gain/support landowner 6 1 Celebrate success 1 Native vegetation legislation Gain government support

2 Personality issues 1 Support indigenous relations 5 15 13 12 Build govt relationships

1 Agree priorities 1 Build strong relationships Arranging community outreach 6 6 1 Partner alignment

1 Branding conflicts 17 8 Community outreach Gain support/involvement Securing funding 13

1 Landscape scale vs Local 8 2 Lack of resources 3 Involve community 7 Unreliable funding 2

1 Lack of Vision alignment Empower stakeholders 11 2 Indigenous involvement 2 Gain govt funding

1 Lack of transparency 1 Promote uniting Vision 2 1 Seek active support 2 Inadequate funding

1 Planning issues 1 Implement effective planning Encouraging involvement 1 Build strong relationships 1 Limited govt resources

1 Local tribalism 1 Gain funding 3 Local support 1 Support local community 1 Grant coordination

17 1 Empower local groups 4 Indigenous involvement 1 Good coordination 1 No core entity funding

10 1 Leverage local govt rels 1 Fund local activities 1 Consultative approach 1 Resource- govt grant applications

Building relationships 1 Implement good practice 8 1 Conservation training 15

5 Role of partners 1 Have fewer, supportive partners 3 1 Commitment 7

4 Landowner support 1 Employ a stakeholder manager 1 Reliable partners

3 Meetings/frequency 8 13

2 Communications 8 10

1 Extensive geography Encourage positive values

1 Build relationships 3 Trust

1 No core entity (one corridor) 1 Patience

2 Core entity resources 1 Flexibility

1 Planning involvement 1 Commitment

1 Too many partners 1 Mutual respect

21 1 Collaboration

10 8

6

Total comments 40 33 25 28 28 17

Total ideas 21 22 10 16 13 5

77

ALL CORRIDORS Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Supporting conservation process Promote conservation Achieving research focus Develop research focus Exploiting funding opportunities Promote corridor

12 Sell conservation 2 Sell Vision 2 Align needs/interests 5 Identify projects 11 Access private funding 6 Promote the Vision

6 Fund conservation 2 Support covenants 1 Prioritisation 2 Identify priorities 8 Access govt funding 1 Achieve corridor targets

9 Support conservation 1 Communicate regularly 3 Identify projects 7 1 Availability of carbon offsets 1 Promote successes

4 Identify suitable land 1 Promote conserv. benefits 1 Relevance of research 2 20 1 Sustainable core entity

2 Negotiate agreements 1 Offer conservation options 1 Lack of focus Seek university support 3 9

1 Address diversity of needs 1 Sustainable land use focus 1 Useful research 4 Compelling Vision Prioritising funding needs 4

1 Patience 8 1 Low knowledge base 5 Engage with universities 1 Project funding Seek funds

35 6 1 Research integration 2 Locally based researchers 2 Core entity funding 6 Diversify funding sources

7 Build relationships 1 Opportunistic vs planned 1 Student involvement 3 3 Resource fundraising

Addressing conservation issues 1 Build relationships 1 Low priority 1 Develop partnerships 2 2 Develop strategy/plan

1 Legislative uncertainty 1 Trust 13 13 Conducting fundraising activity 1 Leverage core entity

1 Lack of incentives 1 Good farmer relations 10 5 7 Compete for funds 1 Partner coordination

1 Ongoing farmer costs 1 Partner collaboration Seeking university involvement Attract research funding 4 Resource fundraising 1 Landowner support

1 Govt support 4 3 Low academic interest 6 Gain funding 2 Grant reporting 14

1 Carbon credit incentives 4 2 Engage with universities 6 1 Lack of DGR status 6

5 Support conservation 1 Communication 1 14

5 8 Fund conservation 1 Partner support 4

Enabling conservation acquisition 4 Support farmers 1 Competition

1 Fund acquisitions 3 Provide facilitators 8

1 Manage acquisitions 3 Provide advice/support 5

1 Sensible sale negotiations 1 Available resources Securing funding and resources

1 Support - agreements 1 Pool funding 6 Funding

4 20 1 Resource to plan research

4 6 3 Monitor/report progress

Facilitate conservation investment 10

1 Seek conservation investors 3

1 Involve landowners

1 Real estate agent support

1 Trust for Nature support

4

4

Total comments 44 36 31 26 37 23

Total ideas 16 20 18 8 9 10

78

ALL CORRIDORS Media Media

Challenges Success Factors

Addressing newsworthiness Build media relations

9 Not newsworthy 9 Resource comms

1 3 Exploit social media

Managing w/out comms resource 2 Partner cooperation

13 Lack of comms resouce 1 Core entity involvement

1 1 Maintain good relations

Raising corridor profile 1 Sponsor support/promotion

2 Low corridor profile 17

1 6

Recognising partner contributions Create media opportunities

4 Recognition of partners 4 Compelling Vision

1 3 Promote events/projects

1 Flexibility

8

3

Challenges Success factors

Total comments 28 25 Grand Total - Comments 378 Grand Total - Comments 336

Total ideas 4 9 Grand Total - Ideas 149 Grand Total - Ideas 160 `

79

Appendix 11 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas about challenges

Network Comments

Ideas Planning Comments

Ideas

Working with partners

Managing the Corridor

Dealing with government

Building community relations

32

22

4

2

12

6

3

2

Gaining planning support

Organising the planning process

Setting the direction

Aligning with government

12

18

17

5

8

6

7

2

Totals 60 23 Totals 52 23

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Organising resources for plans

Securing funds for core entity and

projects

15

18

10

2

Resolving stakeholder issues

Building relationships

Managing government relations

17

21

2

10

10

2

Totals 33 12 Totals 40 22

Community Government

Building community awareness

Encouraging community involvement

Arranging community outreach

6

8

11

5

3

2

Securing limited/unpredictable funding

Coping with policy change

15

13

7

6

Totals 25 10 Totals 28 13

Private Property Science

Supporting the conservation process

Addressing conservation issues

Enabling conservation by acquisition

35

5

4

7

5

4

Achieving research focus

Seeking university involvement

Securing funding and resources

13

8

10

10

5

3

Totals 44 16 Totals 31 18

Fundraising Media/Communication

Exploiting funding opportunities

Prioritising funding needs

Conducting fundraising activity

20

3

14

3

2

4

Addressing newsworthiness

Managing without communications resources

Raising Corridor profile

Properly recognizing partner contributions

9

13

2

4

1

1

1

1

Totals 37 9 Totals 28 4

80

Appendix 12 – Interview Programme - Number of comments by theme and Corridor

for success factors

Societal

Theme

Success factors

Total comments

GER GL H141 RN Total

Network

14 13 12 17 56

Planning

17 12 16 14 59

Stakeholder

Relations

7 9 11 6 33

Community

relations

11 8 5 4 28

Resources

13 10 5 5 33

Government

policy/regulation

6 4 4 3 17

Private property

conservation

13 7 11 5 36

Scientific research

11 8 5 2 26

Fundraising

8 6 6 3 23

Media relations

/Communication

7 7 5 6 25

Total

107 84 80 65 336

No. of Interviewees

5 4 6 3 18

Comments per Interviewee

21 21 13 22 19

81

Appendix 13 – Interview Programme - Number of ideas by theme and Corridor for

success factors

(* After merging same or similar ideas)

Societal

Theme

Success factors

Total ideas

GER GL H141 RN Total*

Network

13 8 10 9 21

Planning

17 9 14 8 31

Stakeholder

Relations

7 7 8 4 22

Community

relations

9 6 4 4 16

Resources

11 9 4 5 18

Government

policy/regulation

6 3 1 3 5

Private property

conservation

11 6 9 4 20

Scientific

research

5 5 4 2 8

Fundraising

7 3 5 3 10

Media relations

/Communication

4 5 3 4 9

Total

90 59 62 46 160

No. of Interviewees

5 4 6 3 18

Ideas per Interviewee

18 15 10 15 9

82

Appendix 14 – Interview Programme – Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors

Network Comments

Ideas Planning Comments

Ideas

Build/maintain partner support

Establish/support core entity

Manage Corridor well

Gain government support

17

25

10

4

7

4

7

3

Gain/maintain planning support

Manage process effectively

Establish clear, well-informed directions

22

13

24

12

9

10

Totals 56 21 Totals 59 31

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Seek funding

Build resource capability

Inspire the workforce

11

12

10

2

10

6

Engage with stakeholders

Empower stakeholders

Encourage positive values

17

8

8

8

8

6

Totals 33 18 Totals 33 20

Community Government

Promote the Corridor

Gain community support/involvement

15

13

6

10

Raise Corridor profile

Gain government support

4

13

3

2

Totals 25 16 Totals 17 5

Private Property Science

Promote conservation

Build relationships

Support conservation

Facilitate conservation investment

8

4

20

4

6

4

6

4

Develop research focus/needs

Seek university support

Attract research funding

7

13

6

2

5

1

Totals 36 20 Totals 26 8

Fundraising Media/Communication

Promote the Corridor

Seek funds for core and projects

9

14

4

6

Establish media relationships

Create media opportunities

17

8

6

3

Totals 23 10 Totals 25 9

83

Appendix 15 - Research papers and articles reviewed in the Literature

Review

Author Year Title Geography

Worboys et al 2010 Connectivity Conservation Management – A Global Guide World

Sandwith et al

Ch 4, p 55 – 68

2010 Cape Floristic Region South Africa

Plumptre et al 2010 Greater Virunga Landscape Congo,Uganda

Ch 4, p 69 – 76

Zunkel, K 2010 Maloti-Drakensberg South Africa

Lesotho

Ch 4, p 77 – 85

Anderson et al 2010 Australian Alps Australia

Ch 5, p 87 – 95

Pulsford et al 2010 Australian Alps to Atherton Australia

Ch 5, p 96 – 104

Watson et al 2010 Gondwana Link Australia

Ch 5, p 105 – 115

Norbu et al 2010 Conservation Complex Bhutan

Ch 6, p 117 – 123

Chettri et al

Ch 6, p 124 – 132

2010 Sacred Himalayan Landscape Nepal (73%),

India (24%),

Buthan (3%)

Inung, W 2010 Seulawah-Leuser-Angkola (Northern Sumatra) Indonesia

Ch 6, p 133 – 139

Irwin, H 2010 Southern Appalachian Mountains USA

Ch 7,p 140 – 151

Hamilton et al 2010 Northern Appalachian Region USA

Ch 7, p 152 – 160

Locke, H 2010 Yellowstone to Yukon Initiative (Y2Y) USA

Ch7, p 161 – 181

Muller et al 2010 Mesoamerican biological Corridor South America

Ch 8, p 183 – 190

Hofstede, R

Ch 8, p 191 – 198

2010 Andean Paramo Corridor Venezuela

Colombia

Ecuador

Andrade et al, 2010 Serra do Espinhaco Biosphere Brazil

84

Ch 8, p 211 – 220

Ortego et al 2010 Munchique- Pinche Corridor Colombia

Ch 8, p 221 – 225

Viteri, X 2010 Llanganates-Sangay Corridor Ecuador

Ch 8, p 226 -233

Yerena, et al. 2010 Venezuelan Andes national parks Venezuela

Ch 8, p 234 – 244

Badenkov, Y

Ch 9, p 246 – 249

2010 Altai Mountain Knot Kazakstan,

Russia, China,

Mongolia

Ehringhaus, B 2010 European Alps Europe

Ch 9, p 250 – 257

Ehringhaus, B 2010 Espace Mont-Blanc region Italy, France

Ch 9, p 258 – 263

Kohler et al 2010 AlpArc initiative France

Ch 9, Pages 264 – 269

Mallarach et al.

Ch 9, p 269 – 278

2010 Cantabrian-Pyrenees Alps, Great Mountain Corridor Spain, France,

Italy

Romano, B 2010 The Appennines Italy

Ch 9, p 279 – 282

Worboys et al.

Fitzsimons et al.

(Journal article)

2015

2013

From Book: Protected Area Governance and Management

Lessons from Large –Scale Conservation Networks in Australia

General

Australia

Fitzsimons et al

(Book)

2013 Linking Australia’s Landscapes – lessons and opportunities from

Large-scale conservation networks

Australia

Carr, B 2013 Habitat141 : linking outback to ocean Australia

Ch. 8, p 75 – 84

Cowell et al.

Ch 9, p 85 – 94

2013 Midlandscapes : matching actions to opportunities in landscape

conservation in the Tasmanian Midlands

Australia

Pulsford et al.

Ch 13, p 123 – 134

2013 The Great Eastern Ranges Initiative : a continental-scale lifeline

connecting people and nature

Australia

Guerrero et al. 2015 Achieving cross-scale collaboration for large scale conservation

initiatives

Australia

85

Curtin, C

2016

The Science of Open Spaces: Theory and Practice for Conserving

Large, Complex Systems

USA

Bixler et al. 2016 Networks and landscapes: a framework for setting goals and

evaluating performance at the large landscape scale

USA

Wyborn, C 2008 Connecting People, Connecting Landscapes USA/ Australia

Lambert , J 2013 Social aspects: linking the people and their landscapes Australia

Wyborn, C 2013 Collaboration across scales: the governance challenges of linking

landscapes

Australia

Fitzsimmons et al. 2013 Challenges and opportunities for linking Australia’s landscapes : a

synthesis

Australia

Worboys et al. 2010 Connectivity conservation management framework and key tasks UK

Bixler, R 2014 From community forest management to polycentric governance:

assessing evidence from the bottom up

Canada

Bodin et al 2006 Social networks and natural resource management General

Guerrero et al 2013 Scale mismatches, conservation planning, and the value of social-

network analysis

General

Jacobson et al 2012 Landscape conservation cooperatives: bridging entities to facilitate

adaptive co-governance of social ecological systems

General

Mills et al. 2014 Linking regional planning and local action: towards using social

network analysis in systematic conservation planning

Australia/

Solomon

Islands

Scarlett et al. 2016 Connecting people and places: the emerging role of network

governance in large-scale conservation

USA

Bixler et al. 2016 Network governance for large-scale natural resource conservation and

the challenge of capture

USA

Armitage et al. 2012 Environmental governance and its implications for conservation

practice

Canada/

Sweden

Ak, Tutku 2015 Implementation of wildlife Corridor through local land use planning USA

Diez et al. 2015 Evaluating participatory processes in conservation policy and

governance: Lessons from Natura 2000 pilot study

Spain

Durand et al. 2014 Inclusion and Exclusion in participation strategies in the Montes Azules

Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico

Mexico

Ban et al. 2013 A social-ecological approach to conservation planning ; embedding

social considerations

General

Curtin, C 2015 The Science of open spaces USA

Vance-Borland et al. 2011 Conservation stakeholder network mapping, analysis and weaving USA

Axelson et al. 2013 Evaluation of multi-level social learning for sustainable landscapes:

Perspective of a development initiative in Bergslagen, Sweden

Sweden

Alexander et al. 2016 Navigating governance networks for community-based conservation

(CBC)

Jamaica

Vietnam

86

Stoll-Kleeman et al.

2010

The role of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO

Biosphere Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two

parallel global surveys

World

Brown et al. 2005 Co-management of wildlife Corridors: the case for citizen participation

in the Algonquin to Adirondack proposal

USA

Marsh, K 2017 Conservation education and outreach techniques (A review of the

Jacobson book (2015) with the same title)

UK

Fitzsimmons et al. 2014 Conservation covenants of private land: Issues with measuring and

achieving biodiversity outcomes in Australia

Australia

Lindsay, B 2016 Legal instruments in private land conservation: the nature and role of

conservation contracts and conservation covenants

Australia

Cooke et al. 2011 Social context and the role of collaborative policy making for private

land conservation

General

Hardy et al. 2017 Exploring the permanence of conservation covenants Australia

Beier et al. 2017 A How-to-Guide for coproduction of actionable science USA

Nel et al. 2016 Knowledge co-production and boundary work to promote

implementation of conservation plans

General

Maraseni et al. 2016 An assessment of carbon sequestration potential of riparian zone of

Condamine Catchment, Queensland, Australia

Australia

Matzek et al. 2015 Can carbon credits fund riparian forest restoration USA

OECD 2013 Scaling up financial mechanisms for biodiversity General

Clark, S 2007 A field guide to conservation finance General

Jacobson et al. 2009 Communications skills for conservation professionals General

87

Appendix 16 – Literature Review – Excel database

The following five pages contain information in Excel format showing

identified challenges and success factors and associated ideas identified in

the Literature Review.

88

LIT REVIEW

Number of comments

Number of ideas

Challenges or

Success factors

THEMES No. Network No. Network No. Planning No. Planning No. Resources No. Resources

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Visioning the network Think strategically Understanding context Establish clear priorities Finding resources Provide adequate resources

4 Developing shared Vision 2 Establish a bold, guiding Vision 4 Connectivity vs economy 2 Establish clear goals/objectives 2 Capacity for projects 2 Build capacity to perform

1 Sustaining Vision 1 Develop consistent Vision 1 Socio-ecological changes 2 Set realistic priorities 1 Resource constraints 1 Gain staff support

1 Unifying Vision 1 Establish an audacious Vision 1 Social/ecological diversity 1 Establish priorities/requirements 1 Build capacity 1 Secure funding/resources

1 Conflicts over Vision/direction 2 Establish shared/ guiding Vision 1 Understand constraints/opps 1 Integrate multiple objectives 1 Capacity/redundancy 1 Recruit enthusiastic young people

7 1 Think big 1 Understanding S-E context 1 Recognise long term commitment 1 Gaining resources 1 Build local capacity

5 1 Apply large-scale thinking 1 Address uncertainties 2 Embrace opportunism 6 1 Maintain long term support

2 Establish common agenda 1 Difficult ecological issues 1 Prepare to upscale 5 3 Fund/support coordinators

Structuring the network 10 1 Indigenous planning 10 Keeping resources 1 Arrange on-ground delivery

3 Resource/funding core entity 7 1 Competing technical claims 7 2 Staff turnover 1 Maintain core group of volunteers

3 Involving intl. NGOs Demonstrate leadership 12 Optimise corridor goals 2 Succession planning 1 Decentralise project delivery

2 Addressing equity/accountability 4 Provide leadership/ "champions" 10 2 Balance conservation/economy 4 13

2 Gaining early stakeholder support 2 Implement strong leadership 1 Innovate for economic benefits 2 10

2 Recruiting dynamic network 1 Foster leadership at local level Discovering information 1 Link ecological and cultural values

1 Ensuring equitable benefits to all 1 Inspire/coordinate action 1 Acquiring planning information 1 Link economic/ecological benefits

1 Recruiting stakeholders 3 Gain long term commitment 1 Planning information availability 1 Support sustainable development

1 Establishing network 1 Build strong relationships 1 Lack of data/monitoring 1 Support economic development

1 Recruiting too many partners 1 Share power and responsibility 1 Measuring outcomes 1 Build on previous programmes

1 Recruiting too few key partners 1 Achieve an integrated approach 1 Utilising all knowledge 1 Focus on small scale conservation

1 Establishing legitimacy early 1 Be responsive and supportive 1 Improving knowledge base 1 Reflect social factors in planning

1 Local decisionmaker support 1 Integrate relationships/activities 1 Imperfect monitoring 2 Participate in reinforcing activity

1 Establishing heterogeneity 1 Apply flexible mgt locally 1 Limited data 2 Prioritise conservation with SNA

1 Building adaptive capacity 1 Balance top/bottom mgt 1 Co-production of knowledge 2 Facilitate planning with SNA

1 Gaining commitment 1 Drive multi-scale/multi-sector 9 1 Utilise IUCN knowledge

1 Resolving partner roless 19 9 17

1 Organisational complexity 13 Developing plans 13

1 Addressing network capture Embrace participation 1 Effective planning Manage process effectively

25 1 Apply polycentric gov. principles 1 Develop/implement plans 5 Monitor and evaluate progress

18 2 Implement co-management 1 Integrated planning 1 Lead/plan/implement/evaluate

89

Understanding the network 1 Apply adaptive co-management 1 Plan strategically 1 Adopt multi-disciplinary approach

1 Relating to landscape/actors 1 Adopt adaptive, multi-level gov. 1 Exploiting eco-system mapping 1 Coordinate planning with partners

1 Systematic social learning 1 Manage change 1 Preparing land-use plans 1 Consult on conservation plan

1 Knowledge distribution 1 Manage cross border complexity 1 Planning without science 1 Establish effective relationships

1 Facilitate information exchange 1 Limit jurisdictional complexity 1 Dealing with planning fatigue 2 Undertake shared measurement

1 Share information 1 Manage multiple jurisdictions 8 1 Collect data for feedback

1 Build/retain social memory 1 Avoid network capture 8 1 Coordinate plan implementation

1 Identify SNA boundaries 10 Planning effectively 1 Manage implementation well

1 Understand SN dynamics 9 2 Being opportunistic 1 Lead mutually inforcing activities

1 Understand SN characteristics Develop effective structure 1 Meet change with action 1 Manage resources and assets

1 Time and cost of SNA analysis 9 Establish/fund core entity 1 Overcoming planning conflicts 1 Eliminate exclusion from process

1 Coping with change in SNA 1 Involve multiple partners 1 Actionable plans 1 Use ecosystem mapping tools

11 1 Involve NGOs/regional partners 1 Explaining choices/trade-offs 19

11 1 Optimise partner structure 1 Implementation commitment 14

Managing the corridor 1 Align partners and opportunities 7

5 Coping with complexity 1 Develop representative structure 7

2 Strong leadership/commitment 1 Secure International NGO support Deciding on direction

2 Balance top/bottom up mgt 3 Build early partner support 2 Establishing priorities

1 Effective management 1 Manage international projects 1 Having clear/agreed goals

1 Landscape-scale mgt 19 1 Improving decisionmaking

1 Corridor-wide governance 8 1 Complex decisionmaking

1 Facilitating Implementation Be successful 1 Establish measurable objectives

1 Dealing with human diversity 1 Demonstrate success 6

1 Dealing with different people 1 Achieve on-ground results early 5

15 3 Seek international recognition

9 5

Achieving results 3

1 Match results to expectations Acquire and share knowledge

1 Achieving project success 1 Drive knowledge coproduction

1 Effective network 1 Develop learning orientation

1 Innovation/adaptation 1 Drive collective learning cycle

1 Adaptiveness/flexibility/learning 1 Generate knowledge across netw

5 1 Understand through participation

5 1 Seek/use all available knowledge

1 Foster social learning /knowledge

7

7

Total comments 63 70 42 46 10 13

Total ideas 39 47 39 34 7 10

90

THEMES No. Stakeholder Rels No. Stakeholder Rels No. Community No. Community No. Government No. Government

Challenges Success factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Managing conflict Strengthen partner relationships Educating communities Communicate locally Gaining government support Gain government support

13 Partner alignment/conflicts 2 Strengthen partner relationships 6 Informing communities 1 Keep communities well-informed 8 Government support 6 Gain government support

1 Partner misunderstandings 1 Develop personal relationships 2 Community outreach 1 Disseminate information locally 1 Gaining political support 1 Gain political support

1 Cross border issues 2 Drive participatory process 1 Overcoming resistance 1 Explain benefits to communities 1 Overcoming govt barriers 1 Encourage political leadership

1 Overcome barriers to efficiency 1 Promote participatory processes 1 Address "external exclusion" 1 Promote community benefits 10 1 Leverage government assets

16 1 Engage with partners 1 Address"internal exclusion" 1 Motivate community 3 9

4 1 Improve partner interaction 11 1 Seek popular support Coping with policy change 4

Building relationships 1 Improve partner rels with SNA 5 3 Organise community outreach 1 Adverse policy shifts Exploit government legislation

3 Stakeholder engagement 9 Gaining local support 9 1 Diverse/conflicting mandates 2 Exploit govt mandates/funding

2 Build relationships 7 3 Local engagement/support 7 2 1 Exploit land-use policies

1 Stakeholder relations Encourage positive traits 3 Community participation Gain community support 2 3

1 Stakeholder liaison 1 Trust/integrity/inclusivity 1 Encourage local support 5 Involve communities Responding to legislation 2

1 Stakeholder cooperation 1 Transparency/accountability 1 Involving local communities 1 Gain local cooperation/support 1 Exploit legislation

1 Manage stakeholders interests 1 Reciprocity/communication 1 Involve local associations 1 Harness community power 1 Exploiting land-use legislation

5 Build/maintain trust 1 Develop mutual respect and trust 1 Involve young people 1 Leverage motivated community 1 Conservation zoning support

2 Build trust/resilience 1 Build constructive relationships 10 1 Leverage cultural heritage 1 Establishing protected areas

1 Support participatory inclusion 1 Maintain transparency and trust 6 1 Leverage "sense of place" benefit 4

1 Maintaining interest 6 Recognising cultural diversity 1 Identify local champions 4

1 Maintain commitment over time 6 1 Spiritual/cultural support 1 Involve indigenous peoples

19 Collaborate and cooperate 1 Leveraging relations/culture 1 Engage with community

11 4 Communicate/collaborate/coord. 2 1 Implement community NRM

Communicating with partners 3 Build cross-scale collaboration 2 1 Leverage community values

2 Communications 1 Encourage collaboration 15

1 Stakeholder communications 1 Drive participation/collaboration 11

3 1 Involve/coordinate partners

2 1 Encourage cooperative efforts

Seeking govt. support 4 Involve all key partners

2 Local govt liaison/support 1 Encourage partner networking

1 Government relations/involved 1 Cooperate across borders

3 1 Involve partners in land-use plans

2 18

Working across the corridor 10

6 Partner collaboration Overcome partner differences

6 Partner coordination 1 Share power among stakeholders

2 Partner engagement 1 Communicate early with partners

1 Cross sectoral collaboration 1 Improve information sharing

1 Integrating activities 1 Address cross-boundary issues

1 Coordinating across jurisdictions 1 Manage partner diversity

17 1 Arbitrate partner differences

6 1 Overcome barriers to progress

1 Overcome resistance to change

8

8

Total comments 58 41 23 24 16 12

Total ideas 25 31 13 18 9 6

91

THEMES Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Selling connectivity Support connectivity conservation Planning with science Develop scientific knowledge Seeking funding Raise funds

2 Sell conservation 1 Collaborate for land conservation 8 Scientific input to planning 2 Leverage scientific knowledge 3 Funding through carbon credits 1 Gain philanthropic funding

1 Engaging landowners/govt 2 Incentivise landowners 1 Research collaborartion 1 Adopt best practice science 2 Finding funding sources 1 Raise funds

1 Landowner involvement 1 Engage with landowners locally 9 1 Leverage best available science 1 Project funding 1 Secure adequate funding

1 Landowner participation 1 Improve land management 2 1 Provide/manage research 1 Philanthropic funding 1 Fund - govt, philanthropy, corp.

5 5 5 1 Funding shortages/uncertainty 1 Focus on funding

4 4 4 1 Funding - competition 5

Supporting conservation Plan connectivity options Use scientific knowledge 1 Inadequate funding 5

2 Support for conservation 1 Participate in land-use planning 1 Link planning to science 10 Exploit carbon opportunity

1 Farmer education 1 Understand land ownership 1 Learn by research/ adaptive mgt 7 1 Exploit carbon sequestration potl.

1 Exploiting land experience 1 Purchase strategic land 1 Link scientists and practitioners 1 Prepare for carbon opportunity

4 3 1 Implement scientific approach 2

3 3 1 Collaborate with researchers 2

Resolving issues Preserve conservation outcomes 1 Co-produce scientific knowledge

1 Negotiating with landowners 2 Provide conservation instruments 6

1 Landowner misunderstandings 1 Protect land with covenants 6

1 Landowner/conservation conflicts 1 Use multi-party covenants

1 Land-use restrictions 1 Future-proof covenants

1 Identifying land to purchase 1 Plan/monitor covenants

5 1 Establish dispute mechanisms

5 7

Covenanting land 6

1 Measuring covenant success

1 Managing covenanting outcomes

1 Inflexible agreements

1 Dispute resolution

1 Ensuring covenant permanancy

5

5

Total comments 19 15 9 11 10 7

Total ideas 17 13 2 10 7 7

92

THEMES Media/Communications Media/Communications

Challenges Success Factors

Promoting conservation Promote the Vision

1 Increasing media awareness 8 Promote Vision

1 Promoting conservation 8

1 Providing information 1

1 Maintaining communications Develop effective communications

1 Recognition - competition 1 Develop effective communication

1 Communications 1 Provide accessible information

1 Communicating conservation 1 Provide good information

7 1 Deploy powerful media tools

7 4

4

Communicate frequently

4 Maintain continuous comms

1 Communicate early

1 Increase awareness/comms

1 Undertake education programmes

7

4

Promote social benefits

1 Promote eco-tourism benefits

1 Leverage tourism/cultural product

2

2

Challenges Success factors

Total comments 7 21 Grand Total - Comments 257 Grand Total - Comments 260

Total ideas 7 11 Grand Total - Ideas 165 Grand Total - Ideas 187

93

Appendix 17 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas about challenges

Themes/Challenges Comments

(No.)

Ideas

(No.)

Themes/Challenges Comments

(No.)

Ideas

(No.)

Network

Visioning the network

Structuring the network

Understanding the network

Managing the Corridor

Achieving results

7

25

11

15

5

5

18

11

9

5

Planning

Understanding context

Discovering information

Developing plans

Planning effectively

Deciding on direction

12

9

8

7

6

10

9

8

7

5

Totals 63 39 Totals 42 39

Resources

Finding resources

Keeping resources

6

4

5

2

Stakeholder Relations

Managing conflict

Building relationships

Communicating with partners

Seeking government support

Working across the Corridor

16

19

3

3

17

4

11

2

2

6

Totals 10 7 Totals 58 25

Community

Educating communities

Gaining local support

Recognising cultural diversity

11

10

2

5

6

2

Government

Gaining government support

Coping with policy change

Responding to legislation

10

2

4

3

2

4

Totals 23 13 Totals 16 9

Private Property

Selling connectivity to landowners

Supporting conservation

Resolving issues

Covenanting land

5

4

5

5

4

3

5

5

Science

Planning with science

9

2

Totals 19 17 Totals 9 2

Fundraising

Seeking funding

10

7

Media/Communication

Promoting conservation

7

7

Totals 10 7 Totals 7 7

94

Appendix 18 – Literature Review – Frequency of comments and ideas about success factors

Themes/Success factors

Comments

(No.)

Ideas

(No.)

Themes/Success factors Comments

(No.)

Ideas

(No.)

Network

Think strategically

Demonstrate leadership

Embrace participation

Develop an effective structure

Be successful

Acquire and share knowledge

10

19

10

19

5

7

7

13

9

8

3

7

Planning

Establish clear priorities

Optimise Corridor goals

Manage process effectively

10

17

19

7

13

14

Totals 70 47 Totals 46 34

Resources

Provide adequate resources

13

10

Stakeholder Relations

Strengthen partner relationships

Encourage positive traits

Collaborate and cooperate

Overcome partner differences

9

6

18

8

7

6

10

8

Totals 13 10 Totals 41 31

Community

Communicate locally

Gain community support

9

15

7

11

Government

Gain government support

Exploit government legislation

9

3

4

2

Totals 24 18 Totals 12 6

Private Property

Supporting connectivity conservation

Plan connectivity options

Preserve conservation outcomes

5

3

7

4

3

6

Science

Develop scientific knowledge

Use scientific knowledge

5

6

4

6

Totals 15 13 Totals 11 10

Fundraising

Raise funds

Exploit carbon opportunity

5

2

5

2

Media/Communication

Promote the Vision

Develop effective communications

Communicate frequently

Promote social benefits

8

4

7

2

1

4

4

2

Totals 7 7 Totals 21 11

95

Appendix 19 – Challenges from the Interview Programme and Literature

Review

Theme Interviews Literature Review Commonality

Network Working with partners

Managing the Corridor

Dealing with government

Building community relations

Visioning the network

Structuring the network

Understanding the network

Managing the Corridor

Achieving results

Managing the Corridor

Planning Gaining planning support

Organising the planning

process

Setting the direction

Aligning with government

Understanding context

Discovering information

Developing plans

Planning effectively

Deciding on direction

Developing plans

Setting the direction

Stakeholder Relations

Resolving stakeholder issues

Building relationships

Managing government

relations

Managing conflict

Building relationships

Communicating with partners

Seeking government support

Working across the Corridor

Building relationships

Managing conflict

Community relations

Building community

awareness

Encouraging community

involvement

Arranging community outreach

Educating communities

Gaining local support

Educating communities

Resources

Organising resources for plans

Securing funds for core entity

and projects

Finding resources

Keeping resources

Finding resources

Government

Securing limited and

unpredictable funding

Coping with policy change

Gaining government support

Coping with policy change

Responding to legislation

Gaining government

support

Coping with policy change

Private Property

Supporting the conservation

process

Addressing conservation

issues

Enabling conservation by

acquisition

Selling connectivity to

landowners

Supporting conservation

Resolving issues

Covenanting land

Supporting conservation

Fundraising

Exploiting funding

opportunities

Prioritising funding needs

Conducting fundraising activity

Seeking funding

Seeking funding

Science Achieving research focus

Seeking university involvement

Securing funding and

resources

Planning with science -

Media/Communication

Addressing newsworthiness

Managing without

communications resources

Raising Corridor profile

Properly recognizing partner

contributions

Promoting conservation _

No. of Challenges 31 29 11

96

Appendix 20 – Success factors from the Interview Programme and Literature

Review

Theme Interviews Literature Review Commonality

Network Build/maintain partner support

Establish/support core entity

Manage Corridor well

Gain government support

Think strategically

Demonstrate leadership

Embrace participation

Develop an effective

structure

Be successful

Acquire and share

knowledge

Be successful/manage

Corridor well

Planning Gain/maintain planning

support

Manage process effectively

Establish clear, well-informed

directions

Establish clear priorities

Optimise Corridor goals

Manage process effectively

Establish clear priorities

Manage process well

Stakeholder Relations

Engage with stakeholders

Empower stakeholders

Encourage positive values

Strengthen partner

relationships

Encourage positive traits

Collaborate and cooperate

Overcome partner

differences

Encourage positive

traits/values

Collaborate and cooperate

Community relations

Promote the Corridor

Gain community

support/involvement

Communicate locally

Gain community support

Gain community support

Resources

Seek funding

Build resource capability

Inspire the workforce

Provide adequate resources

Provide adequate resources

Government

Raise Corridor profile

Gain government support

Gain government support

Exploit government

legislation

Gain government support

Private Property

Promote conservation

Build relationships

Support conservation

Facilitate conservation

investment

Support connectivity

conservation

Plan connectivity options

Preserve conservation

outcomes

Support connectivity

conservation

Fundraising

Promote the Corridor

Seek funds for core and

projects

Raise funds

Exploit carbon opportunity

Raise funds

Science Develop research focus/needs

Seek university support

Attract research funding

Develop scientific knowledge

Use scientific knowledge

Media/Communication

Establish media relationships

Create media opportunities

Promote the Vision

Develop effective

communications

Communicate frequently

Promote social benefits

No. of Success factors 28 29 10

97

Appendix 21 – Combined Database – Excel database

The following seven pages contain the Excel database of the combined comments, ideas,

challenges and success factors derived from the merger of Interview Programme and the

Literature Review information.

98

COMBINED

Number of comments

Number of ideas

Challenge or

Success factor

ALL CORRIDORS No. Network No. Network No. Planning No. Planning No. Resources No. Resources

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Working with partners Build/maintain partner support Gaining planning support Establish clear directions Organising resources Build resource capability

14 Partner alignment/conflicts 6 Support good partner relationships 3 Community involvement 5 CAP planning process 5 Capacity for projects 6 Fund/support coordinators

3 Grant competition 4 Build trust and goodwill 2 Partner coordination 5 CAP planning support/training 3 Volunteer support 2 Build capacity to perform

2 Coordination 2 Communicate well 2 Large geography 3 Alignment with Vision 3 Facilitator availability 1 Develop coordinator skills

2 Trust among partners 2 Enable close collaboration 1 Arranging meetings 3 Leverage existing plans 2 Prioritisation of resources 1 Gain govt support

3 Infrequent partner meetings 1 Select partners carefully 1 Indigenous involvement 3 Establish clear goals/objectives 1 Skilled project staff 1 Expand partnerships

1 Collaboration 1 Seek strong partner involvement 1 Trust/goodwill 2 Set realistic priorities 1 Comms resource 1 Regional partner support

1 Information sharing 1 Be responsive to partner needs 1 Ongoing commitment 2 Exploit local knowledge 1 Intermittent project work 1 Conservation training

1 Communications 17 1 Cross border complexity 2 Secure core entity funding 1 Tracking performance 1 Leverage skills

1 Cultural differences 7 12 1 Small scale focus 1 Alignment of partners 1 Good landowner support

1 Partner resources Establish/support core entity 8 1 Utilise scientific input 1 Succession planning 1 Decentralised delivery

1 Resource/fund thru partners 10 Develop strong Board /Core entity Organising the planning process 1 Achievable plans/goals 1 Resource constraints 1 Indigenous involvement

2 Government relations 6 Leverage Corridor Vision 9 Resource/fund planning 1 Gain funding for plans 1 Gaining resources 1 Gain staff support

32 5 Gain core entity funding 4 Integrating partner plans 1 Integrate multiple objectives 21 1 Secure funding/resources

12 4 Establish clear accountabilities 3 Monitoring outcomes 1 Recognise long term commitment 12 1 Recruit enthusiastic young people

Managing the Corridor 25 1 Resource for reporting 2 Embrace opportunism Securing funds 1 Build local capacity

8 Resource/fund core entity 4 1 Different data sets 1 Prepare to upscale 11 Project (non core) funding 1 Maintain long term support

6 Core orgn. accountabilities Manage corridor well 1 Priority setting 34 7 Core entity funding 1 Arrange on-ground delivery

5 Coping with complexity 4 Be adaptable and flexible 1 Effective planning 16 18 1 Maintain core group of volunteers

4 Succession planning 3 Seek international recognition 1 Develop/implement plans Manage process effectively 2 1 Decentralise project delivery

2 Capability of Board 2 Demonstrate success 1 Plan strategically 5 Monitor and evaluate progress Keeping resources 25

2 Strong leadership/commitment 1 Balance - topdown vs.bottom up 1 Exploiting eco-system mapping 3 Establish clear accountabilities 2 Staff turnover 10

2 Succession planning Seek funding

2 Balance top/bottom up mgt 1 Achieve successful outcomes 1 Preparing land-use plans 3 Be flexible 4 10 Gain funding -core/project

2 Corridor-wide governance 1 Encourage community engagement 1 Planning without science 3 Coordinate effectively 2 1 Consolidate funding sources

2 Dealing with human diversity 1 Perservere over time 1 Dealing with planning fatigue 2 Undertake shared measurement 11

1 Measuring success 1 Review plans regularly 26 1 Adopt consultative approach 2

1 Effective management 1 Achieve on-ground results early 13 1 Use a participatory process Inspire the workforce

1 Conservation priorities 15 Setting the direction 1 Cooperate 4 Compelling Vision

1 Facilitating Implementation 9 4 Landscape vs Local focus 1 Delegate 2 Build motivation

37 Gain government support 4 Implementation funding 1 Use facilitator support 1 Encourage involvement

13 2 Seek govt agency support 3 Lack of scientific input 1 Good planning tools 1 Gain commitment

Dealing with government 1 Secure government support 2 Maintaining focus on Vision 1 Lead/plan/implement/evaluate 1 Good communications

2 Government relations 1 Minimise govt. control 2 Avoiding unrealistic goals 1 Adopt multi-disciplinary approach 1 Close collaboration

1 Reporting to government 4 2 Establishing priorities 1 Consult on conservation plan 10

1 Cross border complexity 3 2 Improving decisionmaking 1 Establish effective relationships 6

4 Think strategically 1 Choosing targetted species 1 Collect data for feedback

3 2 Establish a bold, guiding Vision 1 Opportunistic opportunities 1 Manage implementation well

Building community relations 1 Develop consistent Vision 1 Having clear/agreed goals 1 Lead mutually inforcing activities

1 Community engagement 1 Establish an audacious Vision 1 Establish measurable objectives 1 Manage resources and assets

1 Corridor public profile 2 Establish shared/ guiding Vision 23 1 Eliminate exclusion from process

2 1 Think big 11 1 Use ecosystem mapping tools

2 1 Apply large-scale thinking Aligning with government 32

Visioning the network 2 Establish common agenda 4 Alignment with govt. plans 21

4 Developing shared Vision 10 1 Conflict with govt agencies Gain/maintain planning support

1 Sustaining Vision 7 5 6 Involve partners

99

2 1 Apply large-scale thinking Aligning with government 32

Visioning the network 2 Establish common agenda 4 Alignment with govt. plans 21

4 Developing shared Vision 10 1 Conflict with govt agencies Gain/maintain planning support

1 Sustaining Vision 7 5 6 Involve partners

1 Unifying Vision Demonstrate leadership 2 1 Involve community

1 Conflicts over Vision/direction 4 Provide leadership/ "champions" Understanding context 1 Involve government/agencies

7 2 Implement strong leadership 4 Connectivity vs economy 4 Communicate well

4 1 Foster leadership at local level 1 Socio-ecological changes 2 Build trust/goodwill

Structuring the network 1 Inspire/coordinate action 1 Social/ecological diversity 2 Utilise strong board

3 Resource/funding core entity 3 Gain long term commitment 1 Understand constraints/opps 1 Gain partner commitment

3 Involving intl. NGOs 1 Build strong relationships 1 Understanding S-E context 1 Persist over time

2 Addressing equity/accountability 1 Share power and responsibility 1 Address uncertainties 1 Be patient

2 Gaining early stakeholder support 1 Achieve an integrated approach 1 Difficult ecological issues 1 Consult with partners

2 Recruiting dynamic network 1 Be responsive and supportive 1 Indigenous planning 1 Resource planning activity

1 Ensuring equitable benefits to all 1 Integrate relationships/activities 1 Competing technical claims 1 Planning group selection

1 Recruiting stakeholders 1 Apply flexible mgt locally 12 22

1 Establishing network 1 Balance top/bottom mgt 9 12

1 Recruiting too many partners 1 Drive multi-scale/multi-sector Discovering information Optimise corridor goals

1 Recruiting too few key partners 19 1 Acquiring planning information 2 Balance conservation/economy

1 Establishing legitimacy early 13 1 Planning information availability 1 Innovate for economic benefits

1 Local decisionmaker support Embrace participation 1 Lack of data/monitoring 1 Link ecological and cultural values

1 Establishing heterogeneity 1 Apply polycentric gov. principles 1 Measuring outcomes 1 Link economic/ecological benefits

1 Building adaptive capacity 2 Implement co-management 1 Utilising all knowledge 1 Support sustainable development

1 Gaining commitment 1 Apply adaptive co-management 1 Improving knowledge base 1 Support economic development

1 Resolving partner roless 1 Adopt adaptive, multi-level gov. 1 Imperfect monitoring 1 Build on previous programmes

1 Organisational complexity 1 Manage change 1 Limited data 1 Focus on small scale conservation

1 Addressing network capture 1 Manage cross border complexity 1 Co-production of knowledge 1 Reflect social factors in planning

25 1 Limit jurisdictional complexity 9 2 Participate in reinforcing activity

18 1 Manage multiple jurisdictions 9 2 Prioritise conservation with SNA

Understanding the network 1 Avoid network capture Planning effectively 2 Facilitate planning with SNA

1 Relating to landscape/actors 10 2 Being opportunistic 1 Utilise IUCN knowledge

1 Systematic social learning 9 1 Meet change with action 17

1 Knowledge distribution Develop effective structure 1 Overcoming planning conflicts 13

1 Facilitate information exchange 9 Establish/fund core entity 1 Actionable plans

1 Share information 1 Involve multiple partners 1 Explaining choices/trade-offs

1 Build/retain social memory 1 Involve NGOs/regional partners 1 Implementation commitment

1 Identify SNA boundaries 1 Optimise partner structure 7

1 Understand SN dynamics 1 Align partners and opportunities 6

1 Understand SN characteristics 1 Develop representative structure

1 Time and cost of SNA analysis 1 Secure International NGO support

1 Coping with change in SNA 3 Build early partner support

11 1 Manage international projects

11 19

8

Achieving results Acquire and share knowledge

1 Match results to expectations 1 Drive knowledge coproduction

1 Achieving project success 1 Develop learning orientation

1 Effective network 1 Drive collective learning cycle

1 Innovation/adaptation 1 Generate knowledge across netw

1 Adaptiveness/flexibility/learning 1 Understand through participation

5 1 Seek/use all available knowledge

5 1 Foster social learning /knowledge

7

7

Total comments 123 126 94 105 43 46

Total ideas 68 47 58 62 16 18

100

Achieving results Acquire and share knowledge

1 Match results to expectations 1 Drive knowledge coproduction

1 Achieving project success 1 Develop learning orientation

1 Effective network 1 Drive collective learning cycle

1 Innovation/adaptation 1 Generate knowledge across netw

1 Adaptiveness/flexibility/learning 1 Understand through participation

5 1 Seek/use all available knowledge

5 1 Foster social learning /knowledge

7

7

Total comments 123 126 94 105 43 46

Total ideas 68 47 58 62 16 18

ALL CORRIDORS No. Stakeholder Rels No. Stakeholder Rels No. Community No. Community No. Government No. Government

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Resolving stakeholder Issues Empower stakeholders Building community awareness Promote the corridor Coping with policy change Raise corridor profile

13 Partner alignment/conflicts 1 Promote uniting Vision 6 Informing communities 7 Promote the Vision 8 Uncertain govt policy 2 Demonstrate success

6 Grant competition 1 Implement effective planning 2 Low awareness 4 Communicate regularly 1 Lack corridor focus 1 Promote corridor benefits

2 Indigenous diversity 1 Gain funding 2 Community outreach 1 Motivate 1 Sub-optimal project focus 1 Leverage tourism benefits

2 Personality issues 1 Empower local groups 1 Extensive geography 1 Outreach resources 1 Changing fire control regs 4

1 Agree priorities 1 Leverage local govt rels 1 No corridor -led activities 1 Skilled Board (core entity) 1 Ill informed hazard burns 3

1 Branding conflicts 1 Implement good practice 1 Fragmented activities 1 Celebrate success 1 Native vegetation legislation Gain government support

1 Landscape scale vs Local 1 Have fewer, supportive partners 1 Meet community expectations 15 1 Adverse policy shifts 12 Build govt relationships

1 Lack of Vision alignment 1 Employ a stakeholder manager 1 Overcoming resistance 6 1 Diverse/conflicting mandates 6 Gain government support

1 Lack of transparency 8 1 Address "external exclusion" Gain support/involvement 15 1 Gain political support

1 Planning issues 8 1 Address"internal exclusion" 10 Involve community 8 1 Encourage political leadership

1 Local tribalism Encourage positive values 17 3 Indigenous involvement Securing govt funding 1 Leverage government assets

1 Partner misunderstandings 3 Trust 5 1 Seek active support 8 Government support 1 Partner alignment

1 Cross border issues 2 Transparency/accountability Encouraging involvement 1 Build strong relationships 7 Unreliable funding 22

1 Overcome barriers to efficiency 1 Patience 3 Local support 1 Support local community 2 Gain govt funding 6

33 1 Flexibility 4 Indigenous involvement 1 Good coordination 2 Inadequate funding Exploit government legislation

14 1 Commitment 1 Fund local activities 1 Consultative approach 1 Limited govt resources 2 Exploit govt mandates/funding

Building relationships 2 Mutual respect 8 1 Conservation training 1 Grant coordination 1 Exploit land-use policies

7 Build trust/resilience 1 Collaboration 3 1 Commitment 1 No core entity funding 3

5 Role of partners 1 Trust/integrity/inclusivity Gaining local support 1 Reliable partners 1 Resource- govt grant applications 2

4 Landowner support 1 Reciprocity/communication 3 Local engagement/support 1 Harness community power 1 Gaining political support

3 Meetings/frequency 1 Build constructive relationships 3 Community participation 1 Leverage motivated community 1 Overcoming govt barriers

3 Stakeholder engagement 14 1 Encourage local support 1 Leverage cultural heritage 25

2 Communications 6 1 Involving local communities 1 Leverage "sense of place" 10

2 Build relationships Strengthen partner relationships 1 Involve local associations 1 Identify local champions Responding to legislation

1 Extensive geography 2 Strengthen partner relationships 1 Involve young people 1 Implement community NRM 1 Exploit legislation

1 Build relationships 1 Develop personal relationships 10 1 Leverage community values 1 Exploiting land-use legislation

1 No core entity (one corridor) 2 Drive participatory process 6 28 1 Conservation zoning support

2 Core entity resources 1 Promote participatory processes Recognising cultural diversity 10 1 Establishing protected areas

1 Planning involvement 1 Engage with partners 1 Spiritual/cultural support Communicate locally 4

1 Too many partners 1 Improve partner interaction 1 Leveraging relations/culture 1 Keep communities well-informed 4

1 Stakeholder relations 1 Improve partner rels with SNA 2 1 Disseminate information locally

1 Stakeholder liaison 9 2 1 Explain benefits to communities

1 Stakeholder cooperation 7 Arranging community outreach 1 Promote community benefits

101

2 Core entity resources 1 Promote participatory processes Recognising cultural diversity 10 1 Establishing protected areas

1 Planning involvement 1 Engage with partners 1 Spiritual/cultural support Communicate locally 4

1 Too many partners 1 Improve partner interaction 1 Leveraging relations/culture 1 Keep communities well-informed 4

1 Stakeholder relations 1 Improve partner rels with SNA 2 1 Disseminate information locally

1 Stakeholder liaison 9 2 1 Explain benefits to communities

1 Stakeholder cooperation 7 Arranging community outreach 1 Promote community benefits

1 Manage stakeholders interests Collaborate and cooperate 8 Community outreach 1 Motivate community

1 Support participatory inclusion 6 Communicate well 2 Lack of resources 1 Seek popular support

2 Maintaining interest 4 Involve core entity 11 3 Organise community outreach

40 4 Communicate/collaborate/coord. 2 9

19 3 Build cross-scale collaboration 7

Managing government relations 3 Apply consultative approach

2 Government support 1 Encourage collaboration

2 1 Drive participation/collaboration

1 1 Involve/coordinate partners

Communicating with partners 1 Encourage cooperative efforts

2 Communications 4 Involve all key partners

1 Stakeholder communications 1 Encourage partner networking

3 1 Cooperate across borders

2 1 Involve partners in land-use plans

Seeking govt. support 1 Encourage bilateral resolutions

2 Local govt liaison/support 1 Gain/support landowner

1 Government relations/involved 1 Support indigenous relations

3 1 Build strong relationships

2 35

Working across the corridor 17

6 Partner collaboration Overcome partner differences

6 Partner coordination 1 Share power among stakeholders

2 Partner engagement 1 Communicate early with partners

1 Cross sectoral collaboration 1 Improve information sharing

1 Integrating activities 1 Address cross-boundary issues

1 Coordinating across jurisdictions 1 Manage partner diversity

17 1 Arbitrate partner differences

6 1 Overcome barriers to progress

1 Overcome resistance to change

8

8

Total comments 98 74 48 52 44 29

Total ideas 44 46 18 23 22 11

ALL CORRIDORS Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Supporting conservation process Promote conservation Seeking university involvement Develop research focus Exploiting funding opportunities Promote corridor

12 Sell conservation 2 Sell Vision 3 Low academic interest 5 Identify projects 12 Access private funding 6 Promote the Vision

6 Fund conservation 2 Support covenants 2 Engage with universities 2 Identify priorities 8 Access govt funding 1 Achieve corridor targets

11 Support conservation 1 Communicate regularly 1 Communication 7 3 Funding through carbon credits 1 Promote successes

4 Identify suitable land 1 Promote conserv. benefits 1 Partner support 2 2 Finding funding sources 1 Sustainable core entity

2 Negotiate agreements 1 Offer conservation options 1 Competition Seek university support 1 Availability of carbon offsets 9

1 Address diversity of needs 1 Sustainable land use focus 8 4 Compelling Vision 1 Project funding 4

1 Patience 8 5 5 Engage with universities 1 Funding shortages/uncertainty Seek funds

1 Farmer education 6 Securing funding and resources 2 Locally based researchers 1 Funding - competition 6 Diversify funding sources

1 Exploiting land experience Build relationships 6 Funding 1 Student involvement 1 Inadequate funding 3 Resource fundraising efforts

39 1 Build relationships 1 Resource to plan research 1 Develop partnerships 30 2 Develop strategy/plan

9 1 Trust 3 Monitor/report progress 13 9 2 Fund - govt, philanthropy, corp.

102

ALL CORRIDORS Private Property Private Property Science Science Fundraising Fundraising

Challenges Success Factors Challenges Success factors Challenges Success Factors

Supporting conservation process Promote conservation Seeking university involvement Develop research focus Exploiting funding opportunities Promote corridor

12 Sell conservation 2 Sell Vision 3 Low academic interest 5 Identify projects 12 Access private funding 6 Promote the Vision

6 Fund conservation 2 Support covenants 2 Engage with universities 2 Identify priorities 8 Access govt funding 1 Achieve corridor targets

11 Support conservation 1 Communicate regularly 1 Communication 7 3 Funding through carbon credits 1 Promote successes

4 Identify suitable land 1 Promote conserv. benefits 1 Partner support 2 2 Finding funding sources 1 Sustainable core entity

2 Negotiate agreements 1 Offer conservation options 1 Competition Seek university support 1 Availability of carbon offsets 9

1 Address diversity of needs 1 Sustainable land use focus 8 4 Compelling Vision 1 Project funding 4

1 Patience 8 5 5 Engage with universities 1 Funding shortages/uncertainty Seek funds

1 Farmer education 6 Securing funding and resources 2 Locally based researchers 1 Funding - competition 6 Diversify funding sources

1 Exploiting land experience Build relationships 6 Funding 1 Student involvement 1 Inadequate funding 3 Resource fundraising efforts

39 1 Build relationships 1 Resource to plan research 1 Develop partnerships 30 2 Develop strategy/plan

9 1 Trust 3 Monitor/report progress 13 9 2 Fund - govt, philanthropy, corp.

Addressing conservation issues 1 Good farmer relations 10 5 Prioritising funding needs 2 Focus on funding

1 Legislative uncertainty 1 Partner collaboration 3 Attract research funding 1 Project funding 1 Secure adequate funding

1 Lack of incentives 4 Achieving research focus 6 Gain funding 2 Core entity funding 1 Leverage core entity

1 Ongoing farmer costs 4 8 Scientific input to planning 6 3 1 Partner coordination

1 Govt support Support conservation 2 Align needs/interests 1 2 1 Landowner support

1 Carbon credit incentives 8 Fund conservation 1 Prioritisation Develop scientific knowledge Conducting fundraising activity 19

5 4 Support farmers 3 Identify projects 2 Leverage scientific knowledge 7 Compete for funds 6

5 3 Provide facilitators 1 Relevance of research 1 Adopt best practice science 4 Resource fundraising Exploit carbon opportunity

Enabling conservation acquisition 3 Provide advice/support 1 Lack of focus 1 Leverage best available science 2 Grant reporting 1 Exploit carbon sequestration potl.

1 Fund acquisitions 2 Incentivise landowners 1 Useful research 1 Provide/manage research 1 Lack of DGR status 1 Prepare for carbon opportunity

1 Manage acquisitions 1 Available resources 1 Low knowledge base 5 14 2

1 Sensible sale negotiations 1 Pool funding 1 Research integration 4 4 2

1 Support - agreements 1 Collaborate for land conservation 1 Opportunistic vs planned Use scientific knowledge

4 1 Engage with landowners locally 1 Low priority 1 Link planning to science

4 1 Improve land management 1 Research collaborartion 1 Learn by research/ adaptive mgt

Selling connectivity 25 22 1 Link scientists and practitioners

2 Sell conservation 6 12 1 Implement scientific approach

1 Engaging landowners/govt Facilitate conservation investment 1 Collaborate with researchers

1 Landowner involvement 1 Seek conservation investors 1 Co-produce scientific knowledge

1 Landowner participation 1 Involve landowners 6

5 1 Real estate agent support 6

4 1 Trust for Nature support

Resolving issues 4

1 Negotiating with landowners 4

1 Landowner misunderstandings Plan connectivity options

1 Landowner/conservation conflicts 1 Participate in land-use planning

1 Land-use restrictions 1 Understand land ownership

1 Identifying land to purchase 1 Purchase strategic land

5 3

5 3

Covenanting land Preserve conservation outcomes

1 Measuring covenant success 2 Provide conservation instruments

1 Managing covenanting outcomes 1 Protect land with covenants

1 Inflexible agreements 1 Use multi-party covenants

1 Dispute resolution 1 Future-proof covenants

1 Ensuring covenant permanancy 1 Plan/monitor covenants

5 1 Establish dispute mechanisms

5 7

6

Total comments 63 51 40 37 47 30

Total ideas 32 29 20 18 15 12

103

Covenanting land Preserve conservation outcomes

1 Measuring covenant success 2 Provide conservation instruments

1 Managing covenanting outcomes 1 Protect land with covenants

1 Inflexible agreements 1 Use multi-party covenants

1 Dispute resolution 1 Future-proof covenants

1 Ensuring covenant permanancy 1 Plan/monitor covenants

5 1 Establish dispute mechanisms

5 7

6

Total comments 63 51 40 37 47 30

Total ideas 32 29 20 18 15 12

ALL CORRIDORS Media Media

Challenges Success Factors

Addressing newsworthiness Build media relations

9 Not newsworthy 9 Resource comms

1 3 Exploit social media

Managing w/out comms resource 2 Partner cooperation

13 Lack of comms resouce 1 Core entity involvement

1 1 Maintain good relations

Raising corridor profile 1 Sponsor support/promotion

2 Low corridor profile 17

1 6

Recognising partner contributions Create media opportunities

4 Recognition of partners 4 Compelling Vision

1 3 Promote events/projects

Promoting conservation 1 Flexibility

1 Increasing media awareness 8

1 Promoting conservation 3

1 Providing information Promote the Vision

1 Maintaining communications 8 Promote Vision

1 Recognition - competition 8

1 Communications 1

1 Communicating conservation Develop effective communications

7 1 Develop effective communication

7 1 Provide accessible information

1 Provide good information

1 Deploy powerful media tools

4

4

Communicate frequently

4 Maintain continuous comms

1 Communicate early

1 Increase awareness/comms

1 Undertake education programmes

7

4

Promote social benefits

1 Promote eco-tourism benefits

1 Leverage tourism/cultural product

2

2

Challenges Success factors

Total comments 35 46 Grand Total - Comments 635 Grand Total - Comments 596

Total ideas 11 20 Grand Total - Ideas 304 Grand Total - Ideas 286 `

104

Communicate frequently

4 Maintain continuous comms

1 Communicate early

1 Increase awareness/comms

1 Undertake education programmes

7

4

Promote social benefits

1 Promote eco-tourism benefits

1 Leverage tourism/cultural product

2

2

Challenges Success factors

Total comments 35 46 Grand Total - Comments 635 Grand Total - Comments 596

Total ideas 11 20 Grand Total - Ideas 304 Grand Total - Ideas 286 `

105

Appendix 22 – Combined Findings –Challenges

Challenges Comments

Challenges Comments

Network Planning

Working with partners

Managing the Corridor

Dealing with government

Building community relations

Visioning the network

Structuring the network

Understanding the network

Achieving results

32

37

4

2

7

25

11

5

Gaining planning support

Organising the planning process

Setting the direction

Aligning with government

Understanding context

Discovering information

Planning effectively

12

26

23

5

12

9

7

Totals 123 Totals 94

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Organising resources for plans

Securing funds for core entity

and projects

Keeping resources

21

18

4

Resolving stakeholder issues

Building relationships

Managing government relations

Communicating with partners

Seeking government support

Working across the Corridor

33

40

2

3

3

17

Totals 43 Totals 98

Community Government

Encouraging community

involvement

Arranging community outreach

Educating communities

Gaining local support

Recognising cultural diversity

8

11

17

10

2

Coping with policy change

Gaining government support

Responding to legislation

15

25

4

Totals 48 Totals 44

Private Property Science

Supporting the conservation

process

Addressing conservation issues

Enabling conservation by

acquisition

Selling connectivity to

landowners

Resolving issues

Covenanting land

39

5

4

5

5

5

Seeking university involvement

Securing funding and resources

Planning with science

8

10

22

Totals 63 Totals 40

Fundraising Media/Communication

Exploiting funding opportunities

Prioritising funding needs

Conducting fundraising activity

30

3

14

Addressing newsworthiness

Managing without communications

resources

Raising Corridor profile

Properly recognizing partner

contributions

Promoting conservation

9

13

2

4

7

Totals 47 Totals 35

Total Comments 635

Total Challenges 49

106

Appendix 23 - Combined Findings –Success factors

Success Factors Comments

Success Factors Comments

Network Planning

Build/maintain partner support

Establish/support core entity

Manage Corridor well

Gain government support

Think strategically

Demonstrate leadership

Embrace participation

Develop an effective structure

Acquire and share knowledge

17

25

15

4

10

19

10

19

7

Gain/maintain planning support

Establish clear, well-informed

directions

Optimise Corridor goals

Manage process effectively

22

34

17

32

Totals 126 Totals 105 Resources Stakeholder Relations

Seek funding

Build resource capability

Inspire the workforce

11

25

10

Empower stakeholders

Encourage positive values

Strengthen partner relationships

Collaborate and cooperate

Overcome partner differences

8

14

9

35

8

Totals 46 Totals 74

Community Government

Promote the Corridor

Gain community

support/involvement

Communicate locally

15

28

9

Raise Corridor profile

Gain government support

Exploit government legislation

4

22

3

Totals 52 Totals 29

Private Property Science

Promote conservation

Build relationships

Support conservation

Facilitate conservation

investment

Plan connectivity options

Preserve conservation outcomes

8

4

25

4

3

7

Develop research focus/needs

Seek university support

Attract research funding

Develop scientific knowledge

Use scientific knowledge

7

13

6

5

6

Totals 51 Totals 37

Fundraising Media/Communication

Promote the Corridor

Seek funds for core entity and

projects

Exploit carbon opportunity

9

19

2

Establish media relationships

Create media opportunities

Promote the Vision

Develop effective communications

Communicate frequently

Promote social benefits

17

8

8

4

7

2

Totals 30 Totals 46

Total Comments 613

Total Success Factors 47

107

Appendix 24 – Combined Findings – Top 3 success factors by theme with the associated ideas

Network

Planning

Stakeholder Relations

Establish and support a core entity Establish a core entity Develop a strong board Gain funding to provide adequate resources Leverage the impact of the Corridor Vision via the core entity Establish clear accountabilities for the corridor and its partners Demonstrate leadership Provide leadership through “champions” Foster leadership and flexible management at the local level Build strong relationships Inspire and coordinate action Gain long term commitment to planning and implementation Share power and responsibility for implementation Be responsive and supportive Achieve an integrated approach to activities Balance tops down and bottoms up management Drive action across multi-scales and multi-sectors Develop an effective structure Include a core entity in the structure (as mentioned above) Optimise the network structure through good partner selection and involve a representative mix of partners Align partners with opportunities Secure national and international NGO support Build early partner support

Establish clear, well informed directions Establish multiple objectives and clear goals Align these with the Corridor Vision Set priorities and ensure they are realistic Recognise the need for long term commitment Prepare to upscale conservation activity over time Embrace opportunism – when new opportunities arise Prioritise conservation using CAP environmental planning Leverage existing plans and exploit local knowledge Base directions on sound scientific input Gain and maintain planning support Involve partners in planning Engage with the community Gain government agency input Build trust and goodwill and communicate well Use core entity and its Board to gain planning support Be persistent and patient Resource planning activity Use best practice planning tools Manage process effectively Establish clear accountabilities with partners Be flexible with the process to accommodate differing views Establish effective relationships Adopt a consultative and participatory approach Use facilitator support to progress the process Delegate planning tasks to relevant partners Cooperate on decision-making Monitor and evaluate progress Adopt a multi-disciplinary approach Coordinate plan implementation across Corridor

Collaborate and cooperate Communicate, collaborate and cooperate Build cross-scale collaboration Drive participation Involve and coordinate partners Encourage cooperative efforts Involve all key partners Encourage partner networking Cooperate across borders Involve partners in land use planning Encourage positive values and traits Trust, integrity and inclusivity Accountability and transparency Reciprocity and good communications Mutual respect Constructive relationships Patience Flexibility Commitment Strengthen partner relationships Strengthen partner relationships Develop good personal relationships Promote and drive a participatory process Engage with partner Improve partner interactions Use social network analysis for improvements

108

Community Relations Resources

Government

Gain community support and involvement

Involve communities

Communicate locally

Explain benefits of Corridor to community and the

environment

Motivate the community and seek their support

Organise community outreach programmes

Promote the Corridor

Promote the Vision

Communicate regularly

Leverage core entity resources and position

Celebrate success

Communicate locally Keep communities well informed Communicate with local indigenous communities Raise awareness of the Corridor through the Vision Run outreach activities regularly

Build resource capability

Employ, train and support regional facilitators

Gain support from government agencies

Expand partner involvement

Undertake conservation training

Leverage skills base effectively

Encourage landowner involvement and support

Decentralise on-ground delivery

Involve indigenous people on their land

Recruit enthusiastic younger people

Maintain long term support (with succession planning)

Seek funding

Seek funding from government, corporates and philanthropic

organisations for on ground projects

Secure long term funding to ensure the ongoing viability and

capability of the core entity

Inspire the workforce

Communicate a compelling Vision

Build motivation

Encourage involvement

Gain commitment

Communicate well

Collaborate together

Gain government support

Gain government support at all levels

Lobby for political support

Encourage supportive political leadership

Leverage government assets where possible

Build relationships with government

Leverage partner relationships with government

Raise Corridor profile

Promote Corridor benefits

Demonstrate success

Leverage tourism and other associated benefits

Exploit government legislation Influence government policy

Leverage government mandates

Pursue grant opportunities Seek favourable biodiversity/land-use legislation and regulation

109

Private Property

Fundraising

Science

Support conservation

Fund conservation

Pool funding from various sources

Support landowners with resources

Provide facilitator support

Incentivise landowners

Engage with landowners

Improve land management

Promote conservation

Sell the Corridor Vision

Communicate regularly

Promote conservation benefits

Focus on sustainable land use

Preserve conservation outcomes Provide conservation instruments (eg. Covenants) Protect land with covenants and other agreements Use multi-party covenants for maximum longevity Future proof covenants with contract drafting Plan and monitor covenant implementation Establish dispute mechan

Seek funds for the core entity and projects

Diversify funding sources (government, corporate,

philanthropic, NGOs)

Resource fundraising activity (and develop a strategy/plan)

Leverage core entity resources and partners

Seek landowner support (in kind)

Promote the Corridor

Promote the Vision to potential funders Achieve Corridor targets Promote successes Demonstrate core entity sustainability and contribution Exploit carbon opportunity Prepare for carbon credit opportunity

Consider carbon sequestration in planning 109orridor

Seek university support

Sell compelling Vision

Engage with universities

Exploit locally based universities and researchers

Involve university students

Develop partnerships with universities

Develop research focus/needs

Identify suitable projects

Identify priorities

Link planning with science

Co-produce scientific knowledge

Collaborate with researchers

Attract research funding Gain necessary funding to support research

110

Media and communications

Establish media relationships

Resource the communications function

Cooperate with partners

Involve the core entity resources

Maintain good media relationships

Seek sponsor support and promotion

Create media opportunities

Sell compelling Vision to media reps

Promote interesting events and projects

Be flexible and pro-active

Promote the Vision

Promote the Vision widely and regularly!

111

Appendix 25 – Combined Findings – Alignment of success factors with

challenges (asterisked items are not matched)

Challenges Success factors

Challenges Success factors

Network Planning

Managing the Corridor

Working with partners

Demonstrate leadership

Setting the direction

Establish clear, well-

informed directions

Structuring the network Develop an effective

structure

Establish/support core entity

Gaining planning support

Gain/maintain planning

support

Organising the planning

process

Manage process effectively

Resources Stakeholder Relations

Organising resources for

plan

Build resource capability

Working across the network

Collaborate and cooperate Encourage positive values and traits

Securing funds for the core

entity

Seek funding

Building relationships

Resolving stakeholder

issues

Strengthen partner

relationships

Keeping resources* Inspire the workforce*

Community Government

Educating communities

Arranging community

outreach

Promote the Corridor

Communicate locally

Gaining government support

Gain government support

Raise Corridor profile

Gaining local support Gain community support

and involvement

Responding to legislation

Coping with policy change

Exploit government

legislation

Private Property Science

Supporting the conservation

process

Addressing conservation

issues

Support conservation Preserve conservation

outcomes

Planning with science

Develop research

focus/needs

Selling connectivity to

landowners

Promote conservation

Securing funding and

resources

Attract research funding

Seeking university

involvement

Seek university support

Fundraising Media/Communication

Exploiting funding

opportunities

Conducting fundraising

activities

Seek funds for the core

entity and projects

Promote the Corridor

Promoting conservation

Promote the Vision

Prioritising funding needs*

Exploit carbon opportunity* Managing without

communications resources*

Addressing

newsworthiness*

Establish media

relationships*

Create media opportunities*

112

Appendix 26 – Improving Knowledge Exchange

Here are some suggestions from two research papers for improving knowledge

exchange between academics and practitioners:

McNie (2007), p. 31-32

1. Understand the decision-making process – how decisions are made and by

whom

2. Improve relationships between the parties - build trusted and respectful

relationships across the science-society boundary

3. Understand the context of the process – recognise the importance of

temporal, spacial, political, scientific and cultural factors in the success or

failure of knowledge transfer

4. Facilitate knowledge exchange through a third party boundary person or

organisation – to actively manage the science-society boundary

5. Develop an agreed prioritised plan – through effective two way

communications about objectives and priorities

Beier, Hansen et al. (2017), p.290-294

1. Managers: approach scientists with the need, goal or problem and not ask for

a product

2. Scientists: understand the decision to be made and the environment in which

it is to be made

3. Partners: arrange a face-to-face meeting of all partners to agree on necessary

decisions and research needs

4. Partners: agree to establish an advisory group to progress the project

5. Partners: regularly meet to discuss progress

6. Decision-makers: explain to scientists the decision-making environment and

management requirements for research

7. Scientists: clearly communicate the uncertainty attached to the research

results and their implications. Expect results to be challenged by managers

8. Partners: evaluate progress and process, and disseminate findings

9. Funders/universities/governments: create and grow boundary organisations to

support co-production of actionable science

10. Funders/universities/governments/NGOs: create incentives for academic

scientists to consider co-production