Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Open Access to Legacy Taxonomic Literature
The Biodiversity Heritage Library
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage LibraryIn any well-appointed Natural History Library there should be found every book and every edition of every book dealing in the remotest way with the subjects concerned. One never knows wherein one edition differs from or supplements the other and unless these are on the same table at the same time it is not possible to collate them properly. Moreover for accurate work it is necessary for the student to verify every reference he may find; it is not enough to copy from a previous author; he must verify each reference itself from the original.
Charles Davies Sherborn, Epilogue to Index Animalium, March 1922
Charles Davies Sherborn (1861-1942)
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage LibraryYet another physical difficulty is the task of assembling the library and indexes which will enable the student to work under proper conditions…. the beginner must now be prepared to spend liberally, or else must establish himself in an institution where a large library exists; if he work by himself with only a few books, he will have to confine himself to a very narrow specialty indeed.'The Limitations of Taxonomy' by J.M. Aldrich, Science, April 22,
1927, vol. LXV, no. 1686, p.381
Insecta. Diptera. Volume I (1886-1901)
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage LibraryThe cited half-life of publications in taxonomy is longer than in any other scientific discipline
* * * The decay rate is longer than in any scientific discipline
- Macro-economic case for open access, Tom Moritz
Levinus Vincent
Elenchus tabularum, pinacothecarum, 1719
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Taxonomic Impediment
“The taxonomic impediment is a term that describes the gaps of knowledge in our taxonomic system”
- Darwin Declaration, 1998
Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de BuffonHistoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Thylacine from Philip Lutley Sclater, Guide to the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London, 1891
• that there is access to information held in national/regional/global collections
• that electronic data is efficiently captured and provided in useable form
• that existing information held in literature and by current experts is made available electronically
• that stability of scientific names of organisms, used to access this information, is promoted
- Darwin Declaration, 1998
The essential requirements for accessing and utilising this global information are:
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de BuffonHistoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808
Convention on Biological Diversity: Article 17… exchange of information shall include exchange of results of technical, scientific and socio-economic research … It shall also, where feasible, include repatriation of information.
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
US & Canada Europe Mexico & C.America
SouthAmerica
Biologia Centrali-AmericanaEdited by Frederick Ducane Godman and Osbert SalvinLondon : Pub. for the editors by R. H. Porter, 1879-1915
Chart showing distribution in public collections of the complete 63 volume sets held worldwide.2 complete copies in Central America held at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Henry Walter BatesThe Naturalist on the River Amazons, 1863
Vishwas Chavan travels a lot. An informatician based at the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India, he collects data on what types of animal live where in India to enter into a biodiversity database … Much of the information Chavan seeks is in old, out-of-print tomes … To find them, Chavan has spent years trailing around libraries. He dreams of the day when books such as these are scanned and made available as digital files on the Internet.
“Science in the Web Age: The Real Death of Print”by Andreas von Bubnoff
Nature 438, 550-552 1 December 2005
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Progne subis- Purple Martin Illustrations of the nest and eggs of birds of Ohio, 1879-1886
Library and Laboratory: the Marriage of Research, Data and Taxonomic LiteratureLondon, February 2005Eighty participants from 22 countries gathered to discuss the status and future of access to the taxonomic literature and to propose an agenda for actions that would improve the research environment for taxonomy. The participants were taxonomists; librarians; publishers; representatives of learned and professional societies, private foundations and government agencies; and specialists in information and communications technology.
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Ernest Ingersoll Hand-book to the National Museum … Smithsonian Institution, 1886
May 2005, the libraries represented at the London meeting gathered in Washington to lay out the ground work for the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Representatives of a number of major natural history and botanical libraries met at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., with the support of the Smithsonian Institution, to develop a strategy and operational plan to digitize the published literature of biodiversity held in their respective collections and to make that literature available for open access and responsible use as a part of a global “biodiversity commons.”
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Museums– American Museum
of Natural History (New York)
– Natural History Museum (London)
– Smithsonian Institution (Washington)
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Museums– American Museum
of Natural History (New York)
– Natural History Museum (London)
– Smithsonian Institution (Washington)
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Museums– American Museum
of Natural History (New York)
– Natural History Museum (London)
– Smithsonian Institution (Washington)
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Botanical Gardens– Missouri Botanical
Garden– New York Botanical
Garden– Royal Botanic
Garden, Kew
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Botanical Gardens– Missouri Botanical
Garden– New York Botanical
Garden– Royal Botanic
Garden, Kew
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Botanical Gardens– Missouri Botanical
Garden– New York Botanical
Garden– Royal Botanic
Garden, Kew
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• University Libraries– Botany Libraries,
Harvard University– Ernst Meyer Library
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• University Libraries– Botany Libraries,
Harvard University– Ernst Meyer Library
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Bioinformatics Member– Marine Biological
Laboratory / Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBL/WHOI)
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Bioinformatics Member– Marine Biological
Laboratory / Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Library (MBL/WHOI)
– uBio project of MBL/WHOI
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage LibraryAffiliated Partner: Internet Archive
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Reptilia and Batrachia. (1885-1902) by Albert C.L.G. Günther
Mandates:
Open Access: all content can be reused, repurposed, reformatted, sliced, diced, scraped, and ???
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Reptilia and Batrachia. (1885-1902) by Albert C.L.G. Günther
Mandates:Opt in Copyright Model: The BHL will actively work with professional societies and associations to integrate their publications into the BHL in a way that serves the societies’ missions and goals
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Jacob Christian SchäfferElementa entomologica . . . 1766.
Metadata RepositoryStore all bibliographic metadata for the member libraries; create volume, part, piece metadata; ingest page level metadata at scanning level for the creation of page level Globally Unique Identifiers (GUIDs) for linking to other taxonomic services
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository
Member Catalog A Member Catalog B
Item Records
Bib. Records
Item RecordsItem Records
Bib. Records
Item RecordsItem RecordsItem Records
BHL MR Bib Records
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository
Member Catalog A Member Catalog B
Item Records
Bib. Records
Item RecordsItem Records
Bib. Records
Item RecordsItem RecordsItem Records
BHL MR Bib Records
BHL MR Item Records BHL MR Repository
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository
Internet Archive
Z39.50 Fetch: Internet Archive from BHL (Current Practice)Could be some other way to depending on metadata scheme (e.g. OAI-PHM?)
BHL MR Bib Records
BHL MR Item Records
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata RepositoryFirst Ingest
Internet Archive
Bib # Barcode Sub-element
45632 390888343
45632 390888344
45632 390888345
45632 390888346
45632 390888347
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata RepositorySub-Element Map
Internet Archive
Bib # Barcode Sub-element
45632 390888343 1
45632 390888343 2
45632 390888343 3
45632 390888343 4
45632 390888343 5
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository
Bib # Barcode Sub-element
45632 390888343 1
Page Structure Map
Internet Archive
Image Number
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005If possible, auto create explicit automated page numbering at this point
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository II
Internet Archive
Z39.50 Fetch: BHL from Internet Archive or some other way to upload matching description with the scanned images.
BHL MR Bib Records
BHL MR Item Records
Sub-element & page /image structure
map
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository II
Bib # Barcode Sub-element
45632 390888343 1
Bib/Sub-element/Page Structure MapImage
Number
0001
0002
0003
0004
0005BHL MR
BHL MR
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository II
Internet ArchiveBHL MR
BHL Public Interface
BHL MR
BHL MR
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
BHL Metadata Repository II
Internet ArchiveBHL MR
BHL Public Interface
Taxonomic Web Servicese.g. CBOL, GBIF, ITIS,
GenBank, INOTAXA documents, etc.
BHL MRBHL MR
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library“Guano diggers among the
albatrosses. Laysan Island”
So, we have page pictures, we have some metadata, but what good is it? I fear that with millions of books, our users will just be left like these guano diggers in Hawaii.
Lionel Walter RothschildThe avifauna of Laysan and the neighboring islands, 1893-1900
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Agatea violarisType specimen from the U.S. National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution) collected by the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Specimen- Plate or other visual image- Taxonomic description
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Eleazar AlbinA natural history of English song-birds…, 1741
Massachusetts. Zoological and Botanical Survey
Reports on the fishes, reptiles and birds of Mass., 1839
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage LibraryBHL Taxonomic Intelligence Tool
- Developed by David Remsen and staff MBL/WHOI Library
Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de BuffonHistoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Refactoring Natural History Literature, April 17-18, 2006University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Martin R. KalfatovicSmithsonian Institution Libraries
Biodiversity Heritage Library
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