Marital assimilation of Central Java people in
two destinations: Investigating patterns of
exogamous marriage and status exchange
Panel:
Prof. Peter McDonald; Dr. Ariane Utomo
Hasnani Rangkuti
PhD Conference
Crawford School of Public Policy, ANU
19 November 2014
Why marital assimilation?
To add to understanding of the underlying factors that
influence migration assimilation and the acceptance of
migrant groups by other groups, in particular by the natives
in the place of destination.
Why Central Java?
1. The largest source of out-migrants in Indonesia
2. Heartland of the Javanese, the largest ethnic group
3. BBK and JMR are important destinations for Central
Java people and have a wide range of ethnicities.
Contribution:
Producing new knowledge on the understudied area of
marriage pairing in Indonesia
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Research questions:
1. To what extent are Central Java people in an
exogamous marriage?
2. If they marry out, with what groups are they most likely
to inter-marry?
3. How do Central Java people compare with other groups
in their degree of exogamy?
4. Among Central Java husbands/wives, who marries out?
5. What are the relative education levels of the spouses
among Central Java people who marry out?
6. Is status exchange in relation to education evident
among Central Java people who inter-marry with the
local people?
Definitions:
- Destinations:
1. BBK (Batam-Bintan-Karimun) is an economic bounded
zone of three islands located in the Kepulauan Riau
province in Sumatera island.
2. JMR (Jakarta Metropolitan Region) is an economic
zone consists of 13 regions, located in the northern part
of Java island
- Concept used to measure assimilation:
1. Ethno migration status: based on place of origin.
2. Ethnicity: based on ethnic group classification.
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Theoretical review
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Individual’s
preference Role of social groups
Conditions of
marriage market
Determinants of exogamous marriages
Age
Location
Education Status exchange on
education
Educational matching
Data and Method used in the study
Data
• Indonesian 2010 population census data.
• Married co-resident couples in BBK and JMR
• Measured by ethno-migration status and ethnicity
1. Patterns of exogamous marriage
- Method: Binary logistic regression model
- Unit of analysis: married co-resident couples
- DV = 1 if in exogamous marriage; 0=otherwise
2. Testing of status exchange
- Method: Multinomial logistic regression model
- Units of analysis: Couples where one or both spouses are
from Central Java or the destination area, aged 20-39.
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Marriages of husbands and wives by ethno migration status
No. of couples= 287124
No. of couples= 5342103
BBK
JMR
Others Local born Central Java East Java North Sumatra West Sumatra Total
Others 18.17 5.07 2.01 1.58 2.64 2.08 31.55
Local born 4.59 17.89 0.86 0.74 0.82 0.62 25.52
Central Java 1.77 1.04 4.56 0.78 0.50 0.42 9.08
East Java 1.71 1.15 0.98 4.07 0.49 0.40 8.78
North Sumatra 2.01 0.88 0.47 0.37 11.18 0.66 15.58
West Sumatra 1.58 0.61 0.31 0.23 0.59 6.17 9.49
Total 29.84 26.64 9.18 7.77 16.22 10.35 100.00
Husbands' ethno
migration status
Wives' ethno migration status
Others Local born Central Java East Java North Sumatra West Sumatra Total
Others 8.91 5.83 2.24 0.66 0.28 0.21 18.12
Local born 4.83 45.14 2.98 0.80 0.33 0.28 54.37
Central Java 2.31 3.67 9.49 0.91 0.11 0.10 16.58
East Java 0.81 1.30 1.02 2.18 0.05 0.04 5.40
North Sumatra 0.40 0.66 0.21 0.08 2.07 0.06 3.48
West Sumatra 0.27 0.48 0.15 0.04 0.06 1.06 2.06
Total 17.53 57.08 16.08 4.67 2.90 1.75 100.00
Husbands' ethno
migration status
Wives' ethno migration status
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Marriages of husbands and wives by ethnicity
No. of couples= 286894
No. of couples= 5343416
BBK
JMR
Others Local ethnic group Javanese Minangkabau Batak Toba Chinese Total
Others 17.86 2.45 4.51 1.58 1.03 0.12 27.55
Local ethnic group 1.63 13.28 2.22 0.82 0.13 0.05 18.13
Javanese 3.67 2.49 19.30 1.60 0.49 0.09 27.65
Minangkabau 1.16 0.78 1.25 7.59 0.14 0.02 10.94
Batak Toba 0.55 0.10 0.34 0.09 6.81 0.02 7.92
Chinese 0.30 0.14 0.36 0.04 0.06 6.91 7.80
Total 25.17 19.25 27.98 11.73 8.66 7.22 100.00
Wives' ethnic groupHusbands' ethnic
group
Others Local ethnic group Javanese Minangkabau Batak Toba Chinese Total
Others 4.73 2.01 1.62 0.14 0.07 0.06 8.64
Local ethnic group 1.26 49.44 5.17 0.26 0.03 0.05 56.22
Javanese 1.25 6.56 20.87 0.25 0.04 0.06 29.03
Minangkabau 0.15 0.44 0.30 1.12 0.01 0.00 2.02
Batak Toba 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.01 0.68 0.00 0.91
Chinese 0.05 0.12 0.13 0.00 0.00 2.87 3.19
Total 7.52 58.64 28.17 1.78 0.84 3.05 100.00
Husbands' ethnic
group
Wives' ethnic group
Likelihood of being in exogamous marriage (ethno migration status)
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BBK
JMR
Likelihood of being in exogamous marriage (ethnicity)
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BBK
JMR
Testing status exchange on education
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BBK JMR
Central Java born
husband/ Local
born wife
Local born husband/
Central Java born
wife
Central Java born
husband/ Local
born wife
Local born husband/
Central Java born
wife
Wives marry up on
education (0.930) 1.372 1.141 0.964
Educational homogamy
(Ref.)
Wives marry down on
education 1.327 (0.870) 1.320 1.492
BBK JMR
Javanese
husband/ Local
ethnic wife
Local ethnic
husband/ Javanese
wife
Javanese
husband/ Local
ethnic wife
Local ethnic
husband/ Javanese
wife
Wives marry up on
education 1.141 (1.009) 1.075 0.975
Educational homogamy
(Ref.)
Wives marry down on
education (1.112) 1.328 1.199 1.348
(): not significant at 5% alpha
Summary of preliminary results:
1. Patterns of exogamous marriages vary across the two destinations
and different measurements.
2. Percentages of marital assimilation among Central Java
husbands/wives are higher when measured by ethno migration
status than by ethnicity
3. Central Java people are more likely to marry with the local people
than other groups
4. Education positively influences the likelihood of being in an
exogamous marriage for both husbands and wives in BBK and JMR.
5. Educational homogamy dominates patterns of inter- and intra-
marriage in all places
6. Status exchange on education is not a predominant factor influencing
Central Java inter-marriage patterns. In fact, educational homogamy
is the dominant factor when Central Java people inter-marry.
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