March 13March 13thth, 2007, 2007
byby
Indraneel Kumar, AICP; Spatial and GIS AnalystIndraneel Kumar, AICP; Spatial and GIS Analyst
Christine Nolan, Senior AssociateChristine Nolan, Senior Associate
Purdue Center for Regional DevelopmentPurdue Center for Regional Development
Purdue UniversityPurdue University
Commuting Patterns in Indiana: Commuting Patterns in Indiana:
A GIS ApproachA GIS Approach
Acknowledgements: Eda Unal, Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue Center Acknowledgements: Eda Unal, Graduate Research Assistant, Purdue Center for Regional Development, Purdue Universityfor Regional Development, Purdue University
What is Commuting?What is Commuting?
• Movement / travel for a “trip” Movement / travel for a “trip” purposepurpose
• Work purpose- “Place of Work” Work purpose- “Place of Work” and “Place of Residence”and “Place of Residence”
• Trip purpose could be Trip purpose could be shopping, school, recreational, shopping, school, recreational, social, etc.social, etc.
• Each trip has an “origin” and Each trip has an “origin” and “destination”“destination”
• A trip could be “unlinked” or A trip could be “unlinked” or “linked” “linked”
ParametersParameters
• PurposePurpose
• Travel time- Travel time- peak/non-peak peak/non-peak
• Travel modeTravel mode
• Drove alone vs.Drove alone vs.
car/van poolingcar/van pooling
Source: FHWA, FTA, DOT
• Nationally, average travel time Nationally, average travel time for commuting to job (workers 16 for commuting to job (workers 16 years and over) was 26 minutes in years and over) was 26 minutes in 20002000
• In 1990, 22 minutesIn 1990, 22 minutes
• About 76 % workers (who did About 76 % workers (who did not work at home) drove alone in not work at home) drove alone in 20002000
• In 1990, 73%In 1990, 73%
At a GlanceAt a Glance
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census
At a GlanceAt a Glance
Based on American Based on American Community Survey Community Survey
• In 2005, average travel time In 2005, average travel time for commuting to job is 25.1 for commuting to job is 25.1 minutesminutes
• About 77% workers (who About 77% workers (who did not work at home) drove did not work at home) drove alone to workalone to work
• Nationwide Personal Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey Transportation Survey (NPTS), 1995(NPTS), 1995
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Data CharacteristicsData Characteristics• Census Transportation Planning Census Transportation Planning Package, 2000Package, 2000
• Available from Federal Highway Available from Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOTAdministration, U.S. DOT
• Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, TranstatsTranstats
• Based on Census 2000 Long Form Based on Census 2000 Long Form QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
• 1 in 6 households in the U.S. covered 1 in 6 households in the U.S. covered by the surveyby the survey
• Various data products- Place of Various data products- Place of Residence, Place of Work, Journey to Residence, Place of Work, Journey to Work Flow TablesWork Flow Tables
• County-County Worker FlowsCounty-County Worker Flows
County-County Worker FlowsCounty-County Worker Flows
• Place of Residence Place of Residence and and Place of Work Place of Work CountiesCounties
• Commuter Flow methodology by FHWACommuter Flow methodology by FHWA
• Available at Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ctpp
• Data available at Data available at http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/commuting.html
• Select the whole State (Indiana)Select the whole State (Indiana)
---- Residence County---- Residence County ---- Work County ---- Work County
Simple Simple Mapping of Net- Mapping of Net-
CommutingCommuting
County-County Worker FlowsCounty-County Worker Flows• Converting the Excel file into “line feature class”Converting the Excel file into “line feature class”
- Convert County Boundary into Center-Point - Convert County Boundary into Center-Point feature classfeature class
- Excel into DBF IVExcel into DBF IV
- Join center-point table to DBF to populate Join center-point table to DBF to populate coordinatescoordinates
- Join Indiana counties as residence and then as Join Indiana counties as residence and then as workplaceworkplace
- Each pair of Indiana counties has two entriesEach pair of Indiana counties has two entries
- Convert the DBF IV into “flow line”Convert the DBF IV into “flow line”
- Query and refine Query and refine
Tools Used: ET Geo Wizards, ArcGIS ToolboxTools Used: ET Geo Wizards, ArcGIS Toolbox
ProcessProcess
ProcessProcess
ProcessProcess
• Join by using Res_StCo (Residence State and Join by using Res_StCo (Residence State and counties) to populate the Indiana counties counties) to populate the Indiana counties
• If Indiana counties are residence- they are populated If Indiana counties are residence- they are populated (2,555 out of 5,239 records in total)(2,555 out of 5,239 records in total)
• Fill in X and Y CoordinatesFill in X and Y Coordinates
• Export as Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) fileExport as Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) file
• Join by using Wrk_StCo (Work State and counties) Join by using Wrk_StCo (Work State and counties) to populate the Indiana countiesto populate the Indiana counties
• All work counties are Indiana counties- each record All work counties are Indiana counties- each record is populated (5,239 records in total)is populated (5,239 records in total)
• Fill in X and Y Coordinates Fill in X and Y Coordinates
• Export as Indiana Work Counties (DBF) fileExport as Indiana Work Counties (DBF) file
ProcessProcess
• Add Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) and Indiana Work Add Indiana Residence Counties (DBF) and Indiana Work Counties (DBF) as Event ThemesCounties (DBF) as Event Themes
• County center points outside of Indiana will come the origin (0,0)County center points outside of Indiana will come the origin (0,0)
• Put Spatial Reference- projection systemPut Spatial Reference- projection system
Origin (0,0) ProcessProcess
• Merge the Two Event Themes by using “Merge Function” in ArcGIS Merge the Two Event Themes by using “Merge Function” in ArcGIS ToolboxToolbox
• Since “fields names” for both the themes are constant, this results Since “fields names” for both the themes are constant, this results into 10,478 records or two tables are merged into one “feature class”into 10,478 records or two tables are merged into one “feature class”
• Each unique id. (Residence State-Residence County-Work State- Each unique id. (Residence State-Residence County-Work State- Work County) will be repeated twice, only X and Y coordinates will Work County) will be repeated twice, only X and Y coordinates will changechange
• If Residence and Work Counties are same- X and Y coordinates If Residence and Work Counties are same- X and Y coordinates remain the sameremain the same
• ET Geo Wizards “Point to Polyline” ET Geo Wizards “Point to Polyline”
• A flow-line is created between each Residence-Work County pairs A flow-line is created between each Residence-Work County pairs (5,239 lines)(5,239 lines)
• Commuters coming from Residence County outside of state receives Commuters coming from Residence County outside of state receives origin (0,0) coordinate as one endorigin (0,0) coordinate as one end
• Populate commuter count data by joining the tablesPopulate commuter count data by joining the tables
ProcessProcess
0 - 1,000
1,001-2,500
2,501 - 5,000
5,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 368,274
Counties0 - 500
501 - 1,0001,001 - 5,0005,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 368,274
ProcessProcess
Within County and County to Within County and County to County Journey to Work (JTW)County Journey to Work (JTW)
Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 250,000
250,001 - 368,274
County to County JTW (Inter County)1 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 368,274
County Boundaries
Commuting Commuting PatternsPatterns
Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 250,000
250,001 - 368,274
County to County JTW (Inter County)1 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 368,274
County Boundaries
Interstates
InterstatesInterstates
Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 250,000
250,001 - 368,274
County to County JTW (Inter County)1 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 368,274
U.S. Highways
County Boundaries
State HighwaysState Highways
InferencesInferences
• Generally, small dots represent bedroom Generally, small dots represent bedroom communities and large dots are major employment communities and large dots are major employment centers (Marion County)centers (Marion County)
• Flow direction is from small dots to large dotsFlow direction is from small dots to large dots
• Reverse flow is small and hidden beneath the Reverse flow is small and hidden beneath the larger flowlarger flow
• small dots connected to other small dots small dots connected to other small dots represent rural regionsrepresent rural regions
• Forms of major metropolitan areas emerge by Forms of major metropolitan areas emerge by using the Flow Mapsusing the Flow Maps
CountiesCounties
Tippecanoe CountyCommuters, 2000
2 - 250
251 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 2,500
2,501 - 3,000
• Queries at a county Queries at a county level is possiblelevel is possible
Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 250,000
250,001 - 368,274
County to County JTW (Inter County)
0 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 50,000
• Commuting to-from Commuting to-from neighboring statesneighboring states
Metropolitan Metropolitan AreasAreas
County to County JTW (Inter County)
0 - 500
501 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 50,000
Within County JTW (Intra County) 942 - 1,000
1,001 - 5,000
5,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 250,000
250,001 - 368,274
• Lake County as Lake County as Residence-originResidence-origin
• Lake County as Lake County as Work-destinationWork-destination
Further Explorations?Further Explorations?• Integrate other transportation variablesIntegrate other transportation variables
• Means of TransportationMeans of Transportation
• Travel TimeTravel Time
• Lower Geographies- Traffic Analysis Zones Lower Geographies- Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs)(TAZs)
• Interactive GIS DatabaseInteractive GIS Database
• Other Methods of Flow MappingOther Methods of Flow Mapping
• Movement of Goods Movement of Goods
• Exploring Tobler’s Flow MapperExploring Tobler’s Flow Mapper
Further Explorations?Further Explorations?Tobler’s Flow MapperTobler’s Flow Mapper
• Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS), Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science (CSISS), University of California, Santa BarbaraUniversity of California, Santa Barbara
• Movement Mapping- Migration, Flow of $, Journal Movement Mapping- Migration, Flow of $, Journal CitationsCitations
Source: Prof. Waldo ToblerSource: Prof. Waldo Tobler
Thank you!Thank you!
Indraneel KumarPurdue Center for Regional Development
Purdue University1201 W. State Street
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2057Office: 765-494-PCRD (7273)
Toll Free: 877-882-PCRD (7273)Fax: 765-494-9870
email: [email protected]
Tel: 765-494-9485email: [email protected]
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