Essential Questions:
What is Manifest Destiny?How are areas added to the US?
What is the impact of the addition of these territories on sectionalism and on the political parties?
Manifest Destiny
Young America Movement –”City on a Hill”
Both idealistic and imperialistic Political ideals – democracy, white
man’s suffrage, freedom Economic ideals – white man’s
opportunity, free enterprise, laissez faire capitalism
Social ideals – egalitarianism, social mobility, Anglo Saxon racism
““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”““Manifest Destiny”Manifest Destiny”
First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
Diplomacy Patterns Continue
Bully Adams Onis
Compromise Rush Bagot Commission of 1818 1824 Treaty w/
Russia
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Aroostok War 1839 Cause: The expulsion of Canadian
lumberjacks in the disputed area of Aroostook by Maine officials.
State declared war Congress called up 50,000 men Scott arranged compromise Land in Maine exchanged for that in
Minnesota
Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842
Key Trails
Santa Fe – trade w/ MexicoOverland – Oregon and CaliforniaOregon – Americans
Trail experiences Roles Environment Isolation tribes
Texas Revolution
Austin and Americans – 1820s migration to N. Mexico No slavery, RC – no enforcement
Home Rule 1830s – changes Enforcement; limited immigration
Santa Anna – dictator1836 Revolution
Alamo ---Goliad ----San Jacinto Annexation blocked – sectionalism,
Mexico
Election of 1844
Polk – expansionist position Re-annexation (Texas) Re-occupation (Oregon)
Deep water ports – Asian trade1845 – Tyler accomplished
annexation through a joint resolution
Almost two front war
Overland Immigration to the Overland Immigration to the WestWest
Overland Immigration to the Overland Immigration to the WestWest
Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.
Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail – Albert – Albert Bierstadt, 1869Bierstadt, 1869
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or 54’ 40º or Fight!Fight!
The Oregon Dispute: The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or 54’ 40º or Fight!Fight!
By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land.
Oregon Treaty 1846
“54 40 or Fight”Compromise
49th parallel – border Puget Sound to US Vancouver Island to BR Columbia River – joint navigation for a time
Mexican American War 1846
Issue: conflict over disputed territory; California – deep water ports
Polk sought war – lucky incident Whig opposition Spot Resolution – Lincoln Civil disobedience - Thoreau
War – easily accomplished objective –difficult to achieve peace
The Mexican War (1846-1848)The Mexican War (1846-1848)The Mexican War (1846-1848)The Mexican War (1846-1848)
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 18481848
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 18481848
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Nicholas Trist,American
Negotiator
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
Mexican Cession to US$15 million to Mexico; assume $3
million in debt Rio Grande = border US citizenship for residents of the
territoryGadsden Purchase - 1853
Wilmot Proviso
Heightened sectionalism Proposed no slavery in territory
acquired from Mexico and no free blacks in the territory
Protect white man’s opportunity
Calhoun and Emerson
“Mexico is to us the forbidden fruit, the penalty of eating it would be political death.” John C. Calhoun
“Mexico to us is poison…” Ralph Waldo Emerson
Significance of the War
Large amount of new territory Ports and natural resources gained War experience --- Civil War impact Racism and tension between Mexico
and the US War heroes Increase in sectional tensions –
access to land critical for N & SManifest destiny tied to extension
of slavery destabilized the political system
New Meaning of Race
“Anglo-Saxon Race” – superiority of white American culture
Race tied to religion, class, ethnicity/culture, color and birth place
Impact – loss for Hispanic citizens, no rights for Asians, Indian culture and land taken (CA) some ocal variation EX . TX/NM – “Spanish”/”Mexican”
Land, legal rights, opportunity limited (Foreign Miners Tax)
Additional Treaties
Tr. Of Wangshia 1844 Four ports opened; extraterritoriality
Tr. Of Tientsin 1858 11 ports; trade and travel in China
Tr. Of Kanagawa 1854 Consulate, visits, fair treatment of
castaways ---- Harris Convention1858 – five ports opened
Clayton Bulwer Treaty
Neutral canal, build together Renounced control Central America
Walker and Nicaragua
Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853Territorial Growth to 1853
Westward the Course of Empire Westward the Course of Empire Leutze, 1860Leutze, 1860
Westward the Course of Empire Westward the Course of Empire Leutze, 1860Leutze, 1860
Election of 1848
Foreshadowed problems – inability of the 2APPS to deal with sectionalism
Free Soil Party – only clear position no slavery in the territories – Van Buren
Democrats – popular sovereignty – Cass
Whigs – no clear position - Taylor
Free Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil PartyFree Soil!
Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!
Free Soil! Free Speech! Free Labor! Free Men!
“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.
Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.
Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!
“Barnburners” – discontented northern Democrats.
Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties.
Opposition to the extension of slavery in the new territories!
The 1848 Presidential Election The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsResults
The 1848 Presidential Election The 1848 Presidential Election ResultsResults
Compromise of 1850
Clay & Webster – compromise for unity
Calhoun – S must have legal access to the territories to preserve the union – two presidents – N & S – veto power
7 month debate – deadlocked Omnibus Bill
Passage
Douglas broke into partsPassed – but w/o commitment to the
overall bill Taylor threatened a veto ---diedNashville Convention –rejected
secession but conditional unionism; Georgia Platform – based on enforcement of Fugitive Slave Law
The Compromise
Stricter Fugitive Slave Law – most controversial aspect (Ableman v Booth) –S now wants federal power to enforce – contradiction to states rights ideas
No slave trade in Washington DC California entered as free state Utah and NM territories – popular
sovereignty TX debt assumed in return for land to
New Mexico Territory
Western Societies
Farming – shaped region – imitative of eastern culture, more open opportunity
1849 – Gold Rush – Mining frontier Boom towns, rapid growth Real benefits to developers Multiculturalism - Chinese
Tensions
Religion – Mormons and DeseretHispanic Rancheros – loss of land Chinese and Mexicans struggle for
opportunity Native Peoples – Sioux moving
frontier
New West Historians
Continuity – parallels the process from earlier periods
Convergence - multicultural, multiracial, multidirectional, intersecting
Conquest – seizure of land and resources – competition - colonial
Complexity – many layers of understanding and interpretation – various points of view
Internal Expansion: Northern Society
Material growth and development Telegraph RailroadsImprovements in manufacturing and
agriculturalIncrease in volume and range of
internal trade Mass immigration
Immigration - Opportunity
1820- 1840 700,0001840 -1860 4.2 million;3 million
arrived 1845-1855Greatest influx in proportion to
population1.5 million Irish; 1 million + German66,000 Chinese
Impact on cities
Overcrowding, poverty, disease, crimeSegregated by social classEthnic neighborhood and self help
groups (Five Points )Political parties and civic
celebrations unify “cauldrons of democracy”
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