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Managing Construction Risk Fall Protection
Subpart M- Fall Exposures
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Use of Fall Protection
Understand common fall hazards in your work area and
the dynamics of a fall.
How to determine when fall protection is required.
Standard methods, and Proper Use
Selection – Inspection – Set-up Use – Care – Storage
Learning Objectives
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Physics of a Fall
Elapsed Time
Distanced Traveled
Velocity Ft. per sec
Speed MPH
Force at Impact
0.00 0 0 0 0 0.25 1 ft. 8 5.5 400 lbs. 0.50 4 ft. 16 11 1,600 lbs.
0.61 6 ft. 20 14 2,400 lbs.
0.75 9 ft. 24 16 3,600 lbs.
1.00 16 ft. 32 22 6,400 lbs.
1.25 25 ft. 40 27 10,000 lbs.
1.50 36 ft. 48 33 14,000 lbs.
1.75 49 ft. 56 38 19,600 lbs.
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It’s a Coin Flip!!
Studies indicate that 50% of all fall victims impacting against a hard surface with a velocity of 18 mph (27’/second) will be killed. This is equivalent to a fall of about 11 feet
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Impact Force
The amount of impact force created in arresting a fall is based upon three items:
Individual’s weight
Fall distance
Suddenness of stop
The suddenness of the stop is the key factor
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When Is Fall Protection Needed?
Working 6 feet or more above a lower level
Hazard of falling into or onto dangerous equipment or objects
Specific areas or activities
While walking and working surfaces are being inspected
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Common Cause of Falls
Not tying off
Overreaching
Carrying tools and equipment
Hazards created from other activities
Improper selection, inspection, set-up, use
Not paying attention/complacency
Inadequate lighting
Limited space to conduct tasks
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Where workers on a Construction site are exposed to vertical
drops of 6 feet or more, OSHA requires that employers provide
Conventional Fall Protection in one of three ways:
Guardrail Systems
Safety Net Systems
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
Fall Arrest
Fall Restraint
Remember: there is no silver bullet!
Basic Fall Protection
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Ability to fall 6 or more feet to the surface below
Leading edges Wall openings Floor openings/holes Floor perimeter Roof Edges Concrete Forms
Fall Protection Should Be Provided…
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Fall Protection Options
PFAS Guardrails Safety Nets WLS/CAZ Safety Monitor Other? (Written
Fall Protection Plan)
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Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)
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A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) must include
the following components: Anchorage Body Harness Connector/Lanyard Descent/Rescue
Must also include a lanyard, deceleration device, and/or lifeline.
Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)
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Full Body Harness can be used for: Positioning Restraint Fall Arrest
Full Body Harness Components Hardware Webbing D-Ring Position Adjustments & Fit
D-Ring position
Be sure to use a size that fits properly.
Use with compatible equipment
No Body Belts!
Personal Fall Arrest System
Full Body Harness
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What’s Important?
“D” ring between shoulder blades
Butt strap supports the load
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What’s Important?
Chest strap tightened at mid chest
These keep you in the body harness
Leg straps snug but not binding
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Adjusting Your Harness
Slide your four fingers between the leg straps and leg – Fingers should slide with ease up to the knuckle and hand area.
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Personal Fall Arrest System
Full Body Harness
Which worker is wearing the harness correctly?
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Body Belts
Use is Unauthorized and Strictly Prohibited on all Jobsites
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Personal Fall Arrest System
Certified vs. Non-Certified 2:1 safety factor Reduced strength requirements
1926.502(d)(15): Anchorages used for
PFAS: 5,000 pounds per employee attached, or must be
designed and used as follows:
Equipment used only for PFAS Strength Requirements
Arrest 5000 Positioning 3000 Restraint 1000
Guardrails 200
Anchor Point
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Fall Arrest vs. Fall Restraint
Choosing the Right Equipment and Anchor
Points
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MINIMUM COMPONENTS:
1. Rated Anchorage Point Minimum 5000 lbs.
2. Lanyard 6 foot fall potential Shock Absorbing (Deceleration Device)
3. Connecting Hardware Double Locking
Snaphooks, Carabineers or D-Rings
4. Full Body Harness
Fall Arrest Systems
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What’s Important?
The higher the anchor point from the workers feet – the less the free-fall distance
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Fall Arrest System (Retractable Lifeline)
MINIMUM COMPONENTS: 1. Rated Anchorage Point
Minimum 3000 lbs.
2. Retractable Lifeline or Positioning Hook Assembly
3. Connecting Hardware Double Locking Snaphooks, Carabineers or D-Rings
4. Full Body Harness
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SWING FALL
2:1 + 2 Example: you want to
work in a 6 ft. radius. 6 x 2 +2 =14 Your anchor point
should be 14 feet above you!
More Considerations….
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Self Retracting Lanyard & Lifelines (SRL)
How they work No free fall Deceleration
Reusable* Impact indicators
Limitations Anchor Location!
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Fall Restraint Systems
Physically prevents the wearer from access to edges where falls could occur.
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Fall Restraint Systems
MINIMUM COMPONENTS:
1. Rated Anchorage Point Minimum 1000 lbs.
2. Rope and Rope Grab Assembly 3. Connecting Hardware
Double Locking
Snap hooks, Carabineers or D-Rings
4. Full Body Harness
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Connectors and Lanyards Snap hooks
Self closing and Auto-locking!
Compatible Connections
Forced roll-out and gate loading
False Connection
Carabiners Auto-locking offset D
Gate loading
Captive eye or split pin
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Flexible line with connector that connects harness to the anchor Often contains a deceleration
device No knots or wrapping
around sharp objects
Fall Arrest System Lanyard
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Fall Arrest System Deceleration Device
Dissipates energy during fall arrest
Rip-stitch, tearing, or stretching lanyard
Rope grab device Retracting lifelines
or lanyards Lanyard required
where there is no deceleration device
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Lanyards
Shock absorbing lanyards Max length 6 foot
Tie back model?
Bungee
100% tie off
No knots! Or slack…
Type depends on anchor placement
Shock absorber reduces force but increases clearance
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Personal Fall Arrest System Connector/Lanyard
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Fall Arrest System Anchors
Secure point of attachment for lifeline, lanyard, or deceleration device
Withstand 5,000 pound force per person
Anchor point above you
Ask if unsure about proper anchor points
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Anchor Slings
Angle cannot be greater than 45 degrees
Too steep of an angle can reduce strength by 66%
Knots reduce by 50%
Tie off to only the small D-Ring
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Anchor Types
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Fall Arrest System Lifeline
Lifelines connect personal fall arrest system to anchor Vertical—hang from one anchor
point Horizontal—stretched between
two anchor points Ropes and straps made of synthetic
fibers Protect against being cut or abraded
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Temporary vs. Permanent
Two employees may be connected
Increased: Forces Clearance Anchorage
Requirements
Horizontal Lifelines
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Is This Work Protected
Distance from elevated work area to concrete floor below is 15 feet
Approximate free-fall distance of the worker’s fall protection set-up is 20 feet
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Creating a Swing Fall Exposure
Worker has moved in a horizontal direction from the vertical anchor point
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By user before each use At least annually by the
competent person Document Look for:
Labels Cuts Tears and holes Broken stitches Damaged hardware UV damage Mold Indicator tags
Equipment Care, Maintenance, and Inspection
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You Are Not Out Of The Woods Yet!
The U.S. Air Force and OSHA studied “prolonged motionless suspension”. It was determined that the average amount of time that test subjects could hang motionless in a full-body harness before experiencing nausea, tingling or numbness was 14.38 minutes.
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What’s affected while suspended?
An effective fall protection program recognizes Suspension Trauma as a hazard to the fallen worker using PFAS and includes a prompt rescue capability in the program
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Rescue
The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to rescue themselves.
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Personnel Nets Debris Nets Combination
Personnel and Debris Nets
Safety Nets
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Categorized Net Application
Bridge Nets Interior Nets Perimeter Nets Elevator Shaft
Nets Roofing Nets
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Installed as close as practical to working surface but in no case more than 30 feet.
Have sufficient clearance under them to prevent contact if impact loaded.
Perform drop test after installation, whenever relocated or major repair and at 6 month intervals if left in one place.
Safety Net Installation
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Nets shall extend minimum 8 feet beyond the edge of the working surface. See table
Safety Net Installation
Vertical Distance from working level to horizontal plane of net
Minimum required distance of outer edge of net from the edge of the
working surface
Up to 5 feet 8 feet
More than 5 feet up to 10 feet 10 feet
More than 10 feet 13 feet
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OSHA Standard 1926 Subpart M – www.osha.gov Capital Safety/3M
www.capitalsafety.com National Safety Council
www.nsc.org
Additional Safety Net Installation Information
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Guardrail Systems
Toprail: 42 inches +/- 3 inches Support 200 pounds
Midrail: 21 inches +/-3 inches Support 150 pounds
Screens and Mesh- all the way from the top rail to the floor surface
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Protection from Falling Objects
1. Toe boards or screens Withstand 50 pound force At least 3.5 inches high No more than ¼ inch clearance
from floor 2. Canopy structure 3. Barricade area HARD HATS!
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Use screens or panels to prevent tools or equipment from falling on workers Store materials 4 feet from edge Roofing work, store material 6-ft from
edge Use canopies strong enough to prevent
collapse and prevent penetration Keep areas barricaded where objects
are likely to fall
Prevent Objects From Falling
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When a Guardrail isn’t Fall Protection
Once you are evaluated above the guardrail system - you no longer have adequate fall protection
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When a Guardrail isn’t Fall Protection
Once guardrails are removed and workers are exposed to fall hazards, other fall protection methods need to be used
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Prevents worker or worker’s body part from penetrating a walking or working surface
Required for all holes equal or greater than 2 inches wide
All covers for holes shall be capable of supporting at least twice the weight of employees, equipment & materials
Secured to prevent accidental displacement Color-coded, or marked with “HOLE” or
“COVER”
Hole Covers
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Floor Hole
Hole means a gap or void 2 inches or more in its least dimension, in a floor, roof, or other walking/working surface.
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Floor Hole
Covers
Secured in place
Color coded or marked “HOLE” or “COVER”
Able to support twice the weight of vehicle, equipment, materials or employees
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Warning Line System
Defines area where roofing work can be done without conventional fall protection Consists of ropes, wires or chains and stanchions erected around all sides of the roof Line must attach to each stanchion so slack will not lesson in one section when another is pulled High-visibility flags not more than 6 feet apart Line no more than 39 inches or no less than 34 inches from roof surface
Roofs Used only on low-sloped No worker allowed between edge and line unless provided with proper fall protection
Barrier to warn workers approaching the edge
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No worker is allowed beyond the warning Line unless proper fall protection is provided or for Roofing Operations only, a Safety Monitor System is utilized.
Warning Line Boundary
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No Motorized Equipment
Warning Line Set-Up
Warning Line
Warning Line
Work Area
6’
6’
6’
6’
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With Motorized Equipment
Warning Line Set-Up
Warning Line
Warning Line
Work Area
10’
10’
10’
10’
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Warning Lines
Are these expectable for leading edge fall protection?
Can I use on floors?
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OSHA’s Warning Line Interpretation
We continue to believe that distance alone is ineffective to protect workers from unprotected sides or edges. However, we have determined that, in the area farther back from the distances specified for the warning lines permitted under the standard, there is a point that is sufficiently far from the edge or hole to warrant the application of a de minimis policy regarding non-conforming guardrails. At 15 feet from the edge or hole (in the case of a hole, measured from the nearest edge of the hole), a warning line, combined with effective work rules, can be expected to prevent workers from going past the line and approaching the edge. Also, at that distance, the failure of a barrier to restrain a worker from unintentionally crossing it would not place the worker in immediate risk of falling off the edge.
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Controlled Access Zone (CAZ)
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Can be used where leading edge operations are taking place:
Concrete Form Decking Operations Placing Floor/Roof Sheeting Metal Decking Installation Overhand Bricklaying
Controlled Access Zone (CAZ)
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Erected not less than 6 feet nor more than 25 feet from the unprotected leading edge except when installing pre-cast
When installing pre-cast, control line shall be erected not less than 6 feet nor more than 60 feet, or half the length or the member being erected, whichever is less, from the leading edge.
(CAZ) Line Placement
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Control line shall extend along the entire length of the unprotected edge and attached to guardrail on each side.
Guardrail must be installed along the edges as the leading edge progresses forward.
Control Line flagged at 6 foot intervals and have a height of 39 to 45 inches off deck.
(CAZ) Line Placement
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Control Line erected not less than 10 feet nor more than 15 feet from the working edge.
Control Line must extend the entire area/edge where overhand bricklaying operations are being conducted.
Only employees engaged in the overhand bricklaying operations or related work (tending), are allowed in the controlled access zone.
If required to reach more than 10 inches below the working surface to place brick, a guardrail system, safety net or PFAS must be used.
(CAZ) Line Placement (Overhand Bricklaying)
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Written Fall Protection Plan
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Only available to employees engaged in leading edge, precast concrete erection or residential construction. Prepared by qualified person and
specific to site Plan available on site Document reason why conventional
systems are not feasible
Written Fall Protection Plan
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Describe other methods or measures being taken to reduce or eliminate the fall hazard.
Implement safety monitoring system when no other alternative measures have been taken.
Names of all employees designated to work under the plan on that site.
Reevaluate plan should someone fall or serious injury occurs.
Written Fall Protection Plan
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Fall Protection Training Requirements
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Fall Protection Training Requirements
Employer must provide a training program that enables each employee exposed to fall hazards to recognize the hazards.
Understand the use of the fall protection systems being used and limitations. (Guardrail, Safety Nets, PFAS, Warning Lines, Controlled Access Zones, Safety Monitoring Systems, etc.)
Correct Procedures erecting, maintaining, dismantling and inspection of fall protection systems being used.
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Certification of training – Written record of training, name and dates of training.
Retraining When employer has reason to believe any
effected employee does not have the skill or understanding on systems being utilized.
Changes in fall protection systems Many cases (Annual Training)
Fall Protection Training Requirements
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Other Areas of Fall Protection to Consider
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If you can fall more than 6 feet you must be protected.
Use fall protection on: Walkways & ramps, open sides & edges, holes,
concrete forms, roofs, wall openings, overhand bricklaying, and residential construction.
Protective Measures include: Guardrails, Covers, Safety Nets & Personal Fall
Arrest Systems
Summary
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