ELICITATION OF RESISTANCE BY RAW COW MILK AND TRICHODERMA VIRIDE IN
CHILLI AGAINST LEAF CURL DISEASE
Arun Kumar and P. C. MaliCentral Arid Zone Research
Institute, Jodhpur-342003, IndiaEmail: [email protected]
Chilli or hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) is an effective medicine for various types of pains in humans
Herpes zoster-related pain, diabetic neuropathy, post- mastectomy pain, headaches, osteoarthritis, and the post-surgical pains in case of cancers
The crop is widely cultivated as vegetable and spice crop in the
irrigated belt of arid and semi-arid areas
CHILLI-THE CROP
Rajasthan is the 6th largest producer in India
Jodhpur region produces 42.7% red chilli on 20,000 ha of land
Jodhpur district alone contributes 20% of total production of red chilli in the State
Continued..
BACKDROPBACKDROP
Popular chilli cvs. Mathania Red, Mehsana, Haripur-Raipur and Mandoria
Large and fleshy fruits, mild pungency and brilliant red colour with rich spicy flavour
Susceptible to fungal and viral diseases along with nematode
DISEASES OF CHILLIDISEASES OF CHILLI•Leaf curl disease
(Begomovirus ChiLCuV, after Senanayake et al. 2007. Plant Pathology 56, 343).
•Die-back (Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby)
•Root Knot nematodes (Medoidogyne incognita )
SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS• Curling of upper Curling of upper
leaves with leaves with shortened shortened internodesinternodes
• Severely infected Severely infected plants produce plants produce clusters of reduced clusters of reduced sized leaves with sized leaves with fewer flowers and fewer flowers and fruitsfruits
• Small sized fruits Small sized fruits are produced with are produced with deformed seeds deformed seeds
Leaf Curl Disease of chilliLeaf Curl Disease of chilli
Small sized fruits Clusters of reduced size leaves
Year Fruit Yield
(kg ha-1)
Before 1990 600
1991-2008 140
Green Fruit Yield of Chilli
Farmers extensively use a number of insecticides to protect the crop from LCD
Use of pesticides has failed to minimize the losses
Causes environmental pollution, resistance in insect vectors and health hazards
EXISTING MANAGEMENT EXISTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICESPRACTICES
BIO-CONTROL AGENTSBIO-CONTROL AGENTS
• Bio-control agents have emerged as a new method of managing plant diseases
• Different botanicals (Plant spp.), animal products and other materials such as ash, cow urine and dung, fish meal and milk etc.
• Rhizobacteria (PGPR), leaf proteins, proline and Trichoderma spp. reduce diseases in many plant species manipulating host plant's physical and biochemical properties
USE OF MILK USE OF MILK IN PLANT DISEASE IN PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Indigenous ancient tool against plant diseases
Amino acids viz. proline, isoleucein and phenyl alanine in milk induce resistance against plant diseases
Phenolic anti-microbials are also present
Potassium phosphate content strengthens host immune system against diseases
Amino Acid Content of Raw Cow’s Milk *
Amino Acid In RCM (mg-100 ml.)
Amino Acid In RCM (mg-100 ml.)
Glutamic acid 731 Tyrosine 172
Isoleucine 165 Threonine 146
Lysine 268 Methionine 86
Phenylalanine 171 Histidine 84
Hydroxyproline
330 Glycine 66
Aspartic acid 261 Tryptophan 23
Valine 202 Cystine 21
Serine 197 Arginine 18
Leucine 326 Alanine 110
* Payne-Botha, S. and Bigwood, E. J. (1959). Amino-acid content of raw and heat sterilized cow’s milk British J. Nutrition 13: 385-389.
Certain amino acids demonstrated to act as inducers of plant resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses in many host-pathogen systems
Besides inducing resistance these amino acids also enhance growth of plants and act as osmo-protectants
AMINO ACIDS AND PLANT DISEASE PROTECTION
TREATMENT (T 1)Treated chilli seeds with RCM (1:1)
for 24 hrs
Dried in shade
Treated these seeds with Trichoderma viride ( @ 6g-kg seed)
Nursery soil treated with T. viride
(@ 10g2) after mixing with FYM
Seed sowing in nursery
45 DAS roots of plant saplings were dipped in RCM (15% or 1:6) for 20 min. before transplanting
20 DAS
RCM (15%) sprayed on the transplanted plants
FARMER’S PRACTICE(Control)
Most of these practices are chemical sprays with or without chemical seed treatment
Chilli-root-dip treatment with RCM
Trichoderma in nursery soil grows with developing root system of the treated plant and
protects the roots from infection
Treatment*
Incidence (%)
Protection over FP (control)
T-1 19.4 48.4
FP (Control) 37.6 ---
On-farm Management of LCD (Pooled data of 2000-’04)
*T-1: Seed treatment with RCM (1:1) for 24 hrs and T. viride (0.6%). Root dip for 10 min. in RCM (15%). Application of T. viride (10 g-m2) with FYM, and RCM (15%) spray 20 days after transplantation in field.FP: Variety of practices that vary from farmer to farmer. Most of these are non-organic, without any seed treatment.
Average Yield Parameters of Average Yield Parameters of ChilliChilliTrea
tment*
Plant heigh
t (cm)
Root lengt
h(cm)
No. of
fruits plant-
1
(g)
Fruit size(cm)
Fruit wt.
plant-1
(g)
Yieldplot-1
Kg-1
LengtLengthh
WidthWidth
T 1T 1 66.3 20.2 66.4 10.4
4.5 306.2 3.32#
T 2T 2 57.5 13.9 40.1 9.2 3.9 219.4 2.72
*T1. *T1. Seed treatment with RCM (50% dilution with water for 24 h) and Trichoderma viride (0.6%) with soil treatment with T. viride (10g m-2 ) mixed with FYM T2. Farmer’s Practice # more than 0.5 kg ha-1
increase
TC
ON-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLION-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLI
Treatment
Farmer’s Practice
Elicitation of Defense Related Enzymes by Amino Acids
Scavenging enzymes –peroxidases (POX) and phenolic generators - phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) are induced in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses (Schneider and Ullrich, 1994; van Loon, 1997)
Treatment
Enzyme Soluble Proteins
(mg g‑1 dry leaf wt.)
PPO( OD
minute‑1 mg‑1
protein)
POX( OD
minute‑1 mg‑1
protein)
PAL(Mole t
cinnamic acid mg
protein-1 h-
1)
T0.0037 0.6718 0.7091 118.7
C0.0020 0.3458 0.7744 90.2
RCM and RCM and T. virideT. viride Induced Induced Biochemical Biochemical Changes Changes in in Leaves of ChilliLeaves of Chilli
New strategy for managing plant diseases
Elicitors are characteristically non-specific
Induced general resistance is effective against a range of pathogens
Previously susceptible plant becomes resistant after application of an inducer
INDUCED RESISTANCEINDUCED RESISTANCE
Contd…
Elicitors enhance resistance response to extrinsic stimulus without altering the genome
Only metabolic changes in plants help in defending against infections
Environment friendly
SYNTHESIS Induced biochemical and molecular
mechanisms of defense responses are generally correlated with enzymatic responses in plants
Peroxidase (POX) is a useful marker of plant development, physiology, infection and stress
POX contributes to resistance by oxidation of phenolic compounds in chilli
POX is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of lignin that limits the extent of pathogen spread
PAL is critical precursor of a cascade of defense reactions leading to ISR
Particulars Farmers’ Practice(T 2)
Raw Cow’s Milk + T. viride treatment (T1)
CostSeed 375.00 (1.49)* 375.00 (1.52)FYM 1990.74 (7.92) 1990.74 (8.06)Fertilizer 1226.85 (4.88) 1171.71 (4.74)Pesticides 1157.41 (4.61) 281.48 (1.14)Irrigation 14814.26 (58.97) 14880.26 (60.26)Machinery 2078.70 (8.27) 2078.70 (8.42)Labour 3481.48 (13.86) 3916.08 (15.86)Total 25124.44 (100.00) 24693.97 (100.00)
ReturnProduction (q ha-1) 110 138 (25.45)Production (Rs. ha-1) 33000 41400Unit cost of production (Rs. q-1) 228.40 178.94Net return (Rs. ha-1) 7875.56 16706.03B-C ratio 1.31 1.68
Cost and return from chilli crop ( Rs. ha –1)
*Figures within parentheses are percentages to the total
BCAs and Induced
Resistance
LCD of Hot
Pepper
RC
M a
nd
T.
vir
ide in
du
ced
re
sis
tan
ce a
gain
st
Ch
illi L
CD
Conclusion
Results
ChiLCuV induced disease posing hazards in increasing the production
• Susceptible plant turns resistant by inducer application
• Milk and T. viride have primed defense responses
•RCM (1:1 & 1:6) protected chilli from LCD
•Metabolites increased in treated plants
•Defense related enzymes showed increased activity
•RCM &T.v treated seeds and T.v applied nursery soil with RCM sprays of 15%dilutioncapable of stimulating IR in chilli
ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION
SOCIALRESPONSIBILITY
THE PLEDGETHE PLEDGE
Towards Green Pesticides
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
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