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Making it
work:tackling
worklessnessthroughinnovation
J Csebe nc Cem
ocbe 2012
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ab nes
n uk d. w p pp d b d . w d by pd m d d mb
, d .w dpd y d bd by dm m n ly.
n op cmpy d y ed d w mpy mb 7706036 dy mb 1144091. rd y sd mb sc042833. rd : 1 P P,ld, ec4a 1De
.es..
nes 2012.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 3
ContEntS
aCknowlEdgEMEntS 4
ExECutivE SuMMary 5
1. introduCtion 10
2. worklESSnESS in thE uk 12
2.1 t uk b m 12
2.2 lm p 14
2.3 h xp ? 17
2.4 w pp uk? 19
2.5 Mpp b m ym 22
3. innovation in taCkling worklESSnESS 26
3.1 i mm ym 26
3.2 t mm ym 30
3.3 i m d mm ym 33
4. whErE nExt or innovation in taCkling worklESSnESS? 48
BiBliography 49
EndnotES 52
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4 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
aCknowlEdgEMEntS
w d pp d . i p
dd d b M 2012, mmd d d
pdd y p , d m d d d d
xmp d dy. w d n ,
p g M, s w d Pp c, p d d d
n cmm tm pd b p . ay
m m .
J Csebe, ocbe 2012
aBout thE authorS
d. J Csebe
J pb n d py pb d .
s y n m m d p pmm,
p d mbdd d n
. J p 15 y d --,
mpym d d ddd p b m. B j
n 2011, J D r c em d s
i y d , d-p m -- pmm.
P J s r i empym sd d
r c em d s i. J PD mpd
c m us d lb gm m
uk d d py. J @jb, d b
p://.../b/py__b.
nc Cem
n dpd , 20 y xp
. h md mj mpym DwP
d , d pdd mb pbd p d mpym d .
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 5
ExECutivE SuMMary
ts e mes e cse e jbs me. e sses e s ce
ee . uemme ees em , c ee
sme c es. ueemme mes m e ee s
e e. pee es csse s ecmc ce (c se
e bems sbes) ee . isece emme c
me s e m beee bees. t e se c
ces e cse s s sse b
me mmes, b ese e bee eece e ece
ms es. i s ce e e e w pmme s e se
sce s e. Me ssemc css m s eb me ssem s eee; cee e jbs mes, s seemme
ee e me eece s s . n e
s eme eme ce s s bem s ee,
s eee s eee ces s ssem es s
eece. ts e ses me ssemc c c be e.
te se e b me
iby, mpym , m
m d. M y, yd , p d.1
t mpym 8 p , d m mpym dby. sm mpym 12 p . o
y pp mpyd. t y
pp b m, y dd m d ,
d d d xp mpym
y.2
t j pbm m m
y. t d dpd pbm y b
m . sm pbm d y b
; xmp, y mpym d 2004. ud m
pbm: m q 2007;3
pp db m m y dbd pp x m ,4 d
p y.5 a d pbm m y,
md y m ( d 22 p 23 p ) 20
y.6 s p jb pd. F , b m
qy mdd b m
bm pd b d .
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6 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
Ce ces c essess
i bd m, pp d d d :
i dmd b. t m my d
p, dd m, ppyd m
(.. d ) m mp mp
pdy, xpd d pd jb.
i mp ppy b. t b d, xmp,
b d x d ym m py, by d
mpyby, b m pmm p d .
imp y b m, py b m
dmd d ppy. t b b m m uk, mp b m d m 1979 d d by
b m d d Jb P 2001, bd
dpm empym s. t y,
md, b mp , m d
dm .
t pp d mpd p
mp dd p b m b. t b m
mpd ym d m my p . w md
z ( d ) b m ym uk 5 b p y.7 w pd
5 b p y d y ym y dd
.
w ym y, y pd Jb P,
pd d w Pmm, b y m
y byd . t p ym p m
mp md ppy d dmd d y
m dmd.
i c essess
t p d by pp md jb d jb pp d b jb. i
p d d p jb d , d b b
d p. i b pbm dd
p, d m dd d mpy
mpx b m ym.
sm p b m ym. ex
p m ypd jb dd, dd py
, d mpy py (
dd m my b m m m).
B d b m, . empy
, b, m dd jb
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 7
d dpm, m y pb. idd
m y p
m b m mpyby . t m md ( y
b d mpym pd) . gm bm pmy p
mp m d b m p m y d
.
w b m pmm, w Pmm, d
y mm d , m pmm, d
dy, m b p. n d y b pbd
x p w Pmm. i
y p d y m
ym .
lb m pmm m m pm d
xmp pm jb m y b y d d
by ; y p m jbdy
( sd s byd m xp pp
pd ); d y p y jb. sm
dy m pd p m
mpmy , d d , m p
. nx y, xmp, y n F p y
b. hyp md my py , m pp d d
by b m pd.
w dd yp pb :
. Ce s e mes: t mb xmp
m pp xp m, by f b.
t d dp m ,
mpmy d mb p, d x
m m. F xmp, mb md x sc ce sec
p bd m jb .
t b d . i Bem, sece ce
sceme dd m bdy d dmd
dm , jb , d b m d
(py m) () b m.
Cmeme ceces d yy m m b my by
m , y m y,
jb. a y b dd F y n
b d by b b d dd. o m ym
d b mp. Mmb n ze b b
m , by d f pbm d m x
. t pp pd pmy d m d mdmzd
b , .
b. S seemme: t d d m
pp y b mpym, s se
eme ee mpy, hMrc ym
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8 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
(mm d pp d). a xmp w re,
bd m pmm, y pp pd p x m
dd d d dy dm. sm
d d y p.
a pp mpym .
csws p m p b d
jb . i pd dpd d d p pp
pp d xp y mpym. i F,
Bsess emme cees (Bec) p pp bm mpyd
pp. F, pp m y
mpyd b dp b d d Bec. nx,
b , y bm d p y p
m mpym . Fy y bm b.
c. iemees me e ecec jbmc: t d d
md s 21s Eme p, pm b
jb d p d y pj,
m pp m jb. aeces t aec (ata)
mes xmp, dy mpy d dp pp d
m mpy pd mpym. t mpy
d b b b dy mpy pp.
a xmp pp wme le us mpy p
m d pm jb m , b b
d m pm mpym.
adp ec ms tsrbb, mp, pp ydy d, mpym m
y m dmd . o dmdd dd
d, d p p i , py d
d m pp p m,
dmd. o ppyd m d d
. Ses tme bbd pm d m,
p fxb mpym ym. Mtsae d tsrbb
mp pp ydy d. ge Jb de uk
mdy dd d pp pm m.
a mjy xmp d d. M xmp , d y m p
. e m bd, ,
d y b b dd pbm
dd. My xmp my b xmy
jb, b y y d .
t . w d, d m byd
p , p d md q mmm d d.
t yp dpdy ym . i
m, d b b m
ppd by b d py.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 9
wee e c essess?
w m ym d. F d
. B ym d b d. My p b m d d y w Pmm
d. w mb d pp
d p :
w m eeme es. l d mm p
pmm dd d pd m,
ppd mpym d d md mp y jb
m.
w pyp m me ese meseme ssessme
, md b d p. t dy my xmp pp. adp y
d pd ppy y
.
n m dpm y pbm
y, d dd ym d
y. a e eee eece cee e b me
b e/ee ece e d p m
, d d . a d d
b d d b m pp dd,
d b , d pdd m
b by p d m d. i d d qy d y p m d mm. a
b d y d p x d d d.
w p p db d d b d.
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10 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
1. introduCtion
iby, mpym , m
m d. M y, yd , p d.8
t mpym 8 p , d m mpym d
by. sm mpym 12 p . o
y pp mpyd. t y
pp b m, y dd m d ,
d d d xp mpym
y.9
t j pbm m my. t d dpd pbm y b
m . sm pbm d y b
; xmp, y mpym d 2004. ud m
pbm: m q 2007;10 pp
db m m y dbd pp x m ,11 d
p y.12 a d pbm m y,
md y m ( d 22 p 23 p ) 20
y.13 s p jb pd. t b m
qy mdd b m bm
pd b d .
w b m pmm w Pmm d y mm d , m pmm, d
dy, m b p. n d y b pbd
x p w Pmm.
ty m m
pm d
xmp pm jb m
y b y d
d by ;
y p m
jb dy ( sd s byd m
xp pp pd );
d y p y
jb. sm
dy m pd p m
mpmy , d d , m p
. nx y, xmp, y n F p y
b. hyp md my py , m pp d d
by b m pd.
i m ,
y pp,
p . Bdy p,
p by
d p
d: pd, y d . i j b
b r&D.14
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 11
i b d
bj m d d
d m m
b m dy pm. t y y d
m
d m. t p
y y y
xd xpm.
w d essess pmy
mpym, b
d dmpym (pp
y d), d mpym (..
p qy
d pd ), d
dd my
b my b m
mpym b.15
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12 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
2. worklESSnESS in thE uk
2.1 te ce se e uk b me
P b 2008, mpym uk d
(oecDbd) mpym d 30 y, b 5 p
2005. h, emme s se sce e. t mpym
d 8 p , d m mpym d by,
mb m Jsa m. Y mpym (d d)
j d m.16
h, emme es e eme e d mpym
m b xpd xp p , d d
b gDP . i m, b mpym d gDP
y b d. t m my , b
mpym .
umpym d r gDP 20022012
Unemployment
Percentage
Source: UK Office of National Statistics
Real GDP
0
-2
2
4
6
8
10
-4
2002
5.9
3.8
2003
5.2
2.9
2004
5.3
2.7
2005
4.8
2.6
2006
5.4
2.6
2007
5.6
2.6
2008
5.4
-1.88
2009
7.3
-3.9
2010
8.1
1.8
2012
8.4
-0.97
2011
8.1
0.76
-6
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 13
a d pb b d y mpym
md xpd. t d: pby m
; pp my d p d ; d m
d b ( d py jb), mp m d xp .17 t dd y mpym
d pdy py,18 d
ece s e be s.19
i dd, eecs e ecess my b my y. a y
mpym py d y
pp b m, y dd m d ,
d d d xp mpym
y.20 t b m y by ce s e
, d y pp. t y mpym (d d)
1624 y d 20.5 p (ons). i , mpym y b , pbm bm m . F xmp,
mpym m dpd d d m dd b
py .21
1624 neet d mpyd
Not in education, employment or training
Unemployed
Source: ACEVO (2012) Youth Unemployment:
the crisis we can not afford. London: ACEVO.
800,000
600,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
400,000
0
200,000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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14 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
a m p pp d dy . D ,
b mb mpyd m, y dd
d dy xd. a m m, jb b qy
. t p , d p b m m, b y d jb y
.22 t b pd b m dm
m, b y m
p .23
2.2 leem es
w m y d y ,
xm m d mp y dy
pd d mpm.
a d b, mpym b , uk d pmd
, d my y uk b m
b y p, b jb d jb
. t py y pm mpym
m ( 2.1).
h, by y pd , bems e
uk b me. t my d pbm, b y
mpy m d. w , , xp m y
m mp. r, d d pp
. t m pbm uk b m mmd d dd b:
h y pp neet.
h m m ddd p.
sd m y.
l y .
h mdd b m.
s dmd d p.
ex ppy md .
t my p qy jb.
Fy, y pp d d ,
emme d b .24 B 2004 d 2006/7, b
mb y pp mpyd d mb y pp
mpym, d (neet). t d by d pd
p d mp m 2008 d.25 t
m 2004 ; xmp, my b d
y pp b m pmm, b p.26
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 15
oe s p . a tb
1, mpym p ddd p md m,
dd m x m p p.
tbe 1:empym p d p pp27
o m m pbm uk b m ecmc c,
md y m ( d 22 p 23 p )
20 y. t b p my pp
d m, b y m ydd m b
dp m y 29 m.
r gm py d dd , by m mb
m my b my (.. d pp,
p d pbm/db) m b m
pmm mp m m .30 h, d ,
pd xpd by my p, d
mpx b y . F , Py w pmm
dbd pp d mp m pp .31 t p
p d : p d dbd
dd m m y dbd pp x m ,
p y mpym.32 o,
d p pp d m .
uemme es b e d d d
x . w ons d ( spmb 2012) m
2 p mpym (.. cmbd s, w, D n),
mpym d 10 p (.. 12.2 p Bmm
ldyd, 9.8 p Mddb d 9.8 p w B). t
py d mpym . o 20
mpym , 15 p 20 2008
n e, w d w Mdd.
t e jbs b pd m. t b m
qy mdd b m
bm pd b d .33 o xp
bd y d pd m jb
Emme 28 (ecee s)
g 1998 2009
dsbe ee 41 31
le es 30 17
Ec mes 19 15
tse qcs 17 22
pee e ms ee es 13 12
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16 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
Less then 2%
2.0 - 3.9%
4.0 - 5.9%
6.0 - 7.9%
8.0 - 9.9%
Source: Office for National Statistics September 2012
and BBC. See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10604117
Greater than 10%
Edinburgh
Manchester
Belfast
Birmingham
London
Glasgow
emy : umpym
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 17
d d dmd . t p mpym uk
dd, my d d m
,34 .
ay p d p y
y. t b xm d p ,
m d p jb, pd p d p
p d . t mb d jb
dd, mb m p.35
rd , m msmc s
em d mpym. w b ,
b q m mp m oecD . a m
m, p d p y m. a ,
ppy dmd xpd m 2020 B p b m m d.36
ad ppy d dmd d ,
d m m d pp qd
mpy md , pd x ppy dmd
mdd jb. ey, m x ppy pp
md pd q m dmd
d jb; qd by dmd md p; d
qd p, m dmd b
x ppy.37 w qd pp d jb,
bm dd ( ) b qzd . t p b
d by dm m p.38
t b m my p qy jb. ad eu d,
p, b 22 p uk pd ( d
md ), d ppy
p.39 t b z (ons
m 54,000 2005 161,000 2012), d bm
py p d .
2.3 h c e eec e s ce e e?
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y .
My b d pd p b m,
mm me ss .
cmm rd s, M c d u B dbd
m . Pd dd d d
mpym, m b m d m xp
.40 t y d by m b d ,
m y d mpym .41 o mm
md m .42
h, d m
mp b m, d m
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18 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
my xp pd by mpy, d pm
mpym. D43 d b m
m d , p , jb by d dd,44
m mpym d d, d b m m d d m p. D y p
p b d ( xmp m).
ay p m m
b q md d. F xmp, pm bm m p b
1980 d 1995 ( m 16 p 22 p jb), b
pp b bdy b. t pm d
, , b m p .45
o, pd dm p pp
b p, d d y mj p.
tes e s e b me
w m dm ,
b p jb m d p. F
xmp, by n d m bm m
mp mpym uk; p
mpym m 11 p 1997 19 p 2010.46 i y
d p d mm b d b jb ,
b y (bd y d m
bd my) y m. t m mp
pd ,47 dmd jb d bd by dd d y.
rf y , pdd dmd ccs
(m, p d d ) , dmd
(d) p. Pj d dmd md
p, dm d jb, d d, d p/p/
m p, .48
i m s secs, ep cmm pdd
my, d ict b jb p .49 M
dd y uk b (.. y, ,y, d d pb , / mm, )
xpd m d jb , d
xpd y, d /.50 o
pb d m y d r&D d d, mp
, d d.51 i b m
xb d p p. t, p my
b xbd by qm.52 t d m
p pd, p d y d, d m
pd, d jb. i , y y
qm d jb m qy d jb, jb
d53 ( 2.2).
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 19
o d d . t skill
shortages predominate, in terms o absolute numbers.54 a m m,
y b dmd b m d m
, d dmp ( d d mb qy jb ), p m d dd m mpym
d by d m d my
, dmd qy m p d
b d d m .55 t q
b m d dmd d ppy d .
a d b, mpym by c e b d d
( 2.2). t d , my
pb mpym, d bm m pd
m. Pb mpym p mpym py
n e, n id, w d sd, mpym dy . s p b y mp
.
2.4 w s e ce c c essess e uk?
i bd m, pp d d :
i em b. t m my d
p, dd m, ppyd m
(.. d ) m mp mp
pdy, xpd d pd jb.
i mp s b. t b d, xmp,
b d x d ym m py, by d
mpyby, b m pmm p d .
imp y b m, py b mc
dmd d ppy. t b b m m
uk, mp b m d m 1979 d d by
b m d d Jb P 2001, bd
dpm empym s. t y,
md, b mp , m ddm .
tb 2 mm m xmp dd b. s 2.5 m
dd d b m.
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20 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
demse meses m b dmd b. i
gm py mxm b dmd b mm by,
b my bd x, f d . t uk
y d m m dmd
p d b xp, mp x ym, m,
d , d p . n
m d mp m mb
b b 2002 d 2008 d mpym
uk. t b b d , d d b bd
m d p, m b d .56 h b m
my, d m py m d
b .57 w y pbd Plan I: The case orinnovationled growth,58 mb m b dmdd
dp .
c xmp gm m pm secbse
d g d i Fd, m pd ppy
mpy d m jy dd
. t r g Fd (rgF) m py p d
mm dpd pb m
b p d . a nao p d
rgF p pmm, b d not
optimised value or money because a signifcant proportion o the 1.4 billion was allocatedto projects that oer relatively ew jobs or the money invested.59
i y, py jb my d sse m. a
p bd py , dd b m pmm d
ppyd m, M60 d b m pp
d b ppy d dmdd m. typ ppyd m
d m, m d jbb , m, d d
d, d , d dd bd.61
i p, uk d x py ppyd b
m pmm p mpyd d my b
d dd d . t pmm b bd
pp jb pp mbd b
tbe 2:exmp pp
demse Sse Mc Eme Secse emme
g d w Jb P Y c n ep d Pmm a
r DwP w sp d mm xp
M
appp r lFd sd
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 21
d pm, m m d m p
dpm. empym pp m ddd (m mpyd)
y d d dd by ppy p, pb d
y . t c gm fp w Pmmbd md ( 3.1).
a b m pmm d y m pp
. h, y b , d p
, d pmm by y p b m. i
y mpyd pp, xmp, n D Y Pp (nDYP)
jb d by d 20 p . h,
y pp m 2004 my bd y mpym
.62 a, nDYP d Jsa m, xd d p
1824 y d . t bm y mp
b m pmm, mb pp mpyd ( bd lFs m) mb Jsa m d m. t
d pp mpyd pp m Jb a
39 p .63
Bd dmd d ppyd m mp ecec
jbmc. t m x, b m py
my y. t d Jb P 2001 dd b
jb , jb m d b b ym. e y,
DwP mmd M wdd pd dd jb
dm d . t xd dd dy
by Jb P, by d m mpy b d jb
bd. i m pd m m ddp d .64 o pj n w,65 Fp66 d B67
dd p d
m m mpy d d jb.
t xmp eme es cs emes. t
Y c d bdy mpy y mpyd
p. P xmp d m p d dd
( mpy pd m d ppd yy). a
pp p xp pm mpyd pp. t
w exp bd F Jb Fd, d
p m b y d d md mp d .68
eyd m d m m pp
d , dd mp d 6 p .69
appp d m , pp mb d
pd dd m q.70 h,
, q m ddy: x
ppp p dd jb pp b mpyd.
a y m md eeees
seemme. c xmp d n ep a (
gm g B w m), d sp d
r l Fd sd.
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22 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
P uk m b y : p pp,
dd d y , d mb
mp pp bq mpyby. rd dd by
ddd d m mpyd pp d d d jb d.71 t d my f m pbm, m
b p by mpyd pp
b p by .72 r mpym m
m y d y b mpyd pp b
mpym d m mpyd pp d b y d
q y m b d m p mp
mpym.73 t pp dd p pp m
d p m mpym.
r mpym m gmy d m , b m
pp mb d mpym m.
74
P my . r mpym m mpyd
ddd p d m mby d y b
bj. F xmp, bj pmm
d mpym dy, m mpyby pp,
m p d mm my, m mb .
t y py mp, b mpyd y
p pp , m p d m b
pp d b.75
F pp d b, y x
jb d mpym. sm
my y dd jb y my db x jb (p dpm ) dd pp d jb
yy (dd).
t d pd pp ,
d m y d, d m
md m pp . ty y dd m
b m p d mm b ppy d
dmd.
2.5 M e b me ssem
t pp d mpx p mp
dd p b m b. t b m mpx
ym d m my p . Mpp m py
d b m b bd p p dym
ym , d m f d
m .76 w dd b mp,77 mp
p 2425 b dd. i
m xmp dd p ( 3.3).
a m my p ym. w md z (
d ) b m ym uk 5 b p y. t d pd
Jb P (d empym s n id), w Pmm,
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 23
w c d p dby p, p,
ppp, mpym pp, mpyby pp d d.
i y ym m d b d b dd b d . w pd 5 b p y d y ym
y dd . exm ym b
y pd d
p . i my b b d p
b ddd y ym y p.
w d mp b b m ym? t y
mb ym. s ppyd dd mpyby,
mb md mp f dd mpyby d
dd jb ( dd). idd
b d dy jb d p md. iddmpyby fd by m byd md
d d mpy . empyby pp b d my
b b m f p d d p, my
pb d db.
o dmdd, mb md y
mpy ( mpy) d y jb
m . empy fd by ,
x ym d . sm md y m dd jb,
m dd dy . l b m d
py, m md y dy d. t y
mpy d d jb py mp p b m. F , jb dd pm, mpy, pj
bd, m pm, d fxby p pby.
w ym y pd Jb P,
pd d w Pmm, b y m
y byd . t p ym p m
mp md ppy d dmd d y
m dmd.
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24 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 25
(low end of the)
WORK
JOBS
EMPLOYERS
LOCALLABOURMARKET
INDIVIDUALS
INTERMEDIARIESmatching supply and demand
employability
DEMAND THE LABOUR MARKET SYSTEM SUPPLY
Techplatforms
e.g.TaskRabbit
Revolving LoanFund (Scotland)Bridge toEmployment (NI)
NewEnterpriseAllowance
PersonalcarebudgetmanagementContract
requirements
Taxincentivese.g.Fixer-Sven
Healthsystem
Health/disability
Educationsystem
CollegesSchoo
ls
ILA(Scotland)
Criminalrecord
Funding/
businessmodels
Steps toWork (NI)
Want toWork(Wales)
Green jobsstimulus
Traditionalemploymentagencies
Localcurrencyschemes
Hometownplus
WomenLikeUs
LowCarbonSkillsFund(Scotland)
Debt
Peers
Family
ChildcareCaring
responsibilities
TrainingforSuccess(NI)
Characteristics-age
-gender-ethnicity
Transport
Skills inc.-basic skills-language
-employability-motivation/
attitude
Skillssystem
Qualifications
Taxandbenefitsy
stem
GetReadyforWork(Scotland)
MyWorldofWork
(Scotland)
Housing
BigPlus(Scotland)
Employabilityprojects
Trainingagencies
JobsGrowth
(Wales)
Careers
advice
Access
towork
Apprenticeships
ATA/TalentBankmodels
Workexperience
WorkProgramme
WTWproviders
JobCentrePlus
TrainingforWork(Scotland)
WorkChoice
PrincesTrust
Selfemploymentsupport
Service
vouchers
Accessto
capital
Sector
bodies/trade
associations
Pay
Rethink(Scotland)
Discrimination
Location
Hours
Fusion21
Skillsandexperiencerequirements
OccupationsSectorsFormal/informed economy
Taxsystem Regulation
Hubs
Supportforentrepreneurs
Economiccondition
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26 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
3. innovation in taCkling
worklESSnESS
t p d by pp md jb d jb pp
d b jb. i
p d d p jb d , d b
b d p. i b pbm b
dd p, d m dd d mpy
mpx ym dbd py.
3.1 i e msem ssem
i m p b m. F xmp, m
jb m d b m, dp x
p m yd d ypd jb dd, d
pd md p. idd py ,
by d ddd . i dd,
mpy py d mpyby d
d pm ( dd m my
b m m m). t yp mdy y p
dmd; b md qy m,
pd fxb mpy d mpym, d y m ldi m
d d pd dd mpy. t d m
m y.
h, m d b m,
(d d b m
pp). empy , b, m
dd jb d dpm , ,
m y pb. idd b y
m y p m b
m mpyby . t m md ( y dmpym pd)
.
gm bm pmy p mp m
d b m p m y d .
i d by m b d by dy d
pmm y, d d y dpd x
d d, by p p p d dy
b , by m pmm, d by py m b
d b d. gm b d
p b d b pd p
m , d y, m b x d.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 27
i e w pmme
t d x b m pmm p
c gm w Pmm. t lb m
b 13 y d xpm b m pmm d ne de mmes 1997, d p, y pp,
dbd pp d m mpyd pp. t d by p
p dp d d. t dd:
rd mpym dd (.. ne de i
s, onE, c Jbcee ps, c wcse iees,
Emme Zes, e sece ne des).
abd (.. ac tems Jbs, w neb ps, C
Se pes).
s (.. ne de Ss, ie Emme Ss s,
Ss Cc s).
i B d My e gp (.. Ces, Ec M
oec, pes oec Ec Mes, Secs Emme ases).
i p (.. i w Ce, ne de ps, Emme ree
aceme dems pjec).
i pbm d db (.. ps w,
dsb Emme ases, wse/we, access w).
i d dp (.. pess w/pess w
l, Seup).
t d (d pbd DwP x r rp
s)78 d m dd mpym .
t pp dbd pym byd my
m dpm.
sm d fxby dd d b
mpd . F xmp, p b
ym Jb P m. t F c d fxby xp
d.79 t pp w neb ps
py d dy Jb P pd bd by
Jb Pd p dp pp, py fxb
p my dd b d y cmmy Fxb Dy
Fd. rd m m m p b b
p m d (d y pd), md b
fxby d .80
M y, dpd p
d lb m 2007,81 d bq dpm
DwP cmm sy 2008,82 b d m
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28 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
bd mm d dpm Pymbyr (PBr) md
mm by mpym m , m
pd y d m.
Bd , ebe ne de (FnD) d p ap 2009
d ap 2010, p p p pmm d p
mbd pmm dd by d pd pd by
d d d b bx p dd
. a y pmm mpd p
b mpym (dd b 52 ),
p mpym m b dd 13 .
w FnD d pp mpym pmm d,
FnD d mmm pp/b bx pp dd y
d b mpym. F xmp, despite limitedprescription on what providers should deliver, little innovation was evident in the design
and content o services.83 i evidence to suggest that the choice o services
on oer was narrow and did not address the ull range o customer needs, contrary to what
might be expected rom a black box approach.
i e w pmme be
i J 2010, c gm d d
m mpym, d b ym. Fm J 2011, FnD
dd d pd by c gm fp w pmme
g B. t w Pmm d y mm d
, d b dd m ,
p pd d bbx pp (bd FnD), mbd d d m. h,
d y b pbd x y
p w Pmm, md
bd p m . F , w
Pmm d d pm my b d by
y d m d (py m, d
nao, pdd pd ).84 t b
bx pp my p b b by m p p.
i , m mb d b
p.85
a , pp, b pzd, d d m. cmp my d dp
d y d m d dp . h,
m y dpm, d d
p dm m. t pymby
d pm d d m, d
, pd b qzd dy ym. 86 t dd
M sdd87 b dd by DwP pd d
p bd y d bd ppy d p, ,
m b bd dy d
dy . t mp mp d
b m dyd b b. M mm
pp b , xmp d dp88 d
pm d.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 29
ad mp DwP p y d w
Pmm, b mb by DwP y
m byd w Pmm. DwP m Jy 2012
200 m me b ess sceme e be mes d i . h, y y
b.
ad w Pmm, d ym b d x d
ues Ce b d 2013. u cd p p
m byd m dmd d
p. i y b dd m fxby mb p bym d b ym, b y py
dd mb , d pp m
mb d d m pp m . t d
m d dp d d m m
m. i p, dpd d mpm, m
b d .
i dd DwPd , C des90 d by cb o b
mb d md d b d
. t d:
E Bc g M pym by md
m x . ty p
1.2 b d y mxm pj. ty b b
b x pym by b d
db d pj. t md
my , db p d p
g M cmbd ay, bd ap 2011.
lc ss me sd cy r pp
bd y d b d.
C aeces hbs mb b ppp by
pp sMe pp ata md.
dwp innovation und89
o 12 My, gm d p m p dd y
mpym. t dd i Fd p 30 m
y m 2012 pp m pj. t pj pp
ddd y pp d dd. t i Fd(iF) b mmd d. t d iF d 1424
y d d p d y 2012. t d d,
ddd y pp, d dd, d 14 d 15 y
d pp m b bm m neet, d
20 Jy 2012.
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30 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
l cb ee ces b m d
y b jb. P m d d
g D g ey p d by d d 91
.
t md d 175,000 jb d
27,000 ppp x 20 y. h, xpy d
b m.
w , , b d
pmm 1997, d ppyd b m pmm w
Pmm d y mm d , m
pmm, d dy, m b
p. i mpd ym ,
p. i pbm b m.
3.2 te c e msem ssem
The Open Book o Social Innovation92 db x d
m p mp.
t
6Systemic
change
5Scaling
4Sustaining
3Prototypes
2Proposals
1Prompts
Taken from p12-13 in Murray, R. Caulier-Grice, J. and Mulgan, G. (2010)
The Open Book of Social Innovation. London: NESTA and The Young Foundation.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 31
w py , y, d
p md ( y
q, db p x b d b
pp p). t md m , d , md ; pmp (d pbm
d p), . t pp/d
( 2) pzd d y pp 36. g ,
m d bd p y b m d
b d d ym. t pp mp
p, by y y d ( 2 d 3.1), by dy
m d d pp ( 3.3) d by m y
( 4).
F md , d ym
.
i m d pbm b
pbm, d dd pbm . My mm
pbm y d m
y, pbm x ( 2).umpym bm md p d m d d
mp x mpym my y pm d
b p mpym. o p pbm b d
by d w Pmm d u cd ( 3.1). P
pp pp y dd m y pbm
x, d dy p.
i m d , m m
b d b. t d, d d md
b ppd xm ym . id
m x b dd d ,
y, d b d by m, py
md mp m. a dd b ( 3.1), b md
mb m b d d md.
1) pms, p d d. t d d p p . t d pbm d m q y pbm, j ympm, b d.
2) pss, d d. t d . t mmd d y md d m p
b. My md p d d xp m d .
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32 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
t d b pp b bx p w Pmm.
h, md m m y
dy d, d d d md b d . Pb
y d b m yp ( b
d pp). Pyp d p my b pp, b
py d p (cPa) w Pmm
m x ( 3.1). Pyp d p
pp d b m ym ( 3.3) b ymd b y m d m b d mpym
pmm.
t pm pd w Pmm p dy
dy d ppy b pd, bd
xp d b jb m. t
mm b dp xpm. t ppy
pm pd d xpm b bx
m . t ppy d m d b
d y d .
i m , d d, mb b . B d b pp d bm ydyp, d . a d 3.3, x p d md dy d b dpdm dy. t m pp m, m pp d dp dd d . s q d d, y, d q d . s m d m mm s imp Bd(siB) xmp, q d m d d m bbd .
t by pdy d b d by mm b d , m mp d mp d pb d y
3) p d p. t d d p. t b d
mpy y , m m p, pyp d
dmd d . i p m m b d p.
4) Ss. t d bm ydy p. i
p d (d m m), d dy m m
m by, y d.
5) Sc d d. a
d pd m , d
d d d. em d p py
pd d p d dmd m m ppy.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 33
m d. t mm x d d d d p b bd m b m. w mb m x d x ( xmp ww c uk,93 w rm e c94 us, d n
empym s a (nesa) 95 a) m x d d .
a mb xmp x pd md db d. F xmp, cmm P d d dp y d, , d . t g F a pmm b p dxp d xp p d d d p my. a mb p m x, ds B wd; md d dp dd b; d ub ep n, pm , d m dpm , db d d.
g p d pbm d b, y
p d y m ym
.
3.3 i m se e msem ssem
w pp p dd pbm ?
t m p pp p m d .
t d b b m d
my; mpym; d y dd m
m ppy d dmd d mpym. w
r g Fd , p xp d yp
pp b y xp d mm md mp. a ,
p m d dd m d.
i p mp y b m. Dp
Jb P jbm, d p my md,
d m p pp bd p b ppy d
dmd. t d p jbm p p,
dd pb (.. dm pb mpy)
, b p p . t
y py y .
w dd xmp p p m,
pp mpym, p mp y b m. i d
, d byd mm m ,
d p m d uk. t xmp , d pd
b dd .
6) Ssemc ce. t m . sym mmy pb , p , my dd , y pd m.
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34 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
i xmp, mp y mjy
m d b m
d. M xmp , d y m p .
e m bd, , d y b b dd pbm
dd. a , m p
, y dpd d d .
Bdy p, d yp :
c d p m.
spp mpym.
imd mp y b m.
Ce s e mes
t xmp m pp xp
m, by f b (.. ).
ne mes secs
P d , d d
my ( 2). h md
pp m .
w c dpd pj p n c c pmm,96
. t m w pj m md
y m p bd. t pj p
hm P pp (dbd b), dp
m.
wigan CounCil97
desc
am pd d bd by dd dppd mmy d
dpm mp.
Ses
h p b mm. i/py
md p d bd d y
m p bd.
Eece sccess
Pj y y / d .
tseb
c b ppd/dpd .
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 35
i us, Pcg Pb Pp (PPl) mm m
pd pp pb . a p , PPl dpd
md m p bd, PPl pb
d, mpm d m ppdd pmm .PPl pd mm d d b , pd d
pb , m d m pd p bd.98
t md d dp pp m p
bd (d bd dd dbd pp d r c)99
uk. w xp pd d p
dp m md. t pd PPl md us
my b b dp
md uk m dy, d b d p md.
h, d d d ( m y) d p PPl pp.
a ee ecm. a p y d cy
D, mb ppd pmm m
d y, b jb (l cb
P c).100 i dd, m
mpym my.
F xmp, nc ces e eee es e ssems s
ces (D rym, n r, rp d Pp). a p
m ym uk d b 3,000 d 4,300 Fte
jb b m b. t d b jb, m
d p p, d m
d jb d dm p. t p
pCg puBliC partnErShipS (ppl)
desc
Ppdd pm , PPl pb
pmm dbd pp m dd
b p bd. op 21 us (p D cmb).
Ses
o mb md m p . t md d
mp jb , b m pp/dp .
Eece sccess
cmpy b y .
tseb
cd b ppd uk; p
/w pp, by pd pp by d pd / m.
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36 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
d b d y uk d d b d d
mpym.101
i us, gee a102 p g B dm. tm pd pp p d m b , py
m m m . t dm m b
d mmy d y p m
p. t pj d mp
p b, d d .
t xmp m y d x m b pd.
t c c cmp P d em (cccPe) Q uy
pz c. t mpy
3,000 dbd pp pmm bd sz.103
us cmeme ceces ces mbse c
t xmp ybd m y
mm m dmd d jb. exmp d ,
l Pd,104 d yy md m, hm P.105
t pp yp m , by p
my, b p m d b. i
fxb pp b pd y , d b xdd
d . hm P md py fxb
b dpd md (.. m p) d b ppd
m b d pd p ( w, dbd
py).
hoMEtown pluS
desc
lyy d mmb ,
, p d . Md b ppd
, m b d pd p. Bd
m b my d mp p/
.
Ses
Fxb pm b ppd d . h p
b mm. h, d mp mpym
p.
Eece sccess
h b ppd dd , b d d .
tseb
ey b d d .
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 37
a y b dd F y n b d by b
b d dd. o m ym d
b mp. Mmb n ze b b m
, by d f pbm d m x . t pppd pmy d m d mdmzd b ,
. t y d p pb p mp, p
d pmm p. n d dd
ym, d dd m d b n.
t pp p b mm. h, md
d d mp mpym yp pp,
mp. F xmp, y md m b
d m by, d ypy d
y b y ym y. a ,
d d m x xmp yp m, d pd d jy d.
Sece ce scemes bd m md, b p yp
. t pp m dy md mpym.
t B m106 m bdy dd d
dmd dm d pxmy , jb
, d b m d (py m) ()
b m.
t m dd , m pp jb
py mpyd, m mpyd d d. t b dm m d m jb 25,000 jb.
a , d md b
p b m, dd py bj (.. d
dd ). t y b m
bdy d d m. v d
, mm m d bd, y
. t d d b b d
m.
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38 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
BElgian SErviCE vouChEr SChEME
desccm bdy dd d dmd dm
, jb ( b m mpyd d
xdd p), pd dd
mpym, d b m yd (py m) ()
b m. o m md /
bdd.
Ses
e , mpy xp, md
b p b m, dd py bj
(.. d dd ). h, mpx ym dbdm. a pb b m d,
d yp (ddd jb).
Eece sccess
a . h m jb 25,000 jb d
d; md pp jb py mpyd,
m mpyd d d.
tseb
v d b d , mm m d
bd.
c y b p d p pp m d
d p jb d b xpd.
t cees s mes
a md dbd b x
dmd .
i sd, m x b p
mpy dm p (household services such as cleaning, cooking, lawnmowing,snowshovelling and babysitting). t is said to have created more than
5,000 jobs, b by m m , d by m
dm p .
h, pp d m, m y m
p y sd m y m bdd
pd d. i dd, m mpym dm
b y d mm b.107
t xmp d x b f m dmd
b mpym, b y my y p pp,
my b pmy . a m b d
mp dp p d yp .
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 39
S seemme
a dd , m pmm dd m md
mpym. cy, ne Eese ace108 m mpym mpym, sup l sm109 d
r l Fd ( sd)110 d pp p
b.
t ep pp b d d
. t eQual pmm111 ( m 2002 2007) d d
yp , , mpy d d
b d b b m pp
mpym. t y pp pmm :
d d mpym; d p pp d ; pp
d d ; d ppp . t pp pmm mp m p, d
b m d , d y.
t pmm dd m pdy b p,
b p m m y mpym d .
i F, Bsess emme cees (Bec)112 pp pp bm
mpyd (m y, d ,
d m, jy, d b d).
t pp:
F, pp m y mpyd b dp b d d Bec. t Bec dm d, m
d;
nx, b , y bm d p
y pm mpym ;
Fy y bm b, p d
mm p.
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40 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
BuSinESS and EMployMEnt CoopErativES (BECS)
descspp b d d . e
mpym; m dpm ; m
; b m pp. id pp.
Ses
a y pp pd d md
mpym d p pp.
Eece sccess
n dd pj b. n .
tseb
Pp d md p pp b ppd
d .
adult EntErpriSE partnErShip114
desc
t ad ep Pp dpd bd m
d pp d d q m, m
m d pmm pd
pd qy pp b dd ,
d b b.
Ses
t pp dp m b
pp. t dy p m vy, Fe c, ad l
d P s pd pp m
qd d bm p.
a pp mpym .
csws 113 p m p b d
jb . i pd dpd d d p pp pp
d xp y mpym. Fw
p m p
dd . s d d, m m B sy im Fd, d
mpyd dd d x pp.
t a Eese pes dp m b dd
d d pp d bm
mpyd. t n Q Fm md p ad l 2
d md p ad ep
sp Jy.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 41
w re bd m pmm, pp d 1619 pd p x m dd d d dy
dm. ed d pmm d m p
pp m d ; xmp 2004, 83 p pp d
pd y ppp m mpym.115 sm
d d xpd b by y p.
working ritE
desc
imdy mpy d ; bd m pmm, pp d 1619 pd p x m dd d
d dy dm y , d dp m
p md d. am y pp md
p m mpym pp.
Ses
hp y pp d pd mpym.
Eece sccess
s 2004, 800 young people have been on training placements; 90 per cent o our
trainees complete their placement; 83 per cent o our trainees progress into a ouryear apprenticeship or other ulltime employment, approximately double the success
rate o other training programmes. h, dd mp m
mpym, d , .
tseb
c b ppd .
Eece sccess
n y b. t dpm m d p
b md by d 25 y d p p q m d bdd
m 20122013.
tseb
i ad ep m, ppd by
dy pp, p b d y.
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42 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
iemees me e ecec e b me
iemees be e eme emee
w b m pp mp y jb m d p m
Jb P ( 2.4), p md py m
p mpym pp, byd d jb m .
t xmp mp b m p m dd d
pd p pp mpy.
imd p bd p b mpy d mpy. F
xmp, md my p dd p m p
mp mpy. P d d md my dy mpy
dd b , mb , mpy(). i md y
pb mpy d my p p dd mp d . ad md
dd mpy b md
dd dy ybd pm.
t aeces t aec (ata)116 md m xd
appp pmm mpy d pp. t ata
mpy pp, d pp
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 43
smy, p g d i Fd, te B117
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44 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
uSion21
desct F21 md pm b jb
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 45
woMEn likE uS
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46 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 47
d m q m m d , d pp d
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48 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
4. whErE nExt or innovation
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BiBliography
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c P 2007. DwP r rp nmb 495. s: p://.dp../d/d5/
p20072008/p495.pd
B, r. (2010) Ddd p b m. em d b m .
v. 4, nmb 6, J 2010. np: ons.
Bm, h. d cd, M. (2008) t umpym sempym:
e t sup Pmm. oxd B em d s. 70(3),
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Bm, r. d r, r. (2010) w M i Y: t r cb cmp.
hp B
Byj, e. d Ma, a. (2011) r a M. D F P.
cb o (2012) u g : y d 1. s: p://.dpm.
b..//d/_dpm//gdcyD1.pd
D, B., g, k., sy, J., v, D. d wbm, M. (2012) uk cmm empy
s sy 2011: uk r. ed p 45. ld: ukces. s: p://.../
//d/pb/mpyy11.pd
Dpm w d P (2008) DwP cmm sy. s: p://.dp..
/d/p08.pd
D, s., cb, J., D, a. d B, t. (2007) e w
nbd P. DwP r rp nmb 411. s: p://.dp../d/d5/
p_b/_b/_411.p
D, k. (2009) n cpm: t tm . oxd: Py P
ed (2011) Jb , d mpym m m? Fd F. i 10,
nmb 2011. B: ed.
e, M., h, s. d oz, r.a. (2004) l p y b d b.
Dpm w d P r rp n. 217, cp Dm s. s: p://
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F, t., l, P. d gd, l. (2012) F Jb Fd: a dpd .
ld: i. s: p://...//d//pb/cesi__jb_
d_.pd
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Fd, D. (2007) rd dpdy, ppy: p
. a dpd p Dpm w d P. ld: DwP. s: p://m.
d../y/P/dm/2007/03/05/p.pd
g, M. d M, a. (2003) MJb d MJb: p jb uk. i:
D, r. d g, P. d wd, J. (d.) t b m d b. B:
P Mm.
g, l. (2011) t s: t dy . c.
g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B.
oxd: oxd uy P.
h, D., F, D., ey, M., My, k. d e, t. (2011) Fm : p
dp d ym jb uk. ld: cmp P r ed.
hy, t., D, D., w, a., h, J. d M, J. (2012) t mpym,
pp b d dp . ld: ukces. s: p://...//
/d/pb/mpympp p 20bddp
.pd
iFF r (2012) w mpym. ld: Bis. s: p://.b..//
b/p/d//12511mpym
kp, e. (2012) Y t, lb M d ey empym: sm rf
d Q. skoPe r Pp n. 108, My 2012. cd: uy cd. s: p://
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k, J. d Pp, J. (2011) up Jb. ld: Dm. s: p://.dm..//
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M, n. (2009) t d dpm b m p.
i J t d Dpm. 13(1):118.
M, n., M, r. d c, e. (2011) s smpym. ed rp 31. ld:
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mpym.pd
M, a. (2012) t r g Fd, n ad o. s: p://.../
pb/1213/__d.px
M, g. (2012) sym : d b fd? D Pp. ld:
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My, r. cg, J. d M, g. (2010) t op B s i. ld:
nesta d t Y Fd. s: p://.../by/dm/s_
i_020310.pd
nao (2012) t d w Pmm. ld: n ad o. s: p://
.../pb/1012/dp__pmm.px
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ncvo (2012) t w Pmm: pp d xp y . ld:
ncvo. s: p://...//d//_y_j_2012_p_17.9.12.pd
nesta (2009) t 6 p : b ppy djb. ld: nesta. s: p://.../by/dm/vxpn2010
3.pd
nesta (2011) v g: t mp b y. ld:
nesta. s: p://.../by/dm/v_g_19.pd
n (2012) P i: d . ld: n. s: p://...
/by/dm/Pib3.pd
n (2012) F d ? ld: n.
Pd, c. (2012) oecD lb M g r. t em Pp l, 9
Fby 2012. ld: ld s em.
r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp.
casepp 103. ld: c ay s ex, ld s em d
P s.
r, h., cb, J. d r, J. (2005) udd pp d mm:
. DwP r rp nmb 255. ld: Dpm w d P.
s: p://.dp../d/d5/p20052006/p255.pd
s, P. d J, k. (2012) l ? t b m d y pp
mpym, d . ld: t w Fd. s: p://.
d.m/DdPb/rp/310___ p 20(2).pd
tp, D. d wm, a. (2008) wm. ld: a B.
ukces (2010) s Jb: tdy d tm. t n s s ad ed
2010. vm 1: ky Fd. ld: ukces. s: p://...///d/
pb/dd2010m2dp.pd
v, s., adm, l., odd, k., Bm, c., Dd, r., D, l., ry, c. d vd,
k. (2011) Fxb n D : cm y d q d. DwPr rp nmb 758. ld: Dpm w d P. s: p://.dp.
./d/d5/p20112012/p758.pd
w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 20102020. ed p 41, Dmb
2011. ld: ukces. s: p://...///d/pb/d
p4120102020.pd
w, a. (2011) r d t w rp. ld: Dpm
ed. s: p://.d../pb/odDd/t p 20w
p 20rp.pd
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52 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
EndnotES
1. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
2. acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t c c ad. ld: acevo.
3. g d wd, p. .
4. r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp. casepp 103. ld:c ay s ex, ld s em d P s.
5. e, M., h, s. d oz, r.a. (2004) l p y b d b. Dpm w dP r rp n. 217, cp Dm s.
6. g d wd, p. .
7. t d pd Jb P (d empym s n id), w Pmm, wc d p dby p, p, ppp, mpym pp,mpyby pp d d.
8. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
9. acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t c c ad. ld: acevo.
10. g d wd, op. .
11. r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp. casepp 103. ld:c ay s ex, ld s em d P s.
12. e, M., h, s. d oz, r.a. (2004) l p y b d b. Dpm w dP r rp n 217, cp Dm s. ld: Dpm w d P.
13. g d wd, p. .
14. p19, n (2012) P i: -d . ld: n. s: p://.../by/dm/Pib3.pd
15. r, h., cb, J. d r, J. (2005) udd pp d mm: . DwPr rp nmb 255. ld: Dpm w d P.
16. ons lb M s, ob 2012.
17. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
18. p://...//b_/mp_pd
19. s, xmp w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 2010-2020. ed p 41, Dmb 2011.ld: ukces.
20. acevo cmm Y umpym (2012) Y umpym: t d. ld: acevo.
21. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
22. ibd.
23. Pd, c. (2012) oecD lb M g r. t em Pp l, 9 Fby 2012.ld: ld s em.
24. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
25. s, P. d J, k. (2012) l ? t b m d y pp mpym,d . ld: t w Fd.
26. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
27. D m B, r. (2010) Ddd p b m. em d b m . v. 4,nmb 6, J 2010. np: ons.
28. t mpym p d b p p mpyd, mpd p pp mpyd. F xmp, 2009, 47 p dbdpp mpym, mpd 78 p -dbd pp ( mpym p 31 pp).
29. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
30. cmm s cmm, p 2010/11.
31. r, J. (2005) lb m dd m dbd pp: d pp. casepp 103. ld:
c ay s ex, ld s em d P s.
32. e, M., h, s. d oz, r. (2004) l p y b d b. DwP r rp n. 217.ld: Dpm w d P.
33. g, M. d M, a. (2003) MJb d MJb: p jb uk. i: D, r. d g,P. d wd, J. (d.) t b m d b. B: P Mm.
34. k, J. d Pp, J. (2011) up Jb. ld: Dm.
35. g, M. d M, a. (2003) MJb d MJb: p jb uk. i: D, r. d g,P. d wd, J. (d.) t b m d b. B: P Mm.
36. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
37. t p b dd ukces s sy . l p: D, B., g, k., sy, J. v, D. dwbm, M. (2012) uk cmm empy s sy 2011: uk r. ed p 45. ld: ukces.
38. g, M. d M, a. (2003) MJb d MJb: p jb uk. i: D, r. d g,P. d wd, J. (d.) t b m d b. B: P Mm.
39. kp, e. (2012) Y t, lb M d ey empym: sm rf d Q. skoPer Pp n. 108, My 2012. cd: uy cd.
40.D, k. (2009) n cpm: t tm . oxd: Py P.
41. Byj, e. d Ma, a. (2011) r a M. D F P.
42. s, xmp, g, l. (2011) t s: t dy . c.
43. D, k. (2009) n cpm: t tm . oxd: Py P.
44. t by d: d by m b m.
45. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
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Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation 53
46. n (2012) F d ? ld: n.
47. ukces (2010) s Jb: tdy d tm. t n s s ad ed 2010. vm 1: kyFd. ld: ukces.
48. w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 2010-2020. ed p 41, Dmb 2011. ld: ukces.
49. s xmp ec ep b: p://.p.//m.jp?id=&id=89&id=1270&n=y
50. ukces (2010) s Jb: tdy d tm. t n s s ad ed 2010. vm 1: kyFd. ld: ukces.
51. w, r. d hmd, k. (2011) w F 2010-2020. ed p 41, Dmb 2011. ld: ukces.
52. ukces (2010) s Jb: tdy d tm. t n s s ad ed 2010. vm 1: kyFd. ld: ukces.
53. s: p://.dpj./ d p://.d.p./ db d jb
54. ibd.
55. ed (2011) Jb , d mpym m m? Fd F. i 10, nmb 2011. B:ed.
56. nesta (2009) t 6%: - b ppy d jb. ld: nesta. p://.../by/dm/v-x-p--n2010-3.pd
57. nesta (2011) v g: t mp - b y. ld: nesta. p://.../by/dm/v_g_19.pd
58. n (2012) P i: -d . ld: n. p://.../by/dm/Pib3.pd
59. M, a. (2012) t r g Fd. ld: n ad o.
60. M, n. (2009) t d dpm b m p. i J t d Dpm. 13(1):1-18.
61. hy, t., D, D., w, a., h, J. d M, J. (2012) t mpym, pp b ddp . ld: ukces.
62. g, P. d wd, J. (2011) t lb M w: t s w B. oxd: oxd uy P.
63. ons lb M s, pbd J 2012.
64. p://.d../m-mp-/2012/b/08/dp-jb-p-m-dd
65. p://../
66. p://.fpy../
67. p://b./b.m.
68. F, t., l, P. d gd, l. (2012) F Jb Fd: a dpd . ld: i.
69. DwP (2012) ey mp xp. ld: Dpm w d P.
70. w, a. (2011) r d - t w p. Dpm ed.
71. M, n., M, r. d c, e. (2011) s s-mpym. ed rp 31. ld: ukces.
72. ibd
73. iFF r (2012) w -mpym. ld: Dpm B, i d s.
74. Bm, h. d cd, M. (2008) t umpym s-empym: e t s-upPmm. oxd B em d s. 70(3), 347-373.
75. M, n., M, r. d c, e. (2011) s s-mpym. ed rp 31. ld: ukces.
76. M, g. (2012) sym : d b fd? D Pp. ld: n. p://.../by/dm/symigMJy2012.pd
77. t y xmp pj d my dd by by eps Fd. My xmp d by pbm/dby, mpym .
78. p://.dp../d/d5/-dx.p
79. a, J., D, s., F, h., P, r., P, r. d ty, n. (2008) e F c P 2007. rrp n. 495. Dpm w d P.
80. D s., cb J., D a. d B t. (2007) e w nbd P. DwPr rp nmb 411. ld: Dpm w d P.
81. Fd, D. (2007) rd dpdy, ppy: p . a dpdp Dpm w d P.
82. DwP (2008) DwP cmm sy. ld: Dpm w d P. s: p://.dp../d/-p-08.pd
83. v, s., adm, l., odd, k., Bm, c., Dd, r., D, l., ry, c. d vd, k. (2011) Fxb n D: cm y d q d. DwP r rp n. 758. ld: Dpm wd P.
84. nao (2012) t d w Pmm. ld: nao. s: p://.../pb/1012/dp__pmm.px
85. c em d s i. B. i mpym . s: p://.../b/2012/j/-mpym-
86. ncvo (2012) t w Pmm: pp d xp y . s: p://.-..//d//_y_j_2012_p_17.9.12.pd
87. DwP (2012) t M dd: pm ppy x. s: p://.mdd../b-m.pp
88. t mb mm y dd . t i empyby P 20,000 pp uk . (p://.mpyby./)
89. p://.dp../ppy-dp/--by/---/-d/
90. cb o (2012) u g : y d 1. s: p://.dpm.b..//
d/_dpm//gd--cy-D--1.pd91. a ym db d d d d mm qm.
92. My, r., c-g, J. d M, g. (2010) t op B s i. ld: n d YFd.
93. p://.../
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54 Making it work:tackling worklessness through innovation
94. p://../
95. p://..m./-.px
96. p://.../__/pb__b/_
97. p://.mp./w-c
98. p://.pbpp.m//dx.p
99. p://d.dp../d///-p.pd
100. p://.dpm.b..//d/_dpm//gd--cy-D--1.pd
101. h, D., F, D., ey, M., My, k. d e, t. (2011) Fm : p dp dym jb uk. ld: cmp P r ed.
102. p://./
103. p://.../m1//b_/my____d_
104. p://pd./
105. hmP (2012) Fm lyy cmmy: eb Pm.
106. t s v: smmy P r, B, 26-27 ob 2006, B Fd Pb s,empym, lb d s D (FPs)
107. p://.d../d/2012/b/09/bdm-bm-dd-m-m
108. p://.dp../d/pd/-p-/
109. p://.mb10..//d-y-p-p/
110. p://.d../n/r/2012/06/y-p
111. p://pp./dx.pp5?=eQual_mpdm
112. p://pp./dx.pp5?=cmpdm_2.1.1_w_bd
113. p://../
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