Major Animal PhylaPorifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata
Phylum Poriferasponges
Have no definite shape asymmetrical;No tissues or organsColony of specialized cellsImmobileGood powers of regenerationSkeleton of spongin and spicules
CLASSES OF SPONGESClass Calcarea has calcium carbonate spiculesClass Hexactinellida glass sponges with spicules of silicaClass Demospongiae no spicules, only spongin
SPONGE ANATOMY
Barrel sponge
Vase sponge
Tube sponge
Venus Flower Basket
Phylum Cnidariastinging-celled animals
Jellyfishes, corals, anemonesRadial symmetryTwo tissue layers with inner mesoglea Primitive nerve net but no brain2-way digestive tractStinging cells for capturing food.
CLASSES OF CNIDARIANSClass Hydrozoa Hydra, Portuguese-Man-of-War, Obelia; mostly polyp or hydroid stageClass Scyphozoa true jellyfishes; mostly medusa stageClass Anthozoa corals, anemonesClass Cubozoa box jellies
CLASS HYDROZOAHydra
CLASS SCYPHOZOA
Moon jelly
CLASS ANTHOZOA
Sea anemone
Aggregating anemones
Anemone
Coral polyps
Coral reef
CLASS CUBOZOA
Phylum Platyhelminthesflatworms
First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetryHave primitive brain3 tissue layers Includes free-living flatworms and parasitic flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)
CLASSES OF FLATWORMSClass Turbellaria free-living flatworms
Class Cestoda tapeworms
Class Trematoda - flukes
Flatworm
Flatworm
Flatworm
Tapeworm head (scolex)
Liver fluke
Phylum Annelidasegmented wormsEarthworms, sandworms, leeches One-way digestive system Have well-developed digestive and circulatory systems
CLASSES OF ANNELIDSClass Oligochaeta earthworms, bloodworms; oligo- means few and chaeta means a bristle or stout hairClass Polychaeta many bristles and parapodia (fleshly lobes to walk withClass Hirudinea leeches (most are NOT bloodsuckers)
Christmas tree worm
Feather-duster worm
Fireworm
Nereis a polychaete
Oligochaete
Leech
Phylum Mollusca-soft bodied animalsincludes snails, slugs, nudibranchs, chitons, limpets, clams, oysters, squid, octopus, nautilus, etc.Either have no shell, one shell, or two shellsMany have hard mouth parts (radula in gastropods, beak in cephalopods).
CLASSES OF MOLLUSCSClass Gastropoda snails, slugs, conchs, nudibranchs; have either no shell or one shell; name means stomach footClass Bivalvia clams, oysters, mussels; have two shells that hinge togetherClass Polyplacophora chitons; snail-like with 8 embedded plates on its backClass Cephalopoda squid, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish; name means head foot; well-developed nervous system
Nudibranch
Nudibranch
Nudibranch
Chiton
Chiton
Reef Squid
Cuttlefish
Blue-ring octopus
Chambered nautilus
Triton shell
Oyster on half-shell(needs Tabasco)
Scallop
Phylum Arthropoda joint-legged animals
includes insects, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, and arachnidsexoskeleton made of chitinmust shed shell to grow
CLASSES OF ARTHROPODSClass Crustacea shrimps, lobsters, crabs, crawfishesClass Amphipoda small; called scudsClass Isopoda sea lice; some are parasiticClass Stomatopoda mantis shrimpsClass Pycnogonida sea spidersClass Merostomata horseshoe crabsClass Cirripedia - barnacles
Bulldozer larva - Crustacea
Bulldozer
Cleaner shrimpCrustacea
Spider crabCrustacea
Crab zoeacrustacea
Crab megalops
Stone crab
Hermit crab - crustacea
Amphipoda
Giant Isopod
Parasiticisopod
Ligia exotica - isopod
Mantis shrimp - Stomatopoda(thumbsplitter)
Horseshoe crabMerostomata
Sea spider- Pycnogonida
Barnacles - Cirripedia
Phylum Echinodermata spiney-skinned animalsincludes sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoidsreverted back to radial symmetry (radial in adults / bilateral in larvae)tube feet and water vascular systemMost exhibit pentamerism
WHY ARE ECHINODERMS RANKED SO HIGH?Clues from embryology study of the early development of animalsProtostomes versus DeuterostomesProtostome blastopore forms the mouth in all animals except echinoderms and chordatesDeuterostomes blastopore forms the anus in echinoderms and chordates
CLASSES OF ECHINODERMSClass Asteroidea sea starsClass Ophiuroidea brittle stars, serpent starsClass Echinoidea sea urchins, sand dollarsClass Holothuroidea sea cucumbersClass Crinoidea sea lilies, feather stars
Sea star - Asteroidea
Bat star - Asteroidea
Pycnopodia - Asteroidea
Brittle star - Ophiuroidea
Sea urchin - Echinoidea
Purple urchinsEchinoidea
Sand dollar - Echinoidea
Sea cucumberHolothuroidea
Feather star - Crinoidea
Phylum ChordataIncludes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsChordate characteristics:Dorsal hollow nerve tubeNotochordPharyngeal gill slitsPost anal tail
CHORDATE CLASSIFICATIONThe Protochordates - invertebrate chordatesSubphylum Urochordata sea squirts, salps, and ascidiansSubphylum Cephalochordata lancelets
True Chordates:Subphylum Vertebrata
Tunicate - Urochordata
Tunicate - Urochordata
Salp- Urochordata
CEPHALOCHORDATEAmphioxus
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATAClass Agnatha jawless fishes; lampreys and hagfishesClass Chondrichthys cartilaginous fishes; sharks, rays, skates, chimerasClass Osteichthys boney fishesClass Amphibia frogs, salamandersClass Reptila turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiliansClass Aves birdsClass Mammalia - mammals
VERTEBRATE BODY PLANRecapitulation Theory Ontogeny recapitulates PhylogenyThe embryological and developmental changes an organism goes through restates its evolutionary historyEvolution cannot go back and change historyit can only modify what is pre-existing
Sea lamprey - Agnatha
Hagfish - Agnatha
Great white shark - Chondrichthys
Tiger shark - Chondrichthys
Manta ray - Chondrichthys
Stingray - Chondrichthys
Ratfish (Chimera)- Chondrichthys
Electric ray - Chondrichthys
Leafy sea dragon - Osteichthys
Sargassum fish - Osteichthys
Deep sea angler fish - Osteichthys
Clown anemone fish - Osteichthys
Bull dolphin - Osteichthys
Bullfrog - Amphibia
Green sea turtle Reptila
American alligator - Reptila
Osprey - Aves
Great blue heron - Aves
Humpback whales - Mammalia
Sea lionMammalia
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