• describe the structures and
functions of each of the four
groups of Macromolecules
summarize the bonding
properties of Carbon
• explain how enzymes speed up
the rate of biochemical
reactions by lowering the
reaction’s activation energy
• identify the effects of
environmental factors on
enzyme activity
Macromolecules
Terms to Know – Define and Provide an example
1. Monomers
2. Polymer
3. Carbohydrate
4. Protein
5. Amino Acid
6. Lipid
7. Nucleic Acid
8. Endothermic Reaction
9. Exothermic Reaction
10.Enzyme
11.Catalyst
12.Reactant and Product
Macromolecules
The four major groups of
macromolecules found in living things
are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
acids, and proteins.
Monomers – smaller units of
macromolecules
Polymers – large sets of monomers
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
• Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.
• The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell
activities.
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate monomer = monosaccharides (example = glucose).
• Carbohydrate polymer = polysaccharides (example = starch in plants or
glycogen in humans).
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon, and phosphorus.
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
Nucleic Acids
• Monomer – nucleotide (the base, sugar, and phosphate)
• Polymer – the nucleic acid (ex: DNA, RNA).
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group
(–PO4), and a nitrogenous base.
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is
another nucleotide that captures
and transfers chemical energy.
Protein
• Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Proteins perform many varied functions, such as controlling the rate of
reactions, transporting substances, and helping to fight disease.
Protein
• Monomer – amino acid (ex: alanine)
• Polymer – polypeptide
• A protein is usually built from one or more polypeptides.
Protein
• Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (–NH2) on one end and a
carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end.
• Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a
polypeptide.
• All amino acids are identical in the amino and carboxyl groups.
• Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the R-group.
Lipids
• Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and are generally
not soluble in water. Examples include fats, oils, and waxes.
• Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of
biological membranes.
• Steroids synthesized by the body are lipids as well. Many steroids, such as
hormones, serve as chemical messengers.
Lipids
• Lipid monomers – fatty acids (ex: saturated and unsaturated).
• Lipid polymers – triglycerides
Lipids
• Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids
contain double bonds.
Reactions and Enzymes
• explain how enzymes speed up the rate
of biochemical reactions by lowering the
reaction’s activation energy
• identify the effects of environmental
factors on enzyme activity
Chemical Reactions
• A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into
another by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.
• Reactants – The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.
• Products - The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
Chemical Reactions
• Endothermic reactions – energy is absorbed
• Exothermic reactions – energy is released
Chemical Reactions
• Activation energy - The energy that is needed to get a reaction started.
Chemical Reactions
• Catalyst - a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy.
Chemical Reactions
• Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical
reactions that take place in cells.
• Enzymes act by lowering the activation energies.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex• Substrate - The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
• The substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site.
• Each enzyme in your body has a uniquely shaped active site that fits only
one type of substrate.
• The enzyme is NOT changed in this reaction, it continues to bind other
substrates.
• Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules are all factors that can
affect the activity of enzymes.
Review
• Kahoot - https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/5421b8cb-71f6-4fc6-8e19-cbb623ee3058
• Crashcourse - https://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0
• Activation energy - https://youtu.be/j00Ep0Byu0Y
• Bozeman enzymes - https://youtu.be/ok9esggzN18
https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/5421b8cb-71f6-4fc6-8e19-cbb623ee3058https://youtu.be/H8WJ2KENlK0https://youtu.be/j00Ep0Byu0Yhttps://youtu.be/ok9esggzN18Top Related