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9. Guidelines for Sustainable and Responsible Tourism
World Tourism Organization
Manila, 20 – 22 March 2006
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Invisible export which creates a flow of foreign currency in
the economyTourism
Creates: - business turnover - household income - employment - government revenue
Contributes directly to the balance of payments
Economic costs
THE DEFINITION OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
Wages Profits Taxes Equipment Stocks & supplies
Tourist Expenditure
Direct
Imports (leakages)
Travel Hotels Transports Handicrafts Services agency & rest.
THE TOURISM INCOME MULTIPLIER
Indirect
Induced
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS
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Input-output studies analyse inter-industry relationships by tracking the flow of goods and services in an area’s economy
through the chain of producers, suppliers, and intermediaries to the final buyer
Demonstrates how economic sectors are related, the number of linkages among them and the effect of these linkages
Construction of a table showing the economy of the destination in matrix form where all the purchasers
and sellers of goods and services are represented
MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS
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DEMAND BY INDUSTRY
Industry 1
Industry 2
Industry 3
Wages
Profits
Taxes
Imports
Total Output
Total Input Sales to
Purchase
from
(H = household consumption) (I = Investment expenditure) (G = Government expenditure)
(E = Exports)
Industry 1 2 3 H I G E
INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE
MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
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Clear Definition of Tourism ActivityClear Definition of Tourism Activity
Direct Activities Indirect Activities
Account for:
•Demand •Supply•Employment
•TaxesIdentification of benefits: income, employment, taxes flows through sectors
Comprehensive picture of the size and scale of tourism in the country
TOURISM SATTELITE ACCCOUNTS
MEASURING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
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Impacts Inflation Repatriation of profits by foreign firms and workers
Diversion of scarce resources
Profitability of other firms affected
Scarce resources for tourists, not locals Increase in land and retail prices
Unemployment in
non-tourist areas
Loan repayments
Positive Negative
Invisible export Flow of foreign currency
Development of infrastructure Redistribution of domestic currency spatially within
boundaries of a country Improvement less developed areas
Employment creation Foreign investment
Multiplier effect
MANAGING ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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CHANGES TO EVERYDAY LIFE
SOCIAL IMPACTSSOCIAL IMPACTS refer to changes in the lives of people who live at destination communities, and are associated more with direct contact between residents and tourists.
DEFINITION: SOCIAL IMPACTS
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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CHANGES TO CULTURE
CULTURAL IMPACTSCULTURAL IMPACTS refer to changes in the arts, artefacts, customs, rituals and architecture of a people, and are longer term changes which result more from tourism development.
Collective memory may be affected resulting in a loss of identity.
DEFINITION: CULTURAL IMPACTS
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Aggressive promotion of
something favoured
Silent acceptance of something
favoured
Aggressive opposition to
something disliked
Resigned acceptance of
something disliked
Positive
Active
Attitude Behaviour
Negative
Response Active
LOCAL’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Positive Negative
Employment Jobs for women Jobs for the young
Higher standard of living Quality of life
Social contact with foreigner Languages
Leaning new skills - training Education
Social tourism
Crime, drugs Prostitution Corruption, bribery
Relocation for construction
Displacement of rural and fishing communities Breakdown of
family unit Jobs taken by foreigners Demonstration effect
Resentment by locals Jealousy
Impacts
MANAGING SOCIAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Impacts Positive Negative
Revival and protection of ancient
traditions
Preservation of ancient buildings
Stage-managed events protect reluctant cultures
Revival and preservation of the handicraft industry
Pride in heritage
Degradation and commercialisation of cultural and ethnic heritage
Cultural traditions may become devalued in an attempt to adapt to
tourist tastes
Observing, watching and photographing locals doing
their daily business
Racism
MANAGING CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Impacts Positive Negative
Excess demand /over-utilisation
Concentration of tourist is areas and in time - crowding
Loss of natural landscape Badly conceived construction
damage areas Tourism development can destroy natural resources
Damage to fragile habitats… Atmospheric, water and
visual pollution Littering
Regeneration Environmental awareness
Preservation of buildings, attractions, historic sites,
natural habitats Development of leisure facilities used by locals Tourists want high quality
environment Cleaning up of pollution
Protected areas
MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Alien factors
Planning process
Management of development
Technology
Impacts
Local factors
Social/Cultural Environmental Economic
Parameters
Standards
Carrying Capacity
DETERMINING CARRYING CAPACITY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Design of environmental conditions that are desirable
Local residents’ perspectives
Scientific knowledge
Surveys
Tourism activity or development
Applied research
must consider
LIMITS TO ACCEPTABLE CHANGE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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Analysis of Social and Environmental
Costs
Analysis of Social and Environmental
Benefits
Cost Benefit Analysis
Expressed Quantitatively
COST BENEFIT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
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THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL PLANNING
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline or rejuvenation
Exploration
Involvement
Development
ConsolidationStagnation
Decline
Rejuvenation
Time
No of visitors
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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Planning is essential to tourism development to:
• Optimise the return-on-resources without jeopardising the future of the resources
• Provide equitable costs and benefits for actors
• Maximise tourist/consumer satisfaction
• Improve the prosperity of indigenous people
• Contribute to the competitive strategy of the destination
IS A PLAN NECESSARY?
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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Planning is organising the future to achieve certain objectives. There are several forms of tourism planning:
Economic development planning
Land use planning
Infrastructure planning
Social services planning
Safety planning
FORMS OF TOURISM PLANNING
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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National Tourism Planning
Regional Tourism Planning
Local Tourism Planning
General guidelines; voluntary standards
International Tourism Planning
General objectives for the country as a whole
Specific for region following overall aims of
the national plan
Detailed and specific for area
LEVELS OF TOURISM PLANNING
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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Interactive Planning
TQM Goals: focus on support, continuous consultation and stakeholder involvement throughout the plan
Plan is what we agree to do
Planner is a value -committed advocate
Success: achievement of agreement on action and resulting change
Expert sets goals: focus on information and manipulation on data
Plan is what we should do
Planner as a value-neutral expert
Success: achievement of plan’s objectives
Conventional Planning
INTERACTIVE VS CONVENTIONAL PLANNING
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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A successful tourist destination requires infrastructure:
ATTRACTIONS
ACCESSIBILITY
AMENITIES
ANCILLARY SERVICES
Natural, man-made, artificial, purpose built, heritage
Transport system: route, terminals, vehicles
Accommodation and catering facilities, retail, other tourist services
Banks, telecommunications, post…
PROVIDING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR TOURISM
PLANNING TOURISM DESTINATIONS
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Time for a break!
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SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
Brundtland Commission
Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way
that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological
diversity, and life support system.
WTO, WTTC, Earth Council (Agenda 21 for tourism industry - 1995)
DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
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Ecological Sustainability
Ensures that development is compatible with the maintenance of essential processes, biological
diversity and biological resources.
Economic Sustainability
Ensures that development is economically efficient and
equitable and that resources are managed so that they can
support future generations
Social and Cultural Sustainability
Ensures that development increases people’s control over their lives, is compatible with
the culture and values of people affected by it, and maintains and strengthens community
identity
SD
PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
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Public authority
tourism industry
environment supporters
community
Old Style Tourism
tourism industry
environment supporters
community
Sustainable Tourism
Public authority
PARTNERSHIPS IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM AS A KEY TO SUSTAINABILITY
Proactive approach by tourism industry partners to develop, market and manage the tourism industry in a
responsible manner so as to create a sustainable competitive advantage
Proactive approach by tourism industry partners to develop, market and manage the tourism industry in a
responsible manner so as to create a sustainable competitive advantage
Responsibility TowardsResponsibility Towards
Environment Local Communities
Local Cultures
Visitors Employees/ Employers
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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ELEMENTS OF RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT• Avoid waste and over-consumption by using local resources
sustainably
• Be sensitive to the host culture
• Involve local community in planning/ decision-making
• Encourage benefits/links for local entrepreneurs
• Encourage natural, economic, social, cultural diversity
• Assess environmental, social and economic impacts as a pre-requisite to developing tourism
• Market tourism that is responsible, respecting local cultural and natural environments
• Monitor impacts of tourism transparently
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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WHY RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT?
Increasing International
Trend
Increasing market demand
Ethos towards Future
GenerationsBusiness Case
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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• Consumer demand strong and growing, although still largely passive
• Strong tour operator’s support – especially among specialist operators – branding and price advantages
• Ethical consumption and investments growing rapidly
• Eco-labels: general support but also confusion – too many
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
STATE OF SUPPORT FOR RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
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RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Environmental Social and
CulturalEconomic
Responsible Tourism Guidelines
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
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ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
• Assess economic impacts before developing tourism
• Maximise local economic benefits by increasing linkages and reducing leakages
• Ensure communities are involved in an benefit from tourism
• Assist with marketing and product development
• Promote equitable business practices
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
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ASSESSING ECONOMIC IMPACTS
HOW WILL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
AFFECT THE LOCAL ECONOMY?
Seasonality effects?
Benefits & Opportunity
cost?
Adverse effects –
inflation, loss resources?
Possible FDI & SMME
links?
Unrealistic Expec-tations?
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
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MAXIMISE LINKAGES THROUGH LOCAL PROCUREMENT
Analyse the corporate supply chain & fit to objectives
Identify opportunities for local supply and procuremente.g. laundry, firewood, fresh produce, arts & craft, flowers, transport,
entertainment, etc. etc.
Manage policy and processi.d. relevant products & suppliers, evaluate, contract, mentor, train,
assist, etc.
Monitor and EvaluateMeasure success, lessons, adapt strategy & processes, communicate
& apply, etc.
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
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+’s AND –’s OF LOCAL PROCUREMENT
BENEFITS
Cost-saving
Product differentiation
Brand recognition
Social reputation and morale
Government acknowledgement
CONSTRAINTS
Lack of quality and product acceptability
Price
Contractual requirements
Staff/management inertia and resistance
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
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SOCIAL GUIDELINES
• Involve the local community in planning and decision-making
• Assess social impacts of tourism activities
• Maintain and encourage social and cultural diversity
• Be sensitive to the host culture
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM SOCIAL GUIDELINES
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Private Businesses
Local Community
Destination
Eliminate barriers to entry
Local Community part of decision structures
Mentoring Programmes
Market/communicate local culture, traditions
Understand political & cultural context
INVOLVE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN PLANNING/DECISIONS
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM SOCIAL GUIDELINES
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ENCOURAGE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY
• Develop tourism with dignity, respect & nurturing of local cultures
• Use tourism as a catalyst for human development
• Be sensitive not to compromise respect for local cultural and religious rights
• Support school visits to cultural/heritage sites
• Consider community scholarships
• Showcase and promote local artifacts & crafts in your enterprise
• Encourage cultural workers to maintain authenticity
• Serve local dishes, source furnishings, arts & crafts locally
• Work with community in identifying, scoping and developing heritage resources
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM SOCIAL GUIDELINES
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BE SENSITIVE TO THE HOST CULTURE
Operating Principles
Guard against over-
commercial
Value indigenous intellectual property
Guard against over-
commercial
Use and capacitate
local guides
Develop & Display Social
Contract
Opportunities for spontaneous
interaction
Combat negative
impacts & abuse
Educate Visitors re
Local Culture
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM SOCIAL GUIDELINES
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ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES
• Assess Environmental Impacts
• Use local resources sustainably, avoid waste & over-consumption
• Maintain and encourage natural diversity
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES
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ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
• Select areas for development with care and integrate environmental management in project cycle
• Follow best-practice guidelines for design, planning and construction
• Use local materials and designs – avoid negative aesthetic impacts
• Avoid noise and light pollution
• Use natural ventilation
• Plan for lowest possible ecological impact – forests, wildlife, wetlands, etc.
• Encourage biodiversity – plant indigenous habitats for birds, bees, butterflies
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES
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USE LOCAL RESOURCES SUSTAINABLY• Meter water consumption and set targets to reduce
• Measure energy consumption and introduce energy saving measures ( low-energy appliances, natural ventilation, dim lights, etc.)
• Increase usage of renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro, etc.)
• Monitor use of diesel, paraffin & petrol and set targets to reduce consumption
• Monitors sewage disposal and management
• Recycle waste and reduce waste output
• Encourage use of environmentally friendly transport
• Invest in sustainable trails, hides and interpretation
• Tell visitors what you are doing!
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES
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MAINTAIN AND ENCOURAGE NATURAL DIVERSITY
Educate staff & visitors about conservation
Invest some profits in conservation
Avoid pollution by using environmentally friendly chemicals, soaps, detergents
Encourage visitor behaviour that respects natural heritage and has a low impact on it
Look for ways in which enterprise & guests can assist with conservation
Do not market activities that can harm ecologically sensitive areas e.g. 4x4, hunting, diving, etc.
Discourage purchase of products that contribute to destruction of species/ habitats
Natural Diversity
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES
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Thank You!
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