Volume 25 | Issue 3 Article 3
1962
Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and ShoulderRegion of SwineL. I. SaarIowa State University
Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian
Part of the Veterinary Anatomy Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion inIowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please [email protected].
Recommended CitationSaar, L. I. (1962) "Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region of Swine," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 25 : Iss. 3 ,Article 3.Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol25/iss3/3
Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region
of Swine L. I. Saar, Dr. med. vet. R. Getty, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.*
I. Introduction A review of various textbooks and other
publications concerned with the lymph system, clearly indicated a great variety of terminology used to group the lymph nodes of 'swine in region of the head, neck and shoulder. Probably the statement made by Baum (1912) was true that, "the grouping of the lymph nodes is basically very uncertain and will always depend upon the individual viewpoint of the author." Neverthe less, an attempt will be made to clarify the controversies found in literature about the descriptive information and terms used.
II. Review of the Literature Before 1914 it was generally assumed
that the patterns of the flow of lymph of swine were probably similar to the ox (Titze, 1914). This opinion was mainly based on viewpointS' expressed by Bartels (1909), that evidently there was basic similarity in distribution of the lymph vessels and the lymph nodes in mammals and man. In fact, however, before 1914 the ox was the only animal in which the location of the lymph nodes and their drainage are a s were systematically examined (Baum, 1912). At that time, the descriptive information found in textbooks about the lymph system of swine was kept at a minimum (Chauveau 1902; von Ostertag, 1904; Ellenberger-Baum, 1908; Sisson,
• From Iowa State University. Ames. Iowa; where Dr. Saar is with the Department of Veterinary Anat· omy and Dr. Getty is Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy. College of Veteri· nary Medicine.
120
1914). Titze (1911-1914) tried to investigate the lymph flow of swine by injecting bovine tuberculosis cultures subcutaneously but his experiments failed. The first known research paper published about the location of the lymph nodes was done by Gregor (1914), on swine fetuses approaching term. In 1927/28 Postma confirmed Gregors results and pointed out the differences found between the lymph flow of swine compared to the ox. In 1929 Baum re-examined the location of the lymph nodes and introduced a new terminology for ,the lymph node groups of swine as found in the region of the head, neck and shoulder. Baum's terminology was adopted by von Ostertag (1932); Egehoj (1934-37); Zietzschmann (1939); Grau (1938, 1943); Klimow-Akajewski (1950); SchOnberg-Zietzschmann (1958). Some textbooks, however, like Sisson-Grossman (1938, 1953) remained firm on terminology and descriptive information used before 1914. Sisson's influence was reflected in publications of the V.S.D.A. Circular No. 866 (1951) and St. Clair (1958). Some authors, like Thornton (1949, 1957) preferred to keep an "intermediate" position by mentioning in part some of Baum's and Egehoj's results, but otherwise stating that, "the nodes of the head and neck are numerous and somewhat difficult to group satisfactorily. "
It should be stressed here that Baum's (1929, 1938); Egehoj's (1934-1937) and Zietzschmann's (1939, 1958) research results on lymph flow, were obtained mainly from experiments conducted on nonliving
Iowa State University Veterinarian
animals. Most (1927) recommended to explore the possibilities for research on the lymph system on living ( anesthetized) animals, and he referred to his work performed in 1908 on rabbits and guinea pigs. Postma (1928) criticized his own methods of using dead piglets by saying, "However the direction of the lymph flow on 'a living animal will still remain a hypothesis." According to Rusznyak et. al. (1960), "all data of the earlier literature that are based an application of injection techniques should be revised by means of autoinjection of the lymphatic system with lymph," performed on living animals. In fact Egehoj (1934) demonstrated that differences may be found on lymph flow on dead and live oxen, which results in turn influence the terminology used to group the lymph nodes.
First, however it seemed proper for the authors to re-examine the terminology of the lymph nodes of swine as sited in present literature.
III. Terminology of the lymph nodes of the head, neck and shoulder region of swine.
In the tables I through IV the classification of the lymph nodes of the past are arranged according to the descriptive information and illustrations given by various authors. In table I, the first column lists the terms given by Baum (1929). They were compared in chronological order with those which existed before and after Baum's classification. The continuous horizontal lines indicate the corresponding regions of the lymph nodes described by various authors. The dotted horizontal lines were drawn as "guide lines" thus allowing the reader to compare the different terms presented in the tables I through IV.
It can be observed in tables I through IV that various authors of the past have grouped the lymph nodes into a variable number of groups; ranging from 4 (Chauveau, 1902) to eleven (Postma, 1928). On a number of occasions the lymph node groups described by Baum (1929) correspond in part only with the classification given by the other authors. The question marks (?) placed after a term should in-
Issue, No.3, 1962-63
dicate that the description given by the author may be considered as vague. Furthermore, a question mark ( ? ) in an empty rubic designates that an equivalent term for Baum's (1929) classification was not given. Occasionally some of the terms were marked with one or two "stars" (*) ( * * ) bringing to attention that terms marked by the same number of stars represent together one group only. [See Table I, column 4, (Ostertag, 1904): middle cervcal glands (* ).J
It can be observed from tables given that all the authors listed were in agreement regarding the descriptive information about the Lnn. mandibulares (Submaxillary nodes) and the Lnn. cervicales superficiales dorsales (Prescapular nodes), alalthough a number of synonyms were used. (C .... mpare the upper (first) and the lower, t14th) horizontal group through tables (I) to (IV).
The Ln. retropharyngicus medialis (Baum, 1929; Engehoj, 1936; Grau, 1943; Klimow-Akajewski, 1950; Zietzschmann, 1958), corresponds with the "retropharyngeal glands" of von Ostertag, 1904; Ellenberger-Baum, 1908, 1915. These nodes were called by Sisson (1914, 1953); "Circular No. 866" (1951) and 8t. Clair (1958) as the "suprapharyngeal lymph nodes." The other synonyms noted were: ganglions retropharyngiens, or cervicaux superieurs (Montane, 1920); "deep cervical lymph node" (Jossifow, 1932); the superior cervical glands (Castor, 1938); the internal retropharyngeal lymph nodes (Thornton, 1957). Some (earlier) authors considered the latter nodes as being part of a larger group of lymph nodes. (E.g. the "glandulae tracheales superiores" (Franck, 1871); the "pharyngeal glands" (Chauveau, 1902); the "upper cervical lymphatic glands" (Leighton, 1927).
Comparing the descriptive information given for the "posterior cervical or prepectoral lymph glands" (Sisson, 1914, 1953; "Circular" No. 866, 1951) it appeared that the following terms were considered as being synonymous: "Glandulae tracheales inferiores, or the "glandulae cervicales profundae inferiores (Franck, 1871); the "lower or caudal cervical lymph glands, (von Ostertag, 1904); the '1ym-
121
......
t-:>
t-:>
.....
o ~
!:l
CI)
.... !:
l .... (1) ~ ::;.
(1) ;;; .... ~ ~
~
;::t
;:!
!:l ::I. §
TA
BL
E
I T
erm
ino
log
y a
pp
lied
to
th
e ly
mp
h
no
des
o
f h
ead
, n
eck
an
d
sho
uld
er
reg
ion
o
f sw
ine
fro
m
1871
to
19
60.
Rem
ark
s fo
r ta
ble
s I
thru
IV
: L
n. =
Ly
mp
ho
no
du
s;
Ln
n. =
Lym
ph
on
od
i;
Gld
. = G
lan
du
lae;
Lgl
=
Lym
ph
og
lan
du
lae;
(?
) =
pla
ced
aft
er a
te
rm i
nd
icat
es t
hat
th
e d
escr
ipti
on
gi
ven
by
an
au
tho
r m
ay
be
con
sid
ered
as
"vag
ue"
o
r in
an
em
pty
ru
bri
c it
sh
ows
that
an
ellu
ival
ent
term
fo
r B
aum
's
(192
9)
das
si
cati
on
was
no
t gi
ven
In a
co
lum
n t
erm
m
ark
ed w
ith
th
e sa
me
nu
mb
er
of
"sta
rs,'
rep
rese
nt
on
e ly
mp
h
no
de
gro
up
o
nly
(S
ee
also
te
xt!)
~COLUMN
1 2
3 4
5 6
o U
Bau
m.
1929
F
r 8
Cha
uvea
u,
1902
v
. O
ster
tag
. 19
04
Ell
enb
erg
er-B
aum
, S
isso
n,
1914
1 P
(Bau
m-G
rau,
19
38)
anck
, 1
71
(En
gl.
ed
.)
(En
gl.
ed
.)
1908
~~~~on,
Gro
ssm
an,
Lnn
. O
ld.
Su
bm
axil
lary
, o
r S
ub
max
illa
ry
Lg
l.
Man
dib
ula
r 1
man
dibu
1are
s:
sub
max
illa
ris
sub
glo
ssal
@"l
ands
p;
land
s"
sub
max
illa
ris
lym
ph g
lan
ds
2' L
nn.
Gld
. m
axil
lare
s p
aro
tid
ei
po
steri
ore
s o
r _ '
-L
_I-
' r
--
--
-r-
--
--
-L
n.
Gld
. su
bau
ricu
-P
aro
tid
lym
ph
3 re
tro
ph
ary
ng
eus
lare
s g
lan
ds
(*)
, ...
... ;.
,...
-_
r-_
_ ~
_ _
:-~:
sub
par
oti
d.
~
gla
nd
(S
isso
n)
4 ';;l
C
ran
ial.
L
ymph
atic
gla
nd
s L
nn.
retr
o-
I--
b G
roup
_
_ _
_ _
_ _
I-_
_ p
har
yn
gic
us
• ~
Mid
dle
Lg
l.
late
rali
s
(Bau
m)?
5
~.
Gro
up
sub
par
oti
dea
e r-
--u'i
:! -
-.t
--
--t
--
-I-
--
6 S
8. C
auda
l M
iddl
e ce
rvic
al.
~ ii
i G
roup
ly
mph
gla
nd
s (_
) -
---
--
--
Lnn
. G
lan
du
lae
Uop
er c
erv
ical
. P
aro
tid
lym
ph
7 ma
ndib
ul~s
trach
eale
s P
hary
ngea
l.
gla
nd
s g
lan
d (
*)
.. ,
sup
erio
res
_ _
_ g
lan
ds
_ L
nn.
cerv
ical
.es
. 8
sup
erf
icia
les
Mid
dle
cel'V
l.ca
l "'
Mid
dle
cerv
ical
med
ii
gla
nd
s (?
) (*
) •
lym
ph g
lan
ds
(**
) -
---
--
Inn
. R
etro
ph
ary
ng
eal
Lg
l.
Su
pra
ph
ary
ng
eal
9 ~:~~~geus
gla
nd
s re
tro
ph
ary
ng
esle
s ly
mph
gla
nd
s -
--r-
--
Lnn
. cervicale~
Lgl
. rv
i 1
10
m
f
di
.ce
caes
Q)
pro
un
cra
nia
les
"oth
er s
mal
l I--
'il cra
nia
les
--
-M
iddl
e ce
rvic
al.
node
s ar
ou
nd
-
't!
Ln
n.c
erv
ical
es
Gld
.tra
chea
les
gla
nd
s (*
) L
Ith
e t
rach
ea"
(1)
11
J:;
p
rofu
nd
i v
. cerv
i cale
s g
• cerv
icale
s .,:
8 ;;
';'r!
tf
m;'
t!i"
A 'f
?'
med
iae
r---
U
s:: • .e L
nn.
cerv
. 1
12
s:: 0
pro
f ca
udaJ
.es
G d
. tr
ach
eale
s oS
to (
i i)
in
feri
ore
s,
Gld
. P
rep
ecto
ral.
L
ower
or
cau
dal
P
ost
eri
or
cerv
. m
e an
ce
rvic
al.e
s g
lan
ds
(in
clu
des
cerv
ical
lym
ph
Lg
l. c
erv
ical
.es
or
pre
pec
tora
l.
_ 13
L
nn. cerv~~.
cau:
dale
s p
rofu
nd
ae
als
o t
he !
.nn.
g
lan
ds
caud
aJ.e
s Iy
mPh
g
lan
ds
lat.
(A
xi
s in
feri
ore
s st
ern
ale
s, B
aum
) "
rim
ae C
Og
IT .n
n.
cerv
icale
s P
resc
apu
lar
or
14
~~.
erf
icia
les
Gld
. ce
rvic
alel
l P
resc
apu
lar
sup
erf
icia
l.
Lg
l.
cerv
icale
s P
resc
apu
lar
"D~"
"-"l
••
sup
erf
'icia
les
gla
nd
s ce
rvic
al.
1Z1a
nds
sup
erfi
cial
.es
lym
ph g
lan
ds
.... '" '" ;:: .<1:> Z
? C.:l ......
(0
m
~ C.:l
.....
I.\:l
W
G
R
0 U P 1 2 3 ~
4 5 - 6 1 8 ~
9 ~
10
~
11
I---
12
~
13
14
COLU
MN
7 G
rego
r, 1
9].4
(c
ited
by P
ostm
a.
'28
and
Bau
m.
129)
Man
dibu
lar
lym
ph n
ode
Inn
. p
aro
Ud
ei
Ln.
re
trop
hary
ngeu
s la
tera
l1s
OU
Ifer
ence
no
t av
aila
ble
)
Upp
er c
erv
ical
ly
mph
nod
e
--
--
(Ref
eren
ce n
ot
avai
lab
le)
--
--
I ;:)
uper
fici
al
cerv
ical
lym
ph
node
8 9
Ell
enbe
rger
-M
onta
ne-
Bau
m.
191$
B
ourd
elle
. 19
20
Lg
l.
Gan
glio
ns s
ou
s-m
axil
lair
es o
u su
bmax
illa
ris
snu:
_ ..
1n
""i"
n"
Gan
glio
n p
re-
par
oti
die
n
--
-ua
ng.L
l.on
ilJa
ram
asto
idie
n !
(pre
-atl
o1
die
n)
I--
--
G> ~ ...
Gan
gl10
ns
Lg
l. p
arot
1dea
e ~
po
st-
Po
paro
t1di
ens
I:: a
I--
-:a
-fj
0
--
Gan
glio
ns-
cerv
icau
x m
oyen
s (1
) au
ju
gu
lair
es (
*)
Lg
l,
Gan
gl. retro-p~ar.yn
gle
ns.
au
cerv
icau
x re
troD
harv
n2ea
les
sup_
eneu
rs
Lg
l. ce
rvi c
ales
cr
ania
les
Gan
gl10
ns
Lgl
. ce
rvlc
ales
ce
rvic
aux
moy
ens
au
jug
ula
lres
(*)
m
edia
e
Gan
gl.
pre
-pec
to-
Lgl
. ce
rvic
ales
I-
caud
ales
-
raux
; au
xi11
aire
•
au d
e l'
en
tree
de I
n p
oit
rin
e
Lg
l. c
erv
ical
es
Gan
gl.
pre-
scap
u-su
per
fici
ales
la
ires
au c
ervi
caux
in
feri
eul'S
__
10
11
12
I
Mar
tin
. 19
23
Ell
enb
erg
er-
Lei
ghto
n. 1
927
Bau
m.
1926
Lgl
. m
andi
bula
res
Lnn
. S
ubm
axil
lary
(s
ubm
axil
lare
s)
man
dibu
lare
s ly
mph
atic
gla
nds
Lg
l. p
aro
tid
ea
Inn
. p
aro
tid
ei
-m-.
--
-~
retr
opha
ryn-
Lg
l.
~ ge
us l
ate
rali
s tr
opha
ryng
eae
--
--
late
rale
s i
ItO
ther
lym
phat
ic
. I--
glan
ds It
-]
Lgl
. ce
rvic
ales
m
edia
e -
~.
cerv
. -
--
sup
erfi
cial
es
~uperf1ciales
~entrales
Lg
l. c
erv
. p
rof.
In
n.
man
dibu
lare
s U
pper
cer
vic
al
cran
iall
s ac
cess
ori
i ly
mph
atic
gla
nds(
*)
Lg
l. c
erv
. p
rof.
L
nn.
cerv
ical
es
Mid
dle
cerv
ical
su
perf
ici~
~)
med
iale
s (*
) v
entr
ales
1
glan
ds (
1)
In.
Lg
l. r
etro
ph
ary
n-
gea
med
iali
s re
trop
hary
ngeu
s m
edia
lis
-L
nn.
cerv
ical
es
Upp
er c
erv
ical
cr
ania
les
lym
phat
ic
Lgl
. ce
rv.
pro
f.
glan
ds (
*)
--
med
iale
s (*
) L
nn.
cerv
ical
es
med
ii
Inn
. ce
rvic
ales
I
caud
ales
~l. c
erv
' Lo
wer
cer
vic
al
l p
rof.
cau
dale
s In
n,
lym
phat
ic g
land
s ax
i11a
res
Lgl
. ce
rvic
alis
In
n.
cerv
ical
es
Pre
scap
ular
su
per
fici
al1
s su
per
fici
ales
gl
ands
dorsale~
---
-~
.....
t-.:l
>1>0 -o ~
>::l en
.,..,.
>::l ~ c:::
;:: ;:;;.
(1) ~.
~
-.::::
(1) .,..,.
(1) .... E"
>::l .... s" ;:!
TA
BL
E
1 T
erm
ino
log
y a
pp
lied
to
th
e ly
mp
h
no
des
o
f h
ead
, n
eck
an
d
sho
uld
er
reg
ion
o
f sw
ine
fro
m
187I
to
19
60.
Rem
ark
s fo
r ta
ble
s I
thru
IV
: L
n. =
Ly
mp
ho
no
du
s;
Ln
n. =
Ly
mp
ho
no
di;
G
ld. =
Glan
du
lae;
L
gl.
= L
ym
ph
og
lan
du
lae;
(?
) =
plac
ed a
fter
a
term
in
dic
ates
th
at
the
des
crip
tio
n
giv
en
by
an
au
tho
r m
ay
be
con
sid
ered
as "~'ague";
or
in a
n e
mp
ty r
ub
ric
it
show
s th
at
an
equ
ival
ent
term
fo
r B
aum
's
(192
9)
clas
si
cati
ou
was
no
t gi
ven.
In
a
colu
llln
ter
ms
mar
ked
wit
h t
he
sam
e n
um
ber
o
f "s
tars
,"
rep
rese
nt
on
e ly
mp
h
no
de
gro
up
on
ly.
(See
al
so
tex
t!).
G R
0 U P 1 2 3 r--
4 5 - 6 7 8 9 10
r--
11
12
13
14
COLU
MN
13
Pos
tma,
192
8
Ln.
m
andi
bula
ris
Ln
. -p
arot
ideu
s
Lnn
. re
tro
ph
ary
ng
ei
late
rale
s
Lnn
. ce
rvic
ales
m
edii
su
per
-fi
cia
les
Ln.
ce
rvic
alis
cr
ania
l.is
Ln
. ce
rv.
pro
f.
med
ii,
"Ln.
und
er
bra
chio
cep
hal
icu
s L
n.
retr
opha
ryng
eus
med
iali
s
Lnn
. tr
ach
eale
s -
"Sev
eral
sm
all
node
s at
the
r"
. .,
Lnn
. ce
rvic
al.e
s p
rofu
nd
i ca
udal
es
In.
cerv
ical
is
sup
erfi
cial
is
14
15
v.
Ost
erta
g,
Joss
ifow
, 19
32
1932
Ln.
L
gl.
sub
max
illa
ris
man
dibu
lari
s an
teri
or
Ln
. L
gl.
par
oti
dea
p
aro
tid
eus
sup
erio
r
Ln
. re
tro
ph
ary
n-
Lgl
. p
aro
tid
ea
geus
late
rali
s in
feri
or
(?)
-L
nn.
cerv
ical
es
"Su
per
fici
al
sup
er!:
icia
les
cerv
ical
lym
ph
ven
tral
es
-no
de"
(?)
-L
nn.
Lgl
. su
bm
axil
lari
s m
andi
bula
res
acce
sso
rii
po
ster
ior
Lnn
. ce
rvi c
ales
su
per
fici
ales
(?
) m
edii
Lnn
. re
tro
ph
ary
n-
"!Je
ep c
erv:
l.CIU
. ly
mph
nod
e"
(Lg
l.
geus
med
iali
s re
trop
hary
ngea
)
III
Lnn
. ce
rv.
Q)
cran
ial.
es
~
--
-u ta
Lnn
. ce
rv.
med
ii
-(?
) o
§
--
Lnn
. ce
rv.
.....
~t ca
udal
es
Lnn
. ax
illa
res
Lg
l. p
rim
ae
prim
ae c
ost
ae
cost
ae
In.
cerv
ical
is
Lgl
. ce
rvi c
alis
su
per
fici
alis
d
ors
alis
ce
ntr
alia
16
17
18
v.
Ost
erta
g,
1934
E
geho
ej I
1936
C
asto
r in
: (E
ngl.
ed
.)
Ede
lman
n, 1
938
subm
axil
lary
L
nn.
Sub
max
illa
ry
~phatic
glan
d m
andi
bula
res
lym
ph g
land
s (I
n.
man
dibu
lari
s)
Par
oti
d l
ymph
atic
L
nn.
glan
d; p
aro
tid
p
aro
tid
ei
1_
nn
nn
n;t
,,1
1
Par
oti
d l
ymph
. -I
L
ater
al r
etr
o-
Lnn
. re
tro
ph
ary
ng
ei
glan
ds
phar
ynge
al l
ymph
o-!
~orluli
late
rali
s -
--
Ven
tral
su
per
-In
n. c
erv
ical
es
--
-fi
dal
cerv
ical
su
per
fici
ales
ly
mph
onod
uli
ven
tral
es
-M
iddl
e ce
rvic
al.
glan
ds
(*)
Acc
esso
ry
Lnn
. m
andi
bula
res
An
teri
or
man
dibu
lar
~V1TIPhonoduli
acce
sso
rii
cerv
ical
(?)
M
edia
n su
pf.
cer
v.
Inn.
cer
vic
ales
D
eep
cerv
ical
ly
mph
nod
es (m~~ia
cerv
ical
gla
nds
sup
!. m
edii
gl
ands
(?)
l'l
eClla
J. In
. re
tro
ph
ary
n-
O)u
peno
r C
erv1
CaL
re
trop
hary
ngea
l gl
ands
(R
etro
-an
d ly
mph
onod
uli
geus
med
iali
s pa
raph
aryn
geal
) ~nt..cerv.J.ympn
Lnn
. ce
rv.
rode
s (t
Jppe
r II
I .c
ce
rv.
glan
d)
~ cr
ania
les
t M
iddl
e ce
rvic
al
-u
glan
ds
(*)
[Med
ian
cerv
. ta
Lnn
. ce
rv.
'2 IJ
-ym
phon
odul
i m
edii
U
II
I U
5=:
-r
i'tl
lP
oste
rior
cer
v
::>
Lnn
. ce
rv •
t lii
.....
Q)r
-I ~y
mpho
nodu
li ]~
caud
ales
In
feri
or
cerv
ical
t}
!>D
LOw
er c
erv1
cal
or
glan
ds
(pre
--
pre
pec
tora
l; o
r L
n. ax
illa
ris
pec
tora
l gl
ands
) ax
illa
ry p
rim
o m
sta
prim
ae c
osta
e P
resc
apu
lar lympha~
Ln
. ce
rvic
alis
P
resc
apul
ar l
ymph
g
lan
ds;
do
rsal
su
pf
cerv
. ly
mph
onod
uli
sup
t. d
ors
alis
gl
ands
- '" '" ~ z Sl cv
.....
(0
O
l If
Ol
CV
......
t.:l
CJl
G
R
0 U
p 1 2 3 4 - 5 - 6 1 8 9 10
I--
n I---
12
13
14
COLU
MN
1Q
20
21
22
23
K
limow
-Aka
jew
ski,
U.S
.D.A
.:
1950
; an
d G
rau
in:
Cir
cula
r N
o.
866
iTho
rnto
n,
19S1
S
t.
Cla
ir,
1958
Z
ietw
schm
ann,
19S
8 E
11en
berg
er-B
aum
,'4
1951
Lnn
. M
andi
bula
r ly
mph
~u
bmax
illa
ry
Man
dibu
lar
Ln •
man
dibu
lare
s gl
ands
~y
mnh
node
ly
mnh
nod
es
man
dibu
lari
s
Inn
. P
aro
tid
lym
oh n
ode
Par
oti
d l
Y'/ll
!lh
Ln.
p
aro
tid
ici
inod
e P
aro
tid
lym
ph
par
oti
dic
lls
Lnn
. re
tro
ph
ary
n-
node
s L
n. r
etro
oh
ary
n-
gic
i la
ter a
les
gicu
s la
tera
lis
--
-I-
--
I] I]
Cra
nia
l Q
) Q
) G
roup
Inn.
ce
rvic
ales
-~ A
nte
rio
r an
d _ ~~escapular
-I-
- (?)
--
'01'01
ym
ph n
odes
(*
) 0
,..
Mid
dle
s up
erfi
c1al
es
Mid
dle
cerv
ical
. 'E~
Gro
up
ven
tral
es
~ ly
mph
pla
nds
(*)
_ Q
»
--
-0
~ost
erio
r ce
rvic
al;
. Cau
dal
.... p
rep
ecto
ral
node
s(*
go.
Gro
up
...:
l~
--
~nte
rior
or
uppe
r L
nn.
man
dibu
lare
s In
. m
andi
bula
ris
acce
sso
rii
cerv
icii
l(a~
~es~
~~
acce
sso
riu
s Is
ubm
axi
La
rv
no
Mid
dle
cerv
ical
1L
nn. c
erv
i cal
es
SUpp
lem
enta
ry
?res
cap
ula
r ly
mph
nod
es
(**
) L
n.
cerv
ical
is
cerv
icat
Fh
Is
up!'.
med
ii
glan
ds
1 -
~ymp
h no
des
(*)
(1)
sup!
'. m
ediu
s
Ln
. re
tro
ph
ary
n-
supr
apha
ryng
eal.
In
tern
al r
etr
o-
Sup
raph
aryn
p,ea
l L
n.
retr
o-
gius
med
iali
s ly
mph
gla
nds
phar
ynge
al l
ymph
ly
mph
nod
es
phar
yngi
cus
node
s m
edia
lis
., L
nn.
cerv
. I]
Ln.
ce
rv.
,!l
Q)
cran
ial.
es
An
teri
or
and
cran
iali
s 'al
fMtd
dle
cerv
ical
•
Mid
dle
cerv
ica1
•
'" M
iddl
e ce
rvic
al
0 u
Lnn
. ce
rv.
lym
ph n
odes
ly
mph
nod
es (
**)
~
Ln.
ce
rv.
E:a m
edii
ly
mph
gla
nds
(*)
,...
.-1
med
ius
Q)"
CI
U
§ U
§
Lnn
. ce
rv •
.... L
n.
cerv
. ....
~[
.§[
caud
ales
P
rep
ecto
ral
or
Pre
pec
tora
ls o
r P
ost
erio
r ce
rvic
a1
cau
dal
is
po
ster
ior
p.ow
er c
erv
ical
o
r p
rep
ecto
ra1
JL
nn.
axil
lare
s ce
rvic
al l
ymph
L
n.
ax
illa
ris
j;>rim
ae c
ost
ae
glan
ds
lym
oh n
odes
ly
mph
nod
es
(*)
prim
ae c
ost
ae
IIll.
Cer
vlC
a.i1
s ?r
es c a
pu
lar
Pre
scap
ula
r P
resc
apul
ar o
r L
n.
cerv
ical
is
Isu
per
fici
alis
p
ost
erio
r su
per!
' • su
perf
icia
lis
bo
rsal
is
lym
ph g
land
s ly
mph
nod
es
I ce
rv.
Ivrn
nh
node
s d
ors
alis
.-
24
Gra
u an
d B
oess
neck
, 19
60
Lnn
. m
andi
bula
res
Lnn
. p
aro
tid
ici
Lnn
. re
tro
ph
ary
n-
gic
i la
tera
les
-L
nn.
cerv
ical
es
sup
erfi
cial
es
ven
tral
es
--
Inn
. m
andi
bula
res
acce
sso
rii
Lnn.
cer
vic
ales
su
p!'.
med
ii
Lnn
. re
tro
oh
ary
n-
gic
i m
edia
les
I]
Lnn
. ce
rv.
Q) 'al
cran
iale
s u E:a
Lnn
. ce
rv.
med
ii
U
c: .~
Lnn
. ce
rv.
]~ c
aude
les
Lnn
. m
cill
ares
pr
i:na
e co
stae
Ln.
ce
rvic
alis
st
mer
fici
alis
d
ors
alis
phoglandulae cervicales caudales," (Ellenberger-Baum, 1908, 1915); the "ganglion pre-pectoraux; auxillaire ou de l'entree (Montane, 1920). In Ellenberger-Baum (1926) the "prepectorals" were divided into two distinct groups, namely the Lnn. cervicales caudales and the Lnn. axillares. Postma (1928) described the "prepectorals" as composed of "several small nodes at the thoracic entrance" and of the Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales. In 1929, Baum concluded from his research that those "prepectorals" should be described as composed of the Lnn. cervicales profundi caudles (mediana) and the Lnn. cervicles profoundi caudales (laterales). The latter lymph nodes were considered by Baum as representing the Lnn. axillares primae costae of the ox. In 1932, von Ostertag adopted Baum's terminology, but unfortunately, in the English translation of the same book (1934), the term "Lnn. axillares primare costae" was translated as being synonymous with the "lower cervical or prepectoral lymph nodes" (Sisson, 1914; Leighton, 1927). This has caused confusion in the English literature, due to the fact that the Lnn. axillares primae costate (Baum) presented only a part of the "prepectorals" (Sisson, 1914). According to St. Clair (1958) the prepectorial lymph nodes included the following groups described by Baum (1929, 1938); 1) Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales, 2) Lnn. axillares primae costae and 3) the caudal group of the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales.
Most controversial 'and confusing was the terminology and descriptive information given for the parotid lymph nodes. The difficulties involved were due to grouping the Jymph nodes situated along the posterior border of the parotid salivary gland. (See illustration No.1). Ostertag ( 1904) referred to these nodes as the "lymphatic glands"; and Leighton (1927) called them "other lymphatic glands." In Ellenberger-Baum (1908) these nodes were described as the "lymhoglandulae subparotidea" and in 1915 the latter term was ohanged by the same authors into "lymphoglandulae parotideae." It included also the Lnn. mandibulares accessorii (Baum,1929). Sisson (1914) and Sisson-
126
Grossman (1953) were in general agreement with Ellenberger-Baum (1908, 1915), except the lymph nodes situated at the posterior ventral edge of the parotid salivary gland were named as the "middle cervical lymph glands" which included also the Lnn. cervicales superficiales medii (Baum, 1929). In Montane-Bourdelle (1920) and in Ellenberger-Baum (1926) the parotid lymph nodes were divided into three groups of w.hich 1) the ganglions preparotidien (Montane, 1920) corresponded with the Lnn. parotidei (Ellenberger-Baum, 1926); Ln. parotideus (Postma, 1928); Lnn. parotidici (Grau, 1943); 2) The ganglions paramastoidien (pre-atloidien) by Montane (1920) were synonymous with the Ln. retropharyngeus lateralis (Ellenberger-Baum, 1926; Baum, 1929; Grau, 1943); while the Ln. retropharyngeus lateralis, described by Gregor (1914), Martin (1923) and Postma (1928) corresponded with the "Subparotid gland" (Sissqn, 1914, 1953); 3) The ganglions post-parotidiens (M 0 n tan e 1920) were synonymous with the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales (Baum, 1929). Martin (1923) referred to those nodes as the Lgl. cervicales mediae superficiales (Table II, column 10). St. Clair (1958) considered the posterior-ventral group of the Lnn. cerv.supf. ventrales (Baum, 1929) as being part of the "prepectoral" nodes (Table IV, column 22).
According to Baum (1929) the prescapular lymph nodes of swine form 3 groups (dorsal, ventral and medial) of which all of them present the superficial cervical lymph nodes. The "prescapular lymph nodes" (Chauveau, 1902); Sisson, 1914; Montane, 1920; Thornton, 1957) were the "dorsal superficial cervical" lymph nodes (Baum, 1929); while the nodes located at the posterior border of the parotid salivary gland were considered by Baum as the ventral supf. cervical lymph nodes (See table I, column 1). The medial superficial cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales superficiales medii; Baum, 1929), were called by Postma ( 1928) as the Ln. cervicalis profundus medii, or as "the lymph nodes located under the brachiocephalicus muscle," and were probably the "deep cervical glands"
Iowa State University Veterinarian
(Castor, 1938) or the "supplementary cervical lymph glands" (V.S.D.A.; Circular, 1951). In Martin (1923) these nodes were described as being part of the "medial deep cervical" lymph nodes (See table II, column 10). According to von Ostertag, (1904); Sisson, 1914, 1953); Leighton, (1927); St. Clair, (1958); those nodes were probably included into the "middle cervical lymph nodes."
The Lnn. mandibulares accessorii (Baum, 1929) were synonymous with the "upper cervical glands" (von Ostertag, 1904; Gregor, 1914; Thornton, 1957); the Lgl. cervicalis prof. cranialis (Martin, 1923); the Ln. cervicalis cranialis (Postma 1928); and the Lgl. submaxillaris posterior (Jossifow, 1932). In Montaine-Bourdelle (1920) those nodes were described as being part of the ganglions cervicaux moyens, ou jugulaires, and St. Clair (1958) referred to them as the "middle cervical lymph nodes."
A short review of the grouping of the lymph nodes and the terms used showed· that the problems involved were not solely due to choice of different terms used, but frequqently the same terms were used to describe different lymph node groups. Furthermore the number of lymph node groups differed greatly and thus the terminology frequently overlapped. The question, who's terminology and grouping should be preferred, can be answered only through a thorough knowledge of the afferent and efferent lymph vessels, and by taking into consideration the general viewpoints outlined by the comparative anatomy and standards set by the Internation Anatomical Nomenclature Committees (LA.N.C.).
However, in order to compare previous results published about the lymph flow of the non-living swine, with experiments conducted on living animals, placed under anesthesia; the terminology used by Baum (1929), Egehoj (1934-1937) and Zietzschmann (1958) was adopted.
IV. Location of the lymph nodes of the head, neck and shoulder region of swine.
A. Material For the dissection purposes 25 swine of
"mixed breeds" of approximately 45-70
Issue, No.3, 1962-63
kg. body weight were used. Within the limitations, the "mixed breeds" may be classified as: 6 "Chester White" (4 female, 2 castrated males); 3 "Duroc" (2 female, 1 castrated male); 1 0 "Hampshire" (8 female, 2 castrated males); 5 "Berkshire" (3 female, 2 castrated males) and one "Spotted Poland China" (female). Eleven of the animals 'showed a minor degree and two a marked degree of "chronic rhinitis." Three swine presented an umbilical hernia and one animal a scrotal hernia. One animal exhibited an abscess the size of a baseball on the left ventral side of the neck. Five of the swine were considered as "without clinical symptoms" which did not exclude slight "stiffness." Twenty of the swine showed arthritis to a lesser or greater degree on one or several joints. Furthermore, all of the swine showed on postmortem pathological changes in the lungs, indicating flu, chronic pneumonia, or parasitic conditions.
B. Method The 25 swine described under "mater
ials" were used for investigations conducted on the lymph flow of live animals placed under anesthesia, by using the injection dye T-1824*. A detailed report about the method, technique and results will be published in another article to foldow. In short, however, it may be said here that after lY2-1% hours following injection the animals were sacrificed while under the anesthesia either by exsanquination through the femoral blood vessels (9 swine) or by giving an overdose of the anesthetic (16 swine), thus leaving the blood vessels intact. After removal of the viscera the specimens were placed for 24 hours in a cooler at 34° F. By routine dissection the lymph vessels and the lymph nodes were exposed. In this article, the location of the lymph nodes will be described only.
C. Results a) General Observations Ins swine the neck is relatively short
compared to the horse, dog, cow and sheep; thus, the structures involved in this
* "Evans Blue," Allied Chemical Co., New York, N. Y.
127
area are somewhat closer together. After reflecting the skin, the underlying heavy fat deposits and the cutaneous muscles (Platysma and the M. cutaneous colli) the large three-cornered parotid gland is visible. It extends from near the base of the ear along the posterior border of the mandible and continues up to the incisura vasorum. Its posterior border covers to a greater part the M. brachiocephalicus (M. cleidooccipitaIis) and ventral, the parotid gland extends up to the ventral edge of thE M. sternohyoideus. A number of lymph nodes are found along the anterior and the posterior border of the parotid gland, being partly or completely covered by the latter gland.
In swine the lymph nodes usually fonn clusters (conglomerations) of nodes, of which their number is often difficult to detennine. For that reason they were referred to as presenting one "lymph node" (Ln). However, when in a certain region several conglomerations of lymph nodes were found or when ;single lymph nodes were clearly distinguished from each other, then they were termed "lymph nodes" (Lnn).
The color of the lymph nodes varied from gray-white to tan-grey in animals sacrificied during anesthesia by exsanquination or by an overdose of anesthetic. This is in contrast to the reddish-brown color of the parotid lymph nodes seen in animals killed at abattoirs.
The lymph nodes, show!! in illustration ( 1) may be described as the "superficial lymph nodes." The "deep lymph nodes" are related to the trachea from the jugular process down to the thoracic entIance and include the Lnn. cervicales profundi and the Ln. retropharyngicus medialis. [They are not shown in illustration (1)]. The latter classification, however, is somewhat empirical, because often it is difficult to decide which of the lymph nodes should be considered as being "deep" or "superficial." In the following the lymph nodes will be grouped as: 1) the lymph nodes (Lnn.) of the head, 2) the Lnn. of the neck and 3) the Lnn. of the thoracic limb. The term lymphocentrum (Lc.) as introduced by Baum (1926) and discussed by Saar-Getty (1962) will be applied to sum-
128
marize differently named lymph node groups which in fact represent a larger common functional unit.
b) The Lymph Nodes of the Head The lymph nodes of the head form three
lymph centers [Lymphocentra (Lcc.)] of which in swine the parotide lymph center (Lc. parotidicum) includes the lymphonodi (Lnn.) parotidici only; while the mandibular lymph center (Lc. mandibulare) is composed of the Lnn. mandibulares and the Lnn. mandibularesaccessorii. The retropharyngical lymph center (Lc. retropharyngicum) presents the Lnn. retropharyngici lateralis and the lymphonodus (Ln.) retropharyngicus medialis.
1) The Parotid Lymph Center (Le. parotidieum) (Illust. 1; and Fig's. 1,2,3)
The Parotid lymph nodes (Lnn. parotidici) are situated ventral to the mandibular joint at the posterior border of the M. masseter forming an elongated group of lymph nodes of 2.5 to 5 cm. in length and 0.5 cm. to 1.5 cm. in width. Thus the lymph nodes are located lateral to the V. maxillaris interna and extend dorsal and ventral to the latter vein. The Lnn. parotidici may be composed of 2 to 8 lymph nodes, being partly or completely covered laterally by the anterior edge of the parotid gland.
2) The Mandibular Lymph Center (Le. mandibulare)
The mandibular lymph nodes (Lnn. mandibulares) (Illust. 1; and Fig's 1,2,3) are covered laterally by the cutaneous muscles and the parotid salivary gland. They are located at the caudoventral border of the mandible, on the lateral side of the M. sternohyoideus. They are found ventromedial to the angle of the mandible and anterior to the mandibular gland. Usually the lymph nodes are located ventral to the V. maxillaris externa, but often they extend to the dorsomedial side of the latter vein fonning one or two conglomerations of lymph nodes of 2 to 3 cm in length and 1 \12-2\12 cm. in width.
The accessory mandibular lymph nodes (Lnn. mandibulares accessorii) (Illust. 1; and Fig's 1,2,3,4) are found ventral to the
Iowa State University Veterinarian
v. maxillaris externa where the latter vem terminates into V. jugularis externa. The lymph nodes are located on the ventrolateral side of the M. sternomastoideus and posterior to the mandibular salivary gland, being completely covered and partially embedded by the ventral edge of the parotid salivary gland. Usually there is found an oval conglomeration of two or four variable sized lymph nodes of 0.5 cm. or 11;2 cm. in length. In one case (out of 25) on the left side and in 3 cases (out of 25) on the right side, the latter lymph nodes were not clearly distinguished from the Lnn. cervicales ventrales. In these exceptional cases, the lymph nodes were located ventral to the V. juglaris externa, 1-2 cm. posterior to the termination of the maxillary veins into the V. jugularis externa, being situated anterio-medial to the posterior group of the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales.
3) The Retropharyngical Lymph Center (Lc. retropharyngicum)
The lateral retropharyngical lymph nodes (Lnn. retropharyngici laterales) (11-lust. 1; and Fig. 1) form a group of 1-2 lymph nodes along the dorsal, posterior border of the parotid gland; thus, being situated caudal to the V. auricularis magna and dorsal to the V. maxillaris interna on the M. brachiocephalicus (M. cleidomastoideus). Those lymph nodes are partly or completely covered by the posterior border of the parotid gland and often they are not clearly distinguished from the anterior group of the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales.
The medial retrophanJngical lymph node (Ln. retropharygicus medialis) (Fig's. 2,3) is found on the dorsolateral side of the pharynx muscles; located dorsal to the A. carotis communis, V. jugularis intern a and the vago-sympathetic trunk. The lymph node is found just posterior to the hyoid bone and it extends 2 cm. ventromedial to the wing of the atlas, reaching posteriorly to the lateral side of the M. longus capitis. Laterally the lymph node is covered by fat, and the thymus when present, and by the tendon of the M. sternomastoideus, which structures in turn are covered laterally by the M. cleidoma-
Issue, No.3, 1962-63
stoideus. Usually the medial retropharyngical lymph node presents an oval conglomeration of lymph nodes of 2 to 3 cm. in length and 1 to 1 Y2 cm. in width. Occasionally one or two small lymph nodes of 0.5 and 1.0 cm. in length may accompany the main node, being situated posteriorly or ventrally to the latter lymph node.
c) The Lymph Nodes of the Neck The lymph nodes of the neck form two
lymph centers (Lcc.) of which in swine the superficial cervical lymph center (Lc. cervicale superficiale) includes three lymph node groups (Lnn. cervicales superficiales dorsales, ventrales and medii); and the deep cervical lymph center (Lc. cervicale profundum) which is composed of three lymph node groups (Lnn. cervicales profundi craniales, medii and caudales).
1) The Superficial Cervial Lymph Center (Lc. cervicale superficiale).
The dorsal superficial cervial lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales superficiales dorsales) (IlIust. 1; and Fig's. 1,2,3) are situated craniodorsal to the shoulder joint, just anterior to the scapular portion of the deep pectoral muscle, being located on the M. serratus ventralis. The dorsal third of the conglomerate of lymph nodes is covered by the M. trapezius, while the ventral portion extends under the M. omotrasversarius. Generally there is only one oval shaped conglomerate lymph node present of a variable size of 1-4 cm. in length but occasionally one or two smaller lymph nodes of 0.5-1 cm. in width are found ventral to the main group, covered by the M. omotransversarius.
The ventral superficial cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales) (Illust. 1; Fig's. 1,4) form a row of lymph nodes on the ventrolateral side of the M. cleidooccipitalis and on the lateral side of the M. cleidomastoideus along the posterior border of the parotid gland. They represent a chain of lymph nodes extending from the lateral retropharyngical lymph nodes caudoventral along the anterior edge of the brachiocephalicus muscle. Usually the lymph nodes seem to form 2 or 3 groups which may be distinguished as
129
the cranial, the middle and the caudal group.
The caudal group was found in all the cases examined (25 swine) to be the largest compared to the other two groups. It forms a conglomeration of lymph nodes of 2-3 cm. in length 'and 1-1Y2 cm. in width.
The middle group may be described as composed of smaller lymph nodes of less than 0.5 cm. to 1 cm. in size. Occasionally some of the latter lymph nodes were found to cover an area dorsally on the M. cleidooccipitalis reaching up to the dorsal border of the M. omotransversarius; thus being located close to the dorsal superficial cervical lymph nodes.
The cranial group of the ventral superficial cervical lymph nodes were represented by 2-5 variable sized lymph nodes of up to 2 cm in length. Quite frequently they were not clearly distinguished from the lateral retropharyngical lymph nodes.
The classification of the ventral superficial cervial lymph nodes into the "cranial," "middle" and "caudal" group is rather empirical but it serves a practical purpose for describing the afferent and efferent lymph vessels.
The medial superficial cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cerviales superficiales medii) (Illust. 1; Fig's. 1,2,3,4) may be described as two inconsistantly found groups of lymph nodes, of which the first group is represented by one or two small lymph nodes varying in size from 0.5 cm. to 1 cm. in length. They were found to follow the course of the V. cervicales ascendens down to the termination of the latter vein into the V. jugularis externa. Some of the dorsally located lymph nodes can not clearly be distinguished from the dorsal superficial cervical lymph nodes.
The second group is 'situated dorsal to the course of the V. jugularis externa, being covered laterally by the M. cleidooccipitalis and M. cleido-occipitalis and M. cleidomastoideus. The lymph nodes can not always be clearly distinguished anteriorly from the ventral superficial cervical lymph nodes. Usually (34 times of 50 cases) 1 to 3 (seldom 4) small lymph nodes of less than 0.5 cm. or up to 1.0 cm. in lengtJh were located anteriorly at the angle formed by the V. cervicalis ascend-
130
ens and the V. jugularis externa. Occasionally (4 out of 50 cases) some of the lymph nodes extended caudally along the dorsal or lateral side of the V. jugularis externa and thus it becomes difficult to distinguish the medial superficial cervical lymph nodes from ·the "split off" lymph nodes of the Lnn. axillares primate costae.
2) The Deep Cervical Lymph Center (Lc. cervicale profundum).
The deep lymph nodes of the neck (Lnn. cervicales profundi) are related to the trachea !ranging from posterior to the larynx, downward to the thoracic inlet. In swine they were relatively small and inconsistently found and of less importance compared to the numerous and well developed superficial cervical lymph nodes in this animal. The deep cervical lymph nodes form three groups which may be distinguished as the cranial, middle and the caudal group.
The cranial deep cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales profundi craniales) are situated in the region between the larynx and the thyroid on the first and second tracheal ring, ventral to the V. jugularis interna. In 17 out of 25 swine examined these lymph nodes were found to be absent on both sides of the head. In two cases, 3 lymph nodes of less than 0.5 em. were located on the left side and 2 lymph nodes of 0.25 cm. on the right side. In 3 cases, three lymph nodes were present on the left side, and 2 lymph nodes on the right side of varying sizes of less than 0.25 cm. and up to 0.5 cm. in length. Finally in 2 cases, one lymph node of 0.25 em. was present on the right side and none were found on the left side.
The middle deep cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales profundi medii) are situated just dorsal to the thyroid gland, thus ventrolateral to the trachea in the region of the latter gland. Of 25 swine examined, these lymph nodes were found to be absent in 20 animals and in five cases 1 to 3 lymph nodes of approximately 0.25 cm. in size were located near the posterior extension of the thyroid gland.
The caudal deep cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales) (Fig. 4) form an unpaired group of lymph nodes
Iowa State University Veterinarian
located posteriorly to the thyroid gland being situated ventral to the trachea in an angle fonned by the common jugular veins. These lymph nodes were found to be present in all cases examined (25 swine). The caudal deep cervical lymph nodes present usually a scattered group of 3-8 small lymph nodes of less than 0.25 cm. up to approximately 0.75 cm. in size. Laterally the lymph nodes were covered by the thymus. The latter gland when present) separates the caudal deep cervical lymph nodes from the Lnn. axillares primae costae.
d) Lymph Nodes of the Thoracic Limb. 1) Lnn. axillares primae costae
In swine there are no lymph nodes found on the "free" thoracic limb. The Lnn. axillares primae costae (Illust. 1; Fig's. 3,4) fonn a conglomerate of small lymph nodes located anterior to the first rib, and lateral to the thymus, and ventral to the axillary veins. The term given for these lymph nodes appears to be too long and thus the term Lnn. costoaxillares is suggested, (Cos to-axillary lymph nodes).
The size of the conglomerate of these lymph nodes varies from 1.0 to 2.5 cm. in length and occasionally one or two smaller lymph nodes of 0.5 em. or less in size may be found anteriorly to the main group, along the lateral or ventral side of theV. jugularis externa. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the latter lymph nodes from the Lnn. cervicales superficiales medii of which some may be situated near (around) the termination of the V. cervicalis aseendens. Sometimes, the latter the lymph nodes can not be distinguished clearly from the Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales. This is especially true in older animals in which the thymus has been reduced in size.
V. Summary The terminology and the descriptive in
formation of the lymph nodes of the head, neck and shoulder region of swine were reviewed, compared and evaluated in 24 publications, and were arranged in 4 tables in chronological order, dated from 1871 to 1960.
It was found that a great variety of syn-
Issue, No.3, 1962-63
onyms and controversies were present. The research papers dealing with the lymph flow were based mainly on tenninology introduced by Baum (1929).
In this report only the location of the lymph nodes was described and illustrated by one drawing and 4 photographs. An article to follow will describe the experiments conducted to date on the lymph flow in the living (anesthetized) swine.
REFERENCES
1. Baum, H.: Betrachtungen liber die Arbeit Vun Postma "Oas Lymphgefass.System des Sehweines." Z. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 39, (January 15, 1929): 133-140.
2. Baum, H. und Grau, H.: Oas Lymphgefass-Systern des Schweines. Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, Berlin, (1938): 15-52.
3. Castor, T.: In: Edelmann. R.: Text-Book of Meat Hygiene, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1939) :60.
4. Chauveau, A.: The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, 2. English edit., D. Appleton and Company, New-York, (1902): 713-724.
5. Egehoj, J.: Untersuchungen tiber das VerhaJten einiger Lymphknoten am Kopf und am Halse des Schweines, Deutsche Tierarztl. Wschr. 44, (April 11, and April 25, 1936) :287-289; 319-322.
6. Egehoj, J.: Das Lymphgefass-System des Sehweines, Z. f. Flcisch- u. Milchhyg., 47, (May 1, 1937): 293-298.
7. Ellenberger, W. und Baum, H.: Handbuch der verglcichenden Anatomic der Haustiere, 13. and 14. edit., Verlag August Hirschwald, Berlin, (1908):762-773, and (1915):725-753.
8. Franck. Ludw.: Handbuch der Anatomie der Hausthiere. Verlag von Eber & Seubert, Stuttgart, 1871.
9. Grau, H.: Oas Lymphgefass-System, In. Ellenberger-Baum, Handbuch der vergl. Anatomie der Haustiere, 18. edit., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1943): 746-808.
10. Grau, H. und Boessneck, .T.: Der Lymphapparat. In: Ktikenthal, W.: Handbuch der Zoologic; 8. Band/25. Lieferung. WaJter de Gruyter & Co.; Berlin, (1960): 1-74.
11. Gregor, P.: Lymphknoten und Lymphbahnen am Kopf und Hals des Schweincs. Inaug. Dissertation. Berlin, 1914 (Cited in Postma, C., 1928).
12. Jossifow, J. M.: Das Lvmphgefass-System des Schweines, Anat. Anz., Vol. 75, (November 7, 1932):91-104.
13. KJimow, A. i. Akajewski, A.: Anatomija Domaszich Ziwotnych, Vol. 2., Gosundarstwiennoje Izdatielstwo Sjelskochozjastwiennoj Literatury, Moskwa, 1950.
14. Leighton, G.: The Principles and Practice of Meat Inspection. William Hodge and Company, Edinburgh and London, (1927): 142-153.
15. Martin. P.: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. 4. Band. Verlag von Schickhardt & Ebner, Stuttgart, (1923): 95-97.
16. Miller, A. R.: Meat Hvgiene. 2. edit., Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia, (1958) :53-75.
17. Montane et Bourdelle: Anatomie Regionale des Animaux Domcstiques. III, Pore. Librairie J.-B. Baillicrc et Fils. Paris, (1920):112, 142, 184.
18. Most, A.: Zur Darstellung der Chylusgefa.se in vivo, Anat. Anz., Vol. 64, (November 2, 1927): 119-128.
19. von Ostertag, R.: Handbook of Meat Inspection. William R. Jenkins, New York, (1904): 177-181.
20. von Ostertag, R.: Lehrbuch der Schlaehtvieh- und Flcischbeschau, F. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, (1932):242-272, and (1955):233-265.
21. von Ostertag, R.: Textbook of Meat Inspection. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, (1934): 52-84.
22. Postma, C.: tiber das Lymphgefass-System an Kopf, Hals und Schulter beim Schwein. Z. f. Fleisch-u. Milchhyg., Vol. 38, (October I, 1927): 1-2.
23. Postma, C.: Das Lymphgcfass-System des Schweines. Z. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., Vol. 38, (July 15, 1928):354-362.
24. Saar, L. 1. and Getty, R.: The Lymphatic Sysi4~lJl~·U. Veterinarian, Vol. 24, No.3, (1952):-
131
25. Saar, L. I. and Getty, R.: Nomenclature of the Lymph Apparatus. I.S. U. Veterinarian, Vol. 25, No.1, (1962): 23-29.
26. Sisson, S. : The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. 2 . edit. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, (1914):740-742.
27. Sisson-Grossman: Anatomy of the Demestic Animals. 4. edit., Press of W . B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. (1953) : 760-762.
28. Spira. Anneliese: Die Lymphknotengruppen (Lymphocentra) bei den Saugern-ein Homologisierungsversuch. Inaug. Dissertation. Miichen. 1961.
29. St. Clair, L. E.: Lymphatic Svstem. In : Dunne' s, "Diseases of Swine." Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, (1958):28-31.
30. Thornton, H.: Textbook of Meat Inspection. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, (1949): 96-99 and (1957): 95-98.
31. Titze, C.: Lage und Wurzelgebiete der Fleischlymphknoten beim Rinde und Schweine, Z . f . Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., Vol. 24, (September 1, 1914) :525-529.
32. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C .• Circular No. 866 : The Lymph Glands of Cattle, Hogs and Sheep, (January 1951) :2-14.
33. Zietzschmann, 0.: Das Lymphsystem. In : Schonberg. F. und Zietzschmann, D.: Die Ausfiihrung der tierarztlichen Fleischuntersuchung, Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, (1958): 1-30.
Legends (or figures I thru 4.
Lymph nodes: I. Mandibular, 2. parotid, 3. accessory mandibular, 4. lateral retropharyngical, 5. ventral superficial cervical, 6. medial retropharyngical, 7. dorsal superficial cervical, 8. medial superficial cervical, 9. caudal deep cervical, 10. axillares primae costae (costo·axillary).
lUl/sdes: A. masseter, n. brachiocephalieus, C. trapezius, D. omotransversarius, E. deep pectoral (seal" ular portion), F. omohyoideus, G. sternomastoideus, H. sternohyoideus, 1. scalenus primae costate, ]. serratus ventralis, K. scalenus supraeostalis, L. sternothyroideus (ventral portion), M. sternothyroideus (dorsal portion), N. hyothyroideus, O. deep pectoral (humeral portion).
Other structures: n. masseteric vein (v.); b. transverse facial v.; c. superficial temporal v.; d. cut por· tion o( the parotill gland; e. great auricular v.; f. internal maxillary v.; g. mandibular, gland; It. extemal maxillary v.; i. external jugular v.; k. ascending cervical v.; m. cephalic hlllneral v.; n. suprascapular v.; o. subscapular v.; p. brachial v.; q. external thoracic v.; r. first rib; .f. internal thoracic v.; t. thyroid gland; II. thymus; v. cricoid cartilage; w. thyroid cartilage; x. proximal end of the humerus; y. inter·tuberal groove.
Figure No. I: (Left side) Lateral view of the head, neck region. The cutaneous muscles, fat and the paro· tid gland have been removed.
132 Iowa State University Veterinarian
Figure No.2: (Left side) The brachiocephalic muscle and the lateral retropharyngical and the ventral superficial cervical lymph nodes have been removed.
Figure ~o. 3: (Left side) Lateral "iew of the head, neck and shoulder region. The thoracic limb has been removed.
Issue, No.3, 1962-63 133
Figure No.4: (Ventral view) The cervical region is dissected to illustrate the "deeper structures" from the larynx to the first rib.
o/l.rW\.~lIIttfolK ./
"" ..M dIldoot_ ..... "" ",,\M~ /' ./ "" ./ ,"' .... _-',....,.
./ '" ",'" l.M ~ Mlll4f6clalft dOr1IGI-. ", ,,'" ,,' ~~sor ...
"" /' "" ""Ill pee_all proflMldullllon ~ 0/
"I.-..-coIIa ...-rt- _ / // ,,'!/----~
; ./
IIIlctacl.hlwel
Illustration No.1: Lateral view of the head, neck region (left side). The cutaneous muscles have been removed.
134 Iowa State University Veterinarian
Top Related