Download - LOUISVILLE.EDU Creating the ultimate cheat sheet Computers Workbook Write everything down Do what it takes to help you remember Keep it simple.

L O U I S V I L L E . E D U

Creating the ultimate cheat sheet

Computers Workbook

Write everything down

Do what it takes to help you remember

Keep it simple


Write them down

#1 Tips for online safety

1. Follow your family rules. Respect time limits and site restrictions.

2. Protect your privacy. Do not give your information, pictures or anything about you to

someone you do not know.

3. Delete emails from people you do not know. Do not open the unknown.

4. If it is disturbing, get away from it and let your parents know about it.

5. Do not get together or meet with people you have only met online. Always go with

your parents.

6. Never share your passwords with anyone except your parents

7. Do not shop online without permission

8. Do not believe everything you read, a lot of online information is bogus

9. Do not harm others, bully or go to jail because of things you do online


From Abacus to supercomptuers

Short History of the Computer pg. 1

1. The abacus

2. 1617, John Napier invents logarithms and puts them on Napier bones

3. William Oughtred invents the slide rule.

4. 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the adding machine called the Pascaline

5. 1670 Gottfried von Leibniz improved Pascal calculator to include

multiplication

6. 1830s, Charles Babbage designs analytical engine based on steam it had an

input device, memory, processor and output device.1. Augusta Ada King wrote a program for the analytical engine, the 1st programming

language




7. 1840-1850 George Boole develops a logic to express thought in mathlike terms

using AND, OR, and NOT operations. This is also how electronic switches were

arranged, years later.

8. 1883, Thomas Edison invents the electronic light bulb and notices the Edison

Effect of electrons flowing across a vacuum. In 1906 Lee de Forest placed 3

electrodes inside the bulb creating an amplifier. The core on-off switch in computers

today.

9. 1890 Herman Hollerith was hired by the government to help with the U.S. Census.

He created punch-card computer, later used by companies and universities.




10.1927 at MIT, Vannevar Bush invented the differential analyzer analog

computer.1. Harvard - Howard Aiken worked on Mark I using electromagnetic relays as switches2. At U.Penn, John William Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert Jr. Designed EDVAC & ENIAC, using

vacuum tubes as switches which were a thousand times faster than the Mark I

11.Their UNIVAC; the first commercial computer, stored programs & used tape for

data

12.1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & Wiliam Shockley at Bell Labs invented

the transistor. Like a tube it is an amp or switch but much smaller, less power

& uses semiconductor material.




13. 1950s Jack Kilby (TI) & Robery Noyce (Fairchild) invented the integrated circuit, connecting

components all on the same chip of silicon, with built-in connections. This is the first microchip

and included transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes.

14.1971 Intel, founded by Noyce, invent the microprocessor, putting everything on a single

processor or single chip.

15.1975 the Altair 8800 was the first personal computer . In the same year, Bill Gates, Paul

Allen and Monte Davidoff wrote the BASIC program to run on the Altair.

16.Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs were also working on their Apple Computer, sold in 1977, the

first personal computer with color graphics

17.1979, Daniel Bricklin & Robert Frankston created VisiCalc (the first spreadsheet), two years

later IBM introduced the PC with VisiCalc and later Microsoft Basic, MS-DOS then Windows


In society, science and technology

Discussion: How computers affected you…

Open discussion


How do you use a computer when your not home?

Discussion: Uses of the computer outside of the home.

Open discussion


Other than for games or entertainment

Discussion: how do you use the computer

Open discussion


Five Major parts of a computer

Show and Tell

1. Central processor

2. Memory

3. Controllers and ports

4. Input devices

5. Storage

6. Output devices

7. Connecting devices


Text, Sound, Pictures and video

How data is stored in computer memory

Numbers - stored in Binary, example 9 = 00001001

Text - stored in ASCII based on numbers 0-255, example A = 65 or 01000001

(binary)

Pictures - stored in Pixels based on 2, 4, 256, 16 bit (32,767) or 24 bit (16.7M)

colors.

Sound – stores sound Waves Amplitude and Frequency using analog to

digital convert, converting the information into bits. When played the go

through a digital to analog converter

Video is stored using faster microprocessors that use the same picture, sound

and sometimes text processes to store video.


Lossless or loss compression

File compression

Lossy compression is when a software takes all of the data from a file and

removes information that it determines are not necessary. That data is

lost and cannot be recovered.

Lossless compression is when the software takes out repetitive

information in a file and puts it back when the files is reopened (using

compression software). Lossless compression is often used with text and

database files. It may also be used by professional photographers who do

not want to lose any photo detail.

Discussion: how can compression affect quality


What are some of your computer chip-based devices

Computer chip-based devices

• iPad

• Cell phone

• Digital watch

• Video game consoles

• Hand-held video games

• Flat-screen TVs

• Cars

• Airplanes


What is it and how is it developed

Programs and Software

• Software = a set of instructions organized into a program, which tells the

computer what to do.

• Types of programs• Operating systems – basic computer operation• Application programs – specific tasks or operations, like writing text• Programming languages – let you write other programs

• Programming languages• Old-school, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, C• O.O. languages include, Delphi, C++, C#• Web languages include, HTML, Javascript, Perl, Python, PHP, VBScript• Internal scripting languages include, ActionScript and others


What software do you use at home

Discussion: software packages at home

Open discussion


How to protect from viruses and protect information

Discussion: protecting from viruses

• What is a virus, malware or worm?

• How do you protect yourself from them?• Software• Being smart• Being protective


Discussion

Discussion: the World Wide Web

Open discussion


Review and determine what you can do for #6 & #7

#6 & #7 In-class project

• Develop a food budget for patrol weekend campout

• Write a letter to the parents of your troop inviting them to a court of

honor.

• Design and draw a campsite plan for your troop (graphic)

• Create a flier for an upcoming event, use text and graphics (photos,

etc.)

• See remaining options on worksheet...


Discussion

Copyright

• Why do copyright laws exist?

• Why is it illegal to accept a paid, copyrighted computer game, program

or song from a friend unless it is considered Freeware or Shareware?


Understanding the differences

Freeware, Shareware, Software & Music

• Freeware is truly free but some may have legal licensing limitations.

Usually not copyrighted.

• Shareware may be free or paid but bot give you a trial period for free

and then you must pay or take certain actions to obtain a full license.

• Software is paid for, copyright protected and illegal to copy, steal or

hack.

• Music is often considered copyrighted material and is illegal to

download, trade, share or use unless you have permission form the

owner of the copyright. There are now website where you can

download FREE music but most is paid.


What are some careers you can think of

Discussion: Career Opportunities

Open discussion


Pick a career and find out...

In-class Project

• Education

• Training

• Experience

• Why this might interest you?


Use extra time to complete your requirements

Q&A and Catch up time

Take the time to use the web to complete the necessary requirements.