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LONGLEY PARK SIXTH FORM TRANSITION PACK
BIOLOGY (A LEVEL AND APPLIED SCIENCE)
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Biology(ALevelandAppliedScience)
PreparationBooklet2020 Thisbookletcontainsaseriesofactivitiestohelpsupportyouwith
thetransitionfromGCSEtoSixthForm.
Thesekeytopicscoversomeofthefoundationsofbiologythatshouldbefamiliartoyouduringyourstudiessofar.Makesureyou
attemptallactivitiestothebestofyourability.
Thisbookletincludes: CellstructureMicroscopyOsmosis
StructureofDNACelldivision
HeartstructureRespiration
Photosynthesis
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Welcome to Science - Biology!
We offer a variety of courses that include Biology - A Level, Level 3 BTECs in Applied Science and Applied Biology and Level 2 BTEC in Applied Science. All of our courses are delivered by a dedicated team of teachers and technicians, including:
Caroline Henry – Teacher
Gary Mitchell – Teacher
Julie Cavell – Teacher
Karen Arthur – Teacher
Lee Davies – Teacher
Pat Morgan – Teacher
Mike Tinker – Technician
Rob Sanderson – Technician
What will you study?
Biology
Biology gets into many areas of our life including food safety, agriculture, medicine, sport and scientific research. You will learn about the nature of life from the molecules and chemicals that life is built upon to the way populations of the world’s living organisms develop and live together. Biology is a very hands-on subject and there will be regular practical work in class. Your study will involve some dissection of animal and plant material. Data analysis also forms an integral part of the course so you need to be confident using Maths. If you are not studying A Level Chemistry, you will need to work with your Biology teachers to cover the basic biochemistry needed for this course.
Applied Biology
Applied Biology allows you to learn how the human body works, in good and poor health and how human health can be affected by individual biology and genetic makeup to lifestyle decisions. You will gain understanding of how this knowledge can be applied in order to improve diagnostic and health outcomes as well as the effects of microorganisms on human health.
Applied Science
You will study all of the main sciences - Chemistry, Biology and Physics in detail. You will learn about how science knowledge and skills are used in a variety of scientific workplaces, analytical sciences and biomedical sciences.
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How will you be assessed?
In the A Level courses this will be a combination of examinations and practical endorsements
For the BTEC courses this will be a combination of examinations and internal assignments
What can you do next?
You can go onto Higher Education, further employment or training. Some of the careers you could progress to include:
• Medicine • Dentistry • Physiotherapy • Veterinary Medicine • Forensic Science • Pharmacy • Biochemistry • Psychologist • Radiography • Orthoptics • Nursing
Biology is also a well respected A Level for a wide range of non-science related courses and careers because it helps you to develop analytical, practical and investigative skills.
Resources
There are so many wonderful resources you could look at before you start your course, here are just a few:
www.senecalearning.com
'Headstart' CPG revision guides
http://bozemanscience.com/
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1. Cell Structure
CellStructure
Therearetwotypesofcells,theycaneitherbeprokaryoticoreukaryotic.Eukaryotictendtobemorecomplexbutprokaryoticaresmallerandmuchsimpler
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Hereisanexampleofaprokaryoticcell.Itisasinglecelledorganism
HereisanexampleofaEukaryoticcellwhichtendstobemorespecialisedandcontainmoreorganelles
Animalcells
Mostanimalcellshavevarioussubcellularorganelles
• Nucleus-ContainsDNAandcontrolsthecell• Cytoplasm-Wherechemicalreactionoccur.• CellMembrane-Holdthecelltogether• Mitochondria-Whereaerobicrespirationoccurs• Ribosomes-Proteinsynthesis
Plantcells
Plantcellshaveallthesamesubcellularstructureasananimalcellhoweverithasafewextra
• CellWall-Madeofcelluloseandsupportthecell
• PermanentVacuole-Containscellsap• Chloroplasts-Siteofphotosynthesis• Chlorophyll-Absorbslightandisfoundwithin
chloroplasts
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Inthetablesbelow:
1) Tickiftheorganelleispresent
2)Describethefunctionoftheorganelle
Organelle FunctionNucleus
Cytoplasm
CellMembrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
CellWall
Chloroplast
Organelle Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
Animal Plant Bacteria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CellMembrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
CellWall
Chloroplast
Permanentvacuole
Otherinformation
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Permanentvacuole
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Microscopy
Microscopesareinstrumentsthatallowscientiststoseethingsthataretoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye, suchas cells.Animal cells areusually around10–30μm long. In contrast, prokaryoticcells (bacteria) are 1 or 2 order ofmagnitudes smaller (10 or 100 times smaller)with a length ofapproximately0.2–2μm.
The light microscope was developed in themid 17th century and uses lenses and visible light tomagnify biological samples such as cells. You can see the structure of cells because a lightmicroscopecanmagnifyupto2,000timestherealsize.Thismeansthe imageyouseemakesthecell appear up to 2,000 times bigger. The image is also clear: the resolution is high enough todistinguishthenucleusfromthemitochondriaforexample.Theresolvingpowerofamicroscopeistheability to see two thingsas separate.Themostpowerful lightmicroscope’s resolvingpower is200nm,whichmeansyoucanclearlyseethedifferencebetweentwothingsthatare200nmapart.
Electronmicroscopeswere developed in the 1930s, and they use a beam of electrons instead oflight. They can magnify up to 2,000,000 times and have a resolving power of 0.2nm! Electronmicroscopeshelpedustoseesmallerorganellessuchasribosomes;somethingthelightmicroscopecannotshowus.Italsoshowsusthedetailsoforganelleslikemitochondria.Thishelpedfurtherourunderstandingofsub-cellularstructures.However,electronsmicroscopesaremuchmoreexpensivethanlightmicroscopes.
Task:Usetheinformationaboveandtheimagebelowtocomparethelight&electronmicroscopes:
Prefix Metre Metrespower
Equivalents
kilo- km 103 1km=1000m
- m 100 =1m
centi- cm 10-2 1m=100cm
milli- mm 10-3 1mm=1000μm
micro- μm 10-6 1cm=10mm
nano- nm 10-9 10μm=1000nm
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LightMicroscope ElectronMicroscope
ConvertingUnits
Anaverageeukaryoticcellis50μm.
1. Howmanymicrometresinonemillimetre?
2. Whatisthelengthoftwoeukaryoticcellsidebyside?
3. Howmanyeukaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1000μm?
4. Howmanyeukaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1mm?
5. Howmanymillimetresis50μm?(Thisquestionisaskingyoutoconvert50μmintomm).
Anaverageprokaryoticcellis5μm.
6. Howmanynanometresinonemicrometre?
7. Whatisthelengthoftwoprokaryoticcellssidebyside?
8. Howmanyprokaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1000μm?
9. Howmanyprokaryoticcellsdoyouneedtoputsidebysidetomake1mm?
10. Howmanymillimetresis5μm?(Thisquestionisaskingyoutoconvert5μmintomm).
Amysterycellis7500nanometres.
11. Howbigisthisinmicrometres?
12. Doyouthinkthiscellisaeukaryoticoraprokaryoticcell?Explainyouranswer.
13. Anothermysterycellis0.3cm.Howmanymicrometres?Howmanynanometres?
Mysterycell?
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AtAlevelyouneedtoknowthejobsofmoreorganelles.Dosomeresearchandwritethejobsoftheorganellesbelownexttothearrows:
2) Osmosis
OsmosisisakeyprinciplewhichyouwillneedtounderstandandapplyinbothASandAlevelbiology.Itisneededtoexplainformationofurineinthekidney;transportinplants;homeostasisandmanyothertopics.
Watchthevideobelowandanswerthequestionsonthenextpage.
Amoebasistersvideoonosmosis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-osEc07vMs
AnimalCell
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Answerthefollowingquestionsasyoulistentotheosmosisvideo;
1. Whatisosmosis?
2. Whattypeoftransportisosmosis?
3. Whataresolutes?
4. Ifyouhavepurewateronbothsidesofasemi-permeablemembrane,inwhichdirectionwouldthewatermove?
5. Whatdoeshypertonicmean?
6. Inosmosis,watermovesfromtheh………………………………..sidetotheh……………………………..side.
7. IfyouranpurewaterinanIVdripwhatwouldhappen?
8. Whatisthewordthatmeansequalconcentrationsofsoluteoneachside?
9. Howdoeswatergetintoplantroots?
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3) Cell Division – Mitosis & Meiosis
MITOSIS
Use the following key words to complete the following paragraph describing mitosis:
chromosome, genes, daughter, nucleus, clone, DNA, genetic, growth,
migrates, replicates, two
Inside the ___________ of all cells are a set of chromosomes made of _________ which
carries the _________. Each _______________ makes a copy of itself. This is to ensure
that each new cell has identical ______________material. Each copy of a chromosome
______________ to the opposite end of the cell. The cytoplasm also _______________.
This ensures each new cell has all the materials it needs in order to carry out its reactions.
The cell divides into _______. Each cell has the same number of chromosomes as the
original cell and is an exact genetic copy or _____________. These are
_____________cells. They are exact copies so they can carry out the same work as the
original cell. Mitosis is used for ________ and repair.
1. Interphase a) The r_________
p_______. The number of sub-cellular structures, e.g. mitochondria and ribosomes i___________.
b) The DNA r__________ to form t_____ copies of each c______________.
c) Further growth occurs and the DNA is checked for any m____________ made.
CellCycle
2. Mitosis The c_________ move apart and n_____ m________ form.
3. Cytokinesis The c___________ s__________ into two and the new d______ c____________ separate to give two new g_________ i__________cells
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The table below shows the life spans of different cells.
Draw a graph of the data in the table below, choosing a suitable scale.
1) Which cells have the shortest life span?
Name of human cell Life span (days)
Red blood cell 120
Cells of stomach lining 5
Cells on surface of skin 14
Liver cells 300
Sperm cell 5
Egg cell 1
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2) Which cells have the longest life span?
3) Is there any connection between cell type and lifespan?
MEIOSIS
Putthefollowingstatementsinthecorrectordersothattheydescribetheprocessofmeiosis.
Completethefollowingtable:
Meiosis Mitosis
Whatisitusedfor?
Typeofreproduction
Numberofchromosomesaftercelldivision
Numberofdaughtercellsproduced
A Each of the four daughter cells (egg or sperm) has half the number of chromosomes
B Each chromosome copies its DNA, this new strand of DNA remains attached to the first
C Parent cell in testes or ovary undergo interphase
D Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart and the cell divides once
E The sister chromatids are pulled apart and the cell divides a second time.
F The two attached strands of DNA are known as sister chromatids
Answer:
________________________________
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Numberofcelldivisions
Causesvariation?
4) Structure of DNA
StructureofDNA–cutandstickactivity
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1. Cut out each of the nucleotides and arrange them on the grid. Remember the Base-Pair Rule (A-T, G-C). (You will have one set left over). Separate paper may also be used.
2. To match the pairs, one of the nucleotides must be arranged upside down. The sides of the DNA double helix are arranged in an anti-parallel fashion. Think of them like lanes on a highway going different directions.
3. Colour each of the nucleotides:
Thymine = orange, Adenine = green, Guanine = purple,
Cytosine = yellow, Deoxyribose sugar = blue, Phosphate = pink
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1. Label the diagrams.
The basic units of DNA are called _______________,
DNA Structure Name: Answers
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Structure of DNA
________ has a structure like a twisted ladder. The structure is called ______________________.
DNA has ___________________. Each strand is made of units called ___________________ joined together.
Each unit contains three parts: ___________________________________________.
There are _______ different bases each represented by the letters ___________________.
The two strands are complementary with ____ linked ____ and _____ linked to ______.
As there are many units, the whole structure is called a _______________.
A sequence of three bases is the genetic code for a particular ______________.
The order of bases controls the order in which ______________ are assembled to produce a particular ____________.
When the _________ chain is complete it folds up to form a _________________.
________________ occur continuously.
A few ______________ code for an altered ______________ with a different ____________.
protein, bases, four, amino acids, C, unique shape, two strands, mutations, protein, sugar molecule, DNA, mutations, GACT, A, protein, phosphate group, shape, double helix, T, polymer, G, amino acid, nucleotides.
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5) Heart Structure https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/science-biology-ks3-
ks4-gcse-the-human-heart/zr47nrd
1. Colourthebicuspidvalvesyellow.
2. Colourtherightatriumlightblue.
3. Colourtheinteriorsurfaceoftheleftventriclered.
4. Colourthesemilunarvalveslightgreen.
5. Colourtheexterioroftheinferiorvenacavadarkgreen.
6. Colourtheexterioroftheaortabrown.
7. Drawablackarrowtoshowthepathofbloodinviathevenacavaandoutviathepulmonaryartery.
8. Colourtheseptumorange.
9. Drawdarkbluearrowstoshowthedirectionofbloodflowinthe4pulmonaryveins.
10. Drawapurplearrowtorepresentbloodflowtotheleftlung.
Nowlisttheorderoftheparts(chambersoftheheartandbloodvessels)thatbloodflowsthroughinonecirculationofthebodystartingatthevenacava:
Venacava_______________________Lungs_________________________Bodycells
Colouringactivity–followtheinstructionsbelowtoshowthedifferentpartsoftheheartusingdifferentcolours.
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StructureandfunctionoftheheartandcirculationGotothefollowingwebsite.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/meet-the-heart
Watch“Meettheheart”,“Flowthroughtheheart”andthefirst5minsand30secondsof“LayersoftheHeart”.
Youmightalsofindtheinformationpage“Theheartisadoublepump”useful.
Meettheheart
1. Describethelocationoftheheart.
2. Explainwhyeverycellinthebodyneedstobenearabloodvessel.
3. Namethetwoveinsthattransportbloodbacktotheheart.
4. Namethemainarterytransportingbloodawayfromtheheart.
5. Describewhatismeantbypulmonarybloodflow.
6. Describetheroleofthecoronaryvessels.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/science-biology-ks3-ks4-human-circulation/zfbd6v4
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6) Respiration Respirationisnotbreathing….sowhatisit?https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/biology-ks3-gcse-aerobic-respiration/zmncqp3
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Describe anaerobic respiration using a word equation.
The substance produced during anaerobic respiration is:
A glucose B lactic acid C oxygen D water
Complete the word equation for anaerobic respiration:
.................. ..................... + ........................
State the purpose of respiration and describe it using the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration:
.................. + ..................... ..................... + .................... + ................
Wheredoesrespirationoccurinorganisms?Explainwhythisisimportant.
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
The graph above shows the effect of exercise intensity on the volume of blood leaving the heart per beat. The difference between the volume of blood leaving the heart at rest and the volume of blood leaving the heart at maximum exercise intensity is:
A 70 cm3 B 80 cm3 C 90 cm3 D 150 cm3
Using information in the graph, describe the effect of different levels of exercise intensity on the volume of blood leaving the heart. .....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
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RESPIRATIONANDGASEXCHANGE
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Across
1.Gasneededforaerobicrespiration.5.Oxygenmovesfromthelungsintocapillariesbythisprocess.6.Algaeusedinbread-making.7.Anothernameforthevoicebox.8.Anaerobicrespirationinmusclesproducesthisacid.11.Smallsac-likestructureswheregasexchangeoccurs.12.Tubewhichconnectsthemouthandnosetothelungs.14.Thetracheabreaksupintothesesmallertubestoentertherightandleftlungs.16.Trapsdustandmicrobesthatenterstheairways.17.Respirationinthepresenceofoxygen.18.Gasproducedinbothaerobic&anaerobicrespiration(twowords).19.Withinthelungsthebronchisplitintotheseevensmallertubeswhichattachtothealveoli.
Down2.Thealcoholproducedduringanaerobicrespirationofyeast.3.Chemicalusedtotestforcarbondioxide.4.Tinyhairsonthecellsthatlinethetrachea-sweepanyunwantedmicrobesorparticlesoutofourlungsandairways.9.Apoisonousgasfoundintobaccosmokewhichcombineswithhaemoglobininredbloodcells(twowords).10.Addictivechemicalfoundintobaccosmoke.11.Respirationintheabsenceofoxygen.13.Makesup79%ofinspiredair.15.Achemicalreactionthatbreaksdownnutrientmoleculesinlivingcellstoreleaseenergy.
Choosefrom:Respiration,Aerobic,Anaerobic,Carbondioxide,Oxygen,Lactic,Ethanol,Yeast,Larynx,Trachea,Alveoli,Bronchi,Bronchioles,Limewater,Nitrogen,Diffusion,Carbonmonoxide,Nicotine,Mucus,Cilia
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Describe photosynthesis using a word equation.
................... + ..................... ........................ + ......................
This graph suggests that the level of oxygen in the atmosphere was important for the evolution of many living organisms.
7) Photosynthesis
How much oxygen was needed in the atmosphere for the evolution of land animals?
A 0.009% B 0.09% C 0.9% D 9.0%
Suggest how photosynthesis could have changed the gas content of the atmosphere. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................
Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis including ideas about large surface area, chlorophyll in chloroplasts and stomata for gas exchange.
The diagram shows a section through a leaf. Fill in the boxes to identify cell types A-D and the gases moving into and out of the leaf.
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Describe the functions of each cell type and explain how each cell type is adapted to performing their function.
Cell A
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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Cell B
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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Cell C
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Cell D
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And to finish a photosynthesis rap…..!
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/biology-ks3-gcse-photosynthesis-rap/zm638xs
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8) Enzymes Enzymesarebiologicalcatalysts.Thismeansthattheyspeedupreactionsinlivingorganismsbymakingthemeasiertohappen.Everyreactioninyourbodyiscontrolledbyanenzyme,thisiswhytheyaresoimportant.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/biology-ks3-gcse-enzymes-and-active-sites/zd2f47h
Task1:WordMatch
Matchthefollowingwordstotheirdefinition:
1.Product A.Theamountofenergyrequiredforachemicalreactiontooccur
2.ActiveSite B.Substancesthatbringachemicalreactionwithoutbeingchangedthemselves
3.Enzymes C.Substancethatanenzymeactsupon
4.Catalyst D.Regionsonthesurfaceofanenzymethatfitsthesubstrate
5.Substrate E.Substanceformedfromthesubstrateattheendofachemicalreactionwithanenzyme
6.ActivationEnergy F.Proteinsthatspeedupthechemicalreaction
Task2–labelthediagramusingtermsfromtask1
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In your own words explain how the enzyme breaks the bond of the substrate in the above process.
1.
2.
3.
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And finally
https://app.senecalearning.com/classroom/course/76917ca0-ac10-43c9-8742-
e49b861417b2/section/e338b8d5-76ab-4a62-a9f3-a680c8441d9a/session
Hereisaninteractivewebsitewhichgivesfeedbackandallowsyoutodevelopunderstanding.
ThislinkshouldtakeyoutoapagewithaGCSErefreshertaskandanAlevelpreparationsession.
Goodluck!
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