List of Contents State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | i
List of Contents
Page
List of Tables I
List of Figures III
List of Abbreviations V
Executive Summary IX
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 The Rationale 3
1.2 The Approach and Methodology 5
1.3 PSIR Framework
5
Chapter 2: Pressure 9
Chapter 3: State 15
Energy Supply
3.1 Lignite 16
3.2 Coal 21
3.3 Crude Oil and Natural Gas 25
3.3.1 LNG 29
3.3.2 Domestic Natural Gas 30
3.3.3 Refined Products 33
3.4 Alternate Fuels 35
3.4.1 Biofuels 35
3.4.2 Biodiesel 36
3.4.3 Bio-Ethanol 36
3.4.4 Coal Bed Methane 37
3.4.5 Oil Shales 38
3.5 Hydroelectricity 38
3.6 Nuclear Power 40
3.7 Power generation and Distribution 42
List of Contents State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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3.8 Renewable Energy Resources 52
3.8.1 Solar 55
3.8.2 Wind 62
3.8.3 Small Hydropower Plants 67
3.8.4 Tidal 67
Energy Demand
3.9 Energy Demand In Gujarat State 69
3.9.1 Agriculture 70
3.9.2 Industry 71
3.9.3 Transport 72
3.9.4 Domestic
74
Chapter 4: Impact 79
4.1 Lignite and Coal 79
4.2 Wood 80
4.3 Oil and Natural Gas 80
4.4 Oil Refineries 81
4.5 Vehicular Emission 82
4.6 Power Generation and Distribution 83
4.7 Hydropower 84
4.8 Solar 85
4.9 Nuclear 85
4.10 Wind 86
4.11 Bio fuels: Biomass, Ethanol and Biodiesel 86
4.12 Indoor Air Pollution 87
Chapter 5: Response 91
5.1 Promotion of Renewable Energy and Major Programs 91
5.2 Important Initiative for Biomass Energy 92
5.3 Important Initiatives for Wind Energy 92
5.4 Important Initiatives for Solar Energy 92
5.5 Important Initiatives for Energy Conservation 94
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5.6 Important Initiatives for Rural Energy 94
5.7 Important Initiatives for Village Electrification 95
5.8 Important Initiatives for Bio-Energy 96
5.9 Important Initiatives for Decentralized Energy System 97
5.10 Important Initiatives for Power Sector Reforms
98
Chapter 6: Recommendations 99
References 107
List of Tables State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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List of Tables Chapter- 2:Pressure
Table: 1 Year wise % increase in Growth rate of Gujarat
(in terms of Energy and GDP)
Table 2: Statistics of Districts, Takukas, Towns and Villages in Gujarat
Chapter-3: State Table 3: Lignite resources of states and Union Territories
(million tonnes) as on 1st April 2011
Table 4: Lignite mined out till 31 March 2011
Table 5: Year wise Lignite demand (in MT) in Gujarat State
Table 6: Lignite Consumers in Gujarat State
Table 7: Coal Import and custom duty
Table 8: Coal Resources of states (million tons) as on 1st April-2011
Table 9: Coal Resources (million tons), by category as on 1st April-2011
Table 10: Comparison of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Useful Heat Value
(UHV) for non coking coal (with 6% moisture content)
Table 11: Coal Consumption by GSECL station in Gujarat
Table 12: Production of Crude oil (‘000’ tones)
Table 13: Production of Natural Gas (in mmscf) in Gujarat State
Table 14: Existing LNG Terminals in Gujarat
Table 15: City Gas Distribution (Company and Operational Region)
Table 16: Total Refinery Production
Table 17: Refining Capacity and Utilization in Gujarat
Table 18: Production of Kerosene (in KL)
Table 19: Production of Petrol
Table 20: Production of Diesel
Table 21: Year wise total Electricity Generation at Sardar Sarovar
Hydro Power House
Table 22: Previous four year generation statistics
Table 23: Previous four year generation statistics in Gujarat State
Table 24: Fuel -wise generation capacity addition (MW)
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List of Tables State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 25: Power Supply position: Peak demand Vs Peak met
Table 26: Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability
Table 27: Year wise per capita consumption of electricity in Gujarat State
Table 28: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat, as on 31 March 2011
Table 29: Comparison of Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat State
with India (as on 31 March 2011)
Table 30: (T&D) losses as % of availability in Gujarat State
Table 31: Length of transmission and distribution lines (ckt km)
in Gujarat state, as on 31 march 2009
Table 32: Solar Energy Development Potential
Table 33: Details of Present Energy Consumption of town proposed
to be Carbon Neutral by Solar Energy
Table 34: Year wise Wind Power installed capacity in Gujarat
Table 35: Details of Wind Energy use proposed by SMC
Table 36: Identified and Installed Small Hydropower projects
on Gujarat, as on 31 January 2011
Table 37: Tidal Energy Potential in Gujarat State
Table 38: Category wise Energy demand as on 31 March 2011
Table 39: Total Number of Registered Vehicles
Table 40: Analysis of consumption of Petrol and CNG
Table 41: Per household per month consumption of fuels
for cooking and lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)
Table 42: Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source
used for cooking in Gujarat(2009-10)
Table 43: Percentage distribution of households by primary energy source for
Lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)
Table 44: Installation of off-grid/decentralized renewable energy
systems/devices by Gujarat state during 2009-10
Chapter- 4 : Impacts
Table 45: Fuel Usage for Rural Gujarat at House Hold H Level NFHS 3
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List of Figures State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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List of Figures Chapter-3: State
Fig 1: Map Showing Lignite Deposits in Gujarat
Fig 2: Year wise Lignite Demand in MT in Gujarat State
Fig 3: Lignite Consumers in State
Fig 4: Year wise Lignite Production in Gujarat State
Fig 5: Gross Geological Coal Resources by States as on 1st April, 2010
Fig 6: Coal Fired Power Plant
Fig 7: Oil and Gas Fields in Gujarat
Fig 8: Year wise Production Crude Oil in Gujarat State
Fig 9: Year wise Production of Natural Gas in Gujarat State
Fig 10: Year wise Refinery Production in Gujarat State
Fig 11: RIL, Jamnagar Refinery
Fig 12: Offshore Platform
Fig 13: Biofules
Fig 14: Biodiesel
Fig 15: Bio-Ethanol
Fig 16: Coal Bed Methane Well
Fig 17: Location of Sardar Sarovar Dam
Fig 18: Year wise total Electricity Generation at Sardar Sarovar Hydro
Power House
Fig 19: A view of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
Fig 20: Year wise Power Supply position: Peak demand Vs Peak met
Fig 21: Year wise Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability
Fig 22: Per Capita Consumption of Electricity as per 31st March 2009
Fig 23: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat, as on 31 March 2011
Fig 24: Gujarat Power Sector at a Glance
Fig 25: Renewable Energy, end of 2008 (GW)
Fig 26: Map showing the solar energy potential in various states of India
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List of Figures State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Fig 27: Geographical Location for Solar Power Projects in Gujarat
Fig 28: Wind Capacity Addition (in MW) per year
Fig 29: Category wise Energy Demand (in %) as on 31 March 2011
Fig 30: Per household per month consumption of fuels for cooking and
lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)
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List of Abbreviations
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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List of Abbreviations
AUDA : Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority
BCM : Billion Cubic Meters
BEE : Bureau of Energy Efficiency
CBM: Coal Bed Methane
CCO : Coal Controller Organistaion
CEA: Central Electricity Authority
CEE : Center for Environment Education
CEPT : Center for Environmental Planning and Technology
CERC : Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
CGD: City Gas Distribution
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
DMIC: Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor
DST: Department of Science and Technology
EPD: Energy and Petrochemical Department
ESPs: Electro-Static Precipitators
FERC : Federal Electricity Regulatory Commission
GAIL : Gas Authority of India Limited
GCPC : Gujarat Cleaner Production Center
GCV: Gross Calorific Value
GEB: Gujarat Electricity Board
GEC : Gujarat Ecology Commission
GEDA: Gujarat Energy Development Agency
GERC : Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission
GETCO: Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited
GIDC: Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation
GIPCL : Gujarat Industrial Power Company Ltd.
GMDC: Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation
GOG : Government of Gujarat
GOI : Government of India
GPCB : Gujarat Pollution Control Board
List of Abbreviations
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | VI
GPCL : Gujarat Power Corporation Ltd.
GSECL : Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited
GSI : Geological Survey of India
GSRTC : Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation
GUVNL: Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited
HSD : High Speed Diesel
IEA : International Energy Agency
IGBC : Indian Green Building Council
IIFCO: Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited
IMD : Indian Meteorological Department
ISGF: Indian Smart Grid Forum
IWEA : Indian Wind Energy Association
KAPS: Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
KWh :Kilo Watt hour
LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG : Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MCF : Million Cubic Feet
MCIT: Ministry of Communication and Information Technology
MNCER : Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Resources
MNRE: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MoC: Ministry of Coal
MoP : Ministry of Power
MoPNG: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
MoRTH: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
MoSPI : Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
MoU: Memorandum of Understanding
MW : Mega Watt
NELP: New Exploration Licensing Policy
NFHS: National Family Health Survey
NSSO : National Sample Survey Organisation
NTPC: National Thermal Power Corporation
ONGC: Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
List of Abbreviations
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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PDS: Public Distribution System
PGCIL : Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
PSIR: Pressure-State-Impact-Response
PV : Photo Voltaic
SEC : Surat Electricity Company
SEZ: Special Economic Zone
SGTF: Smart Grid Task Force
SHP: Small Hydropower Plant
SIR: Special Investment Region
SMC: Surat Municipal Corporation
SMES: Small and Medium Enterprises
SoER: State of Environment Report
SPV: Special Purpose Vehicles
SSNNL: Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited
STE : Solar Thermal Electricity
T&D : Transmission and Distribution
TEDDY : TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook
TERI: The Energy Research Institute
UHV: Useful Heat Value
UMPPs: Ultra Mega Power Projects
USD: United States Dollars
WEC : World Energy Council
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | IX
Executive Summary The task of meeting the energy needs of development has become
more complex in recent times due to the imminent threat of global
warming. This poses a challenge to the world as a whole including
Gujarat and points to the need for an acceptable international
approach to deal with the problem. Gujarat’s energy strategy has,
therefore, to bear in mind the need for action as part of a
reasonable international agreement which is consistent with
Gujarat’s development objectives.
The State of Environment Report (SoER) pertaining to the energy
sector in Gujarat state provides an overview of current state of
energy resources like coal, lignite, natural gas, coal bed methane,
crude oil, biogas, wind power, hydro, solar, nuclear and tidal
energy etc., its environmental implications and responses
undertaken by the Government.
It gives an opportunity to assess how the power generation from
various sources affect the environmental conditions and their
implications on human health and economic well - being. State of
Environment reporting pertaining to the Energy sector, is a process
undertaken so as to understand, describe, analyze and
communicate information on conditions and trends in the
environment. It seeks to document the condition of natural
resources and the environment; and to assess the effect of any
changes in the environment on health, economy and lifestyle.
It is a method by which the ecologically sustainable use of natural
resources can be measured, which is an effective and vital input
for policy planning and implementation related to sustainable
development.
The present State of Environment report (SoER) pertaining to
energy sector has collected & compiled sound and reliable
database as well as analyzed the meaningful policy undertaken by
Executive Summary
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | X
the State Government to achieve the sustainable development. It
provides a roadmap for immediate action and conservation majors.
We have adopted ecosystem based approach to come out with the
State of Environment Report [SoER] where in above mentioned
applicable parameters are studied and temporal changes in each of
the parameters are studied based on PSIR [Pressure, State, Impact
and Response] methodology along with the vulnerability in certain
areas. As far as methodology is concerned, it is based on data and
perception. Data based approach includes data collection, data
collation for synthesis and consultation to find the gaps and
possible responses.
Pressures are the more specific economic, social, institutional or
other pressures on the environment that may contribute to or
cause particular environmental states and impacts of concern.
Specific pressures for priority issues are presented in State of
Environment report under Energy sectors. Various factors creating
pressure on environment are population growth rate, urban
growth rate, annual energy consumption levels, growth in per
capita energy consumption etc. Moreover energy is demanded in
Gujarat state mainly by four sectors i.e. Agriculture, Industry,
Transport and Domestic. Tremendous demand has brought the
following pressures on the energy sector.
State: It is the condition or quality of the environment and trends
in that condition brought about by human or other pressures
which have negative impact on environment because of energy
production and consumption.. These are described for priority
issues by presenting quantitative and qualitative data of Energy
sector. As far as Energy supply is concerned, the various sources
creating pressure on environment are lignite, coal, crude oil and
natural gas, alternative fuels (like bio-fuels, biodiesel, ethanol,
CBM, oil shale etc.), hydroelectricity, nuclear power and other
renewable sources of energy (like solar, wind and tidal).
Executive Summary
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | XI
Impacts: The consequences of pressures and states in particular
those on human health, the economy, equity and quality of life.
For energy demand and supply, all above mentioned sources of
energy are leaving certain environmental impacts affecting the
human health, the economy, equity and quality of life because of
the various sources of energy like coal and lignite, crude oil and
natural gas, alternative fuels, hydroelectricity, nuclear power and
other renewable sources of energy. In our study, the impacts
because of rural energy requirement and its impacts in form of
indoor air pollution is also included.
Responses: These include all actions and initiatives taken to
address environmental issues by Government, NGOs, businesses,
research institutions or other initiatives. Important initiatives taken
by State Government are promotion of Renewable Energy,
Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy. Gujarat Energy
Development Agency (GEDA) has implemented LED village project
at Village Amrapura, Taluka Mansa District: Gandhinagar as the
first LED Village Demonstration Project in Gujarat in the year
2011. Introduction of Jyotigram yojna for village electrification has
also significantly reduced the T & D losses, it is an innovative
scheme to make available 24 hours three phase quality power
supply to Rural areas. Government of Gujarat has also taken some
important initiatives in the Bio-energy, decentralized energy
system, along with power sector reforms.
Recommendations: Based on our study, we have included several
recommendations in chapter no.6 which can be taken into
consideration and incorporated by the Government, NGOs and
other environmental agencies to reduce the impact created by
energy resources on the environment.
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter-1: Introduction State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 1
Chapter-1
Introduction
The challenge for the 21st century is how to develop sustainably
and maintain the quality of life for a growing population with
higher expectations for well-being. Underlying this challenge is the
need for sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy to provide
the economic activity underpinning these expectations. Issues
concerning energy security pose multiple challenges for Gujarat.
Access to energy sources is a major challenge, not only for rural
areas but also for the urban areas. We have had limited success in
exploring new oil and gas reserves and we are heavily import
dependent. Climate change concerns have added a new dimension
to the energy equation and there are increasing pressures, both
from within and outside, to reduce coal consumption and move
towards renewable and nuclear energy.
Energy production and use, particularly of fossil fuels, have a
number of environmental impacts including air pollution,
greenhouse gas emissions and adverse impacts on ecosystems.
Availability and access to energy are considered as catalysts for
economic growth. This report assesses the key drivers,
environmental pressures, state and some impacts from the
production and consumption of energy (energy demand and
supply), taking into account the main objectives of the policies on
energy and environment including: security of supply,
competitiveness, increased energy efficiency and renewable
energy, and environmental sustainability. Meeting the energy
access challenges and ensuring lifeline supply of clean energy to all
is essential for empowering individuals.
Chapter-1: Introduction
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 2
In the recent years, the Government of Gujarat has recognized the
energy security concerns and more importance is being placed on
energy independence. Some of the strategies for energy security
are as follows:
Power Generation Strategy will focus on low cost generation,
optimization of capacity utilization, controlling the input cost,
optimization of fuel mix, Technology upgradation and utilization
of non-conventional energy sources.
Transmission strategy will focus on development of Smart Grid
including Inter-state connections, technology upgradation and
optimization of transmission cost.
Distribution strategy (to achieve distribution reforms) will focus on
system up gradation, loss reduction, theft control, consumer
service orientation, quality power supply commercialization,
decentralized distributed generation and supply for rural areas.
Conservation strategy (to optimize the utilization of electricity)
will focus on demand side management, load management and
technology up gradation to provide energy efficient equipment /
gadgets.
The State of Environment Report (SoER) pertaining to the energy
sector in Gujarat state shall provide an overview of various
resources of energy like coal, lignite, wood, natural gas, coal bed
methane, crude oil, biogas, wind power, hydro, solar, nuclear and
tidal energy etc. and also the overview of environmental
implications. It shall give an opportunity to assess how the power
generation from various sources affect the environmental
conditions and their implications on human health and economic
well - being. State of Environment reporting pertaining to the
Energy sector, is a process undertaken so as to understand,
describe, analyze and communicate information on conditions and
Chapter-1: Introduction State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 3
trends in the environment. It seeks to document the condition of
natural resources and the environment; and to assess the effect of
any changes in the environment on health, economy and lifestyle.
It is a method by which the ecologically sustainable use of natural
resources can be measured, which is an effective and vital input for
policy planning and implementation related to sustainable
development. The present State of Environment report (SoER)
pertaining to energy sector wishes to go a step further in collecting
& compiling of sound and reliable database as well as analyzing
the meaningful policy in the State to achieve the sustainable
development. It would also provide a roadmap for immediate
action and conservation majors.
1.1 The Rationale
The State of Gujarat is rapidly growing in industrial sector with a
growth rate of around 22 to 25 % in 2000-2010. In recent years
(2005-2010) the real GDP growth in Gujarat has been 11.3% as
against 11% in Haryana, 9.6% in Bihar, 8.5% in Karnataka, 8.1%
in Kerala and 7.4% in Andhra Pradesh. Gujarat state has also taken
steps to market itself as an attractive investment destination
through the Vibrant Gujarat summit held every two years since last
decade. Gujarat has achieved leadership in the chemical industries
with 35% share of all investments in this sector in past 5 years.
With a substantial presence of the chemical, pharmaceutical,
textile and engineering industries concentrated in the “Golden
Corridor” extending throughout the state, management of
hazardous waste, becomes indispensible in order to mitigate
negative impact on the environment. Industries have often grown
around existing urban support services and GIDC industrial estates.
The State has also achieved phenomenal growth in energy sector
since last decade. The State of Gujarat is in the fast track of growth
but has also taken strong & serious measures for the conservation
of the Environment which has been discussed in detail under the
response section. An overall awareness is required amongst the
Chapter-1: Introduction
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 4
citizens, for understanding the ill effects of various pollution
hazards and environmental degradation arising out of rapid
industrialization.
Gujarat has continued to witness impressive industrial
development. Government of Gujarat while announcing Industrial
Policy in 2003 had given strong emphasis on making Gujarat based
industries competitive enough to meet with the challenges of
globalization. For this purpose Government also announced
various schemes such as empowerment of cluster, assistant for
technology/up gradation, quality up gradation, subsidy for R & D
activities and interest subsidy to Small and Medium Enterprises
(SMES) etc. An important feature of the Industrial Policy, 2003 is
the scheme of cluster development. In the state 83 clusters have
been identified with a range of industries. They are being
strengthened with Government assistance in the form of
developing common facilities centers, up gradation of
infrastructure, conducting training programmes for skill up
gradation etc. Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC)
develops industrial estates in the State so that industrial units get
developed plots/sheds with all amenities for setting up their units.
There are 182 industrial estates spread throughout the State
covering an area of 3200 hectares. Also 60 Special Economic Zones
(SEZs) have been notified in the State so far. Special Investment
region (SIR) Act was enacted by the State in 2009 for creating
large size investment regions and industrial areas in the State to
develop them as global hubs of economic activity having world
class infrastructure. Eleven such SIRs have been notified so far and
are various stages of planning and development. Also a major part
of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) i.e. 38% is going to
pass through Gujarat. Out of 20 proposed industrial nodes of
DMIC, 06 are in Gujarat.
Chapter-1: Introduction State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 5
The State of Environment report pertaining to the energy sector is
an opportunity which takes into account our assets, recognizes the
enormity as well as the complexity of the environmental problems
being faced today and attempts analysis of the underlying casual
factors.
1.2 The Approach and methodology
We have adopted ecosystem based approach to come out with the
State of Environment Report [SoER] where in above mentioned
applicable parameters will be studied and temporal changes in
each of the parameters will be studies on PSIR [Pressure, State,
Impact and Response] methodology along with the vulnerability
in certain areas. As far as methodology is concerned, it will be
based on data collection and perception. Data based approach will
include data collection, data collation for assesment and
consultation to find the gaps and possible responses. Perception
based will include identification of issues, priorities and response
for synthesis and consultation to find the gaps and possible
responses. Then these two approaches shall be merged for
validation, data gap filling and verification with the stakeholders.
1.3 PSIR Framework
For the preparation of State of Environment Report (SoER)
pertaining to Energy sector, PSIR (Pressure-State-Impacts-
Response) Framework has been used. The format outlines are as
following:
• Pressures: They are the more specific economic, social,
institutional or other pressures on the environment that may
contribute to or cause particular environmental states and impacts
of concern. Specific pressures for priority issues are presented
under Energy sectors. Various factors creating pressure on
environment are population growth rate, urban growth rate,
annual energy consumption levels, growth in per capita energy
Chapter-1: Introduction
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 6
consumption etc. Moreover energy is demanded in Gujarat state
mainly by four sectors i.e. Agriculture, Industry, Transport and
Domestic.
State: It is the condition or quality of the environment and trends
in that condition brought about by human or other pressures which
have negative impact on environment. These are described for
priority issues by presenting quantitative and qualitative data of
Energy sector. As far as Energy supply is concerned, the various
sources creating pressure on environment are as follows:
Lignite
Coal
Wood
Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
Natural Gas, CNG
LNG
Kerosene
Petrol
Diesel
Alternative fuels like biofuels, biodiesel, ethanol, CBM, oilshale etc.
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear power
Traditional Fuels
Power Generation and Distribution
Renewable Energy like solar, wind, small hydro power plants and
tidal energy
As far as sector wise Energy demand is concerned, it includes the
following:
Agriculture
Industry
Transport
Domestic
Chapter-1: Introduction State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 7
Thus increase in energy supply diversity is State as well as National
goal driven by concerns about energy security, climate change
mitigation and environmental protection.
Impacts: These are the consequences of pressures and state in
particular those on human health, the economy, equity and quality
of life. For energy demand and supply, all above mentioned
sources of energy are leaving certain environmental impacts
affecting the human health, the economy, equity and quality of life
because of the following sources of energy:
Coal and lignite mining
Wood
Oil & Natural Gas
Oil Refineries
Vehicular Emissions
Power Generation and Distribution
Hydropower
Nuclear
Renewable Sources of Energy
Indoor Air Pollution
• Responses: These include all actions taken to address
environmental issues by government, NGOs, businesses, research
institutions or other initiatives.
Initiated Policy Reforms for Power Sector
Promotion of Renewable Energy
Solar Energy
Wind energy
Biomass Energy
Rural Energy
Plantation
Energy Conservation
Decentralized Energy System
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
CHAPTER-2
PRESSURE
Chapter-2: Pressure State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 9
Chapter-2
Pressure
Energy production and consumption place considerable pressures
not only on the environment, but also on society and the economy.
Environmental pressures are easier to quantify than social or
economical ones. However, these ones should not be omitted,
according to the influence they for sustainability.
The demand for energy in Gujarat has been growing due to
increasing industrial and agricultural activities. Gujarat state faces a
challenge to optimally use resources vested in its land for
production of energy and thus providing to state of sixty million. As
inferred from the below table, Gujarat has shown substantial
increase in both i.e. Gross Domestic Product and energy. This
substantial increase tends to increase the pressure on environment
and thus calls for the optimal use of energy resources vested in the
state.
Table: 1 Year wise % increase in Growth rate of Gujarat (in terms of Energy and GDP)
Year GDP* Energy**
2005-06 14.95 7.43 2006-07 8.39 11.48 2007-08 11.00 7.43 2008-09 6.96 6.13 2009-10 10.23 9.10 2010-11 11.58 9.28
Source: *Planingcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/present/gujrat.pdf and
**GUVNL
Chapter-2: Pressure State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 10
Gujarat has witnessed a moderate growth in its population in the
last 60 years. From a small figure of 16.26 Lacs in 1951, it has gone
passed 6.03 Crore in 2011. Gujarat is now the 10th most populous
state. It has 5 per cent share of the country's population and 6 per
cent of geographical area. Gujarat's population has increased by
97,12,611 during the decade of 2001 to 2011. While the urban
population has risen from 37.36 per cent in 2001 to 42.58 per cent
in 2011, making it one of the fastest growing urbanised states,
according to the Census. In terms of Population, Ahmedabad is the
largest city of Gujarat with 7.2 million people living here. Surat and
Vadodara are other two major cities with high number of urban
population residing here. Rajkot is the fourth largest city of Gujarat
with population of 1.50 million. The cities like Bhavnagar, Bhuj,
Junagadh and Jamnagar constitutes a large number of urban
populations in Gujarat. Thus Concentration of population and
urbanisation make huge pressures on Energy sector. Ahmedabad
ranks 52nd and Surat 77th in most populated urban cities in the
world.
Table 2: Statistics of Districts, Takukas, Towns and Villages in Gujarat
Serial No.
Level 2001 2011 Variation
1 Districts 25 26 +1 2 Talukas 226 225 -1 3 Towns 484 696 +212 4 Industrial
Notified Areas 17 26 +9
5 Villages 18538 18225 -314 Source: Planingcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan
Above data shows that there is an increase in number of District,
towns, and industrial notified and it also shows the net decrease in
number of talukas and villages. Increase in number of Districts,
towns and Industrial notified areas are creating more pressure on
Energy sector.
Chapter-2: Pressure
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 11
The Pressures of the Driving Forces on the environment, society and
economy (Pressures) are the measures of the effects of the Driving
Forces on the natural environment, on the social setting and on the
economical scene, for the transitory considered scope.
Greenhouse gas emissions, waste resulting from energy production
and consumption or emissions of pollutants are examples of
Pressures on the environment. However, the problem exceeds the
environmental aspect and affects the socio-economic context. Thus,
for example, production of radioactive waste, that is an
environmental Pressure, also constitutes an economical Pressure
because of the high costs of management and storage of this type of
waste. Similarly, for example, greenhouse gas emissions are
produced by refineries are environmental Pressures, but there is also
a social Pressure on them, because of the accidents that may occur.
The Pressures are directly related to the Driving Forces, because
they are direct consequences of them. The Pressure placed on the
environment, society or economy by any activity using energy
depends on:
Driver: the volume of activity that generates demand for an
energy-related service (e.g. Gross Domestic Product, industrial value
added, demand for road freight delivery or passenger
transportation, etc.)
Gap in demand and supply of energy in different sectors like
industry, domestic, agriculture etc.
The production of cleaner energy through renewable and
non-renewable sources e.g. while the fossil fuels like lignite and coal
are highly polluting ones, the renewable energy sources such as
solar, wind, tide, biomass, etc., have little negative impact on the
environment. The electricity, on the other hand, may be clean at the
consumer's end but its production might be polluting, depending on
the fuel and technology used.
Chapter-2: Pressure
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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The cost of energy: In general, cleaner fuels are costlier than the
polluting fuels and therefore environmental costs were generally
ignored against the fiscal costs. The choice of use of energy, on the
other hand, varies according to income level of consumers and
availability of technology for efficient use of energy.
Policy framework that integrate energy-environment sectors
Lack of integration between renewable sources of energy with that
of conventional sources.
Energy intensity: the amount of energy required per unit of Driver.
Pressure intensity: the level of the Pressure per unit of energy use.
Following Pressure indicators have been considered in this report:
o Green House gas emissions by energy uses.
o Pollutant emissions by energy uses.
o Production of radioactive waste.
o Accidents/Hazards/Risks as a result of energy uses.
o Use of resources like cutting of trees as fire wood for cooking
o Emissions (per driving force for numerous compounds)
o Direct emissions to air, water and soil
o Indirect emissions to air, water and soil
o Production of waste, noise, radiation and vibration
Apart from above pressure indicators, tremendous demand has
brought the following pressures on the energy sector:
Increasing demand for energy & limited alternative sources impose a
huge pressure on this sector.
Coal based thermal power is the only viable source of energy
available.
Chapter-2: Pressure
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 13
Poor quality of coal (with 30 to 40% ash) is the main cause of air
pollution and land degradation. Locally available lignite has similar
problems.
Low energy efficiency is a major concern for the State.
In hydro power generation, the construction of dams and
multipurpose reservoirs has many positive effects like hydropower
generation, water supply, irrigation, low flows regulation, flood
mitigation etc.), but also causes adverse effects. For example, the
volume of biological active sediments may decrease, erosion and/or
sedimentation processes in riverbeds may change, and migration of
fish may become impossible. Intense sedimentation, erosion of
embankments and changes in the hydrological regime, resulting in a
decrease in the self-purification capability of aquatic ecosystems,
occur in lowland reservoirs. Eutrophication, a typical problem of
reservoirs in lowlands, is intensified due to the shallowness and
large water surface of many water bodies.
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
CHAPTER-3
STATE
Chapter-3: State State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 15
Chapter-3
State
The different phases of the energy production and consumption process
place pressures on the society, the environment and the economy. The
State of the society, the environment and the economy (State) is the set
of measures that represent the conditions characterizing the social,
environmental and economical context, for the transitory considered
scope.
State of environment relates to an analysis of trends in the environment
of the particular place. This analysis can incorporate aspects such as
water quality, air quality land use ecosystem health and function along
with social and cultural matters. Therefore the State is very relevant in
the energy process. For example, in the particular case of an
environmental State, concentration of pollutants is essential to estimate
the impacts that Pressures may have. The State determines if the
Pressure placed is leading to surpluses of tolerable levels or not. Other
indicators affecting environmental State, for example, are the
accumulation of radioactive waste or the fossil resources availability in
the state.
Universal access to electricity and other advanced energy forms, as a
State indicator, is included on the social State. In the same way, energy
security of supply is a characteristic of the social State, but it also
indicates the situation of the economical State, because of the
implications that energy security of supply has on energy prices, both
locally and globally.
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
P a g e | 16
For the analysis of the energy context, the considered state indicators
are:
Greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere.
Pollutants concentration in the atmosphere.
Accumulation of radioactive waste.
Fossil fuels resources and its duration.
Energy security of supply: installed capacity and energy dependency.
World-wide accessibility to electricity and other advanced energy forms.
To access the state of environment pertaining to the energy sector, it is
necessary to analyse all the sources of energy.
3.1 Lignite
Gujarat is overall third largest producer of lignite in the country. Lignite
occurrences in state are in Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Kachchh and Surat
districts as depicted in Fig 1. The Gujarat State was also the second
largest producer of lignite in the country during 2009-10 and production
of lignite got increased by 4.17% followed by decrease in the production
by 27.1% for the current fiscal year.
Fig 1: Map Showing Lignite Deposits in Gujarat
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 3: Lignite resources of states and Union Territories
(million tonnes) as on 1st April 2011
State Proved Indicated Inferred Total
Tamil Nadu 3735.23 22900.25 6257.64 32892.92
Rajasthan 1166.96 2148.72 1519.61 4835.29
Gujarat 1243.65 318.7 1159.7 2722.05
Pondicherry 0 405.61 11 416.61
Jammu &
Kashmir
0 20.25 7.3 27.55
Kerala 0 0 9.65 9.65
West Bengal 0 0.93 0.86 1.79
Total 6145.84 25794.26 8965.76 40905.86
Source: Geological Survey of India, 2011
Table 4: Lignite mined out till 31 March 2011
State District Mine Mined (million
tonnes)
Tam
il N
ad
u
Cuddalore Neyveli - Mine I and
Expansion
291.19
Neyveli - Mine IA 24.07
Neyveli - Mine II and
Expansion
199.42
Total 514.68
Gu
jara
t
Kutch Panandhro 99.01
Matanomadh 10.54
Bharuch Rajpardi 12.28
Bhavnagar Surkha North 1.9
Alapur(Khadsaliya) 1.41
Surat Tadakeshwar 4.98
Vatsan 19.13
Mangrol 0.68
Total 149.93
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Source: Geological Survey of India, 2011
Table 5: Year wise Lignite demand (in MT) in Gujarat State
Year Demand in MT Demand in MT
2007-08 13.300
2008-09 15.450
2009-10 17.410
2010-11 19.750
Source: Report on Coal and Lignite, Ministry of Coal (2007-12)
Fig 2: Year wise Lignite Demand in MT in Gujarat State
From above data it is obvious that every year the demand of lignite is
increasing, as a result of it excessive mining would have the degrading
effects on environment. Following table shows the various consumers of
lignite in the state.
0
5
10
15
20
25
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Demand in MT
Demand in MT
State District Mine Mined (million tonnes)
Raja
sth
an
Bikaner Barsinghsar 0.43
Gurha East 0.67
Barmer Giral 7.14
Nagaur Kasnau/Matasukh 0.66
Total 8.9
Grand Total 673.51
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 6: Lignite Consumers in Gujarat State
Industry % Sales
Food Processing 4.20%
Paper and Paper
Board
7.20%
Dying and Printing 25.77%
Silk Fabric 2.80%
Fabric other than
Silk
5.70%
Cement 1.40%
Bricks and similar articles 7.00%
Roofing Tiles 1.00%
Ceramic Article - Glazed Tiles 12.60%
Iron and Steel 1.70%
Soda Ash 9.50%
Chemicals and Allied Industry 4.10%
Others 17.10%
Total Lignite Sales = 7539524
Source: GMDC
As shown in Fig 2 during 2010-11, Lignite was consumed by various
industries across the state of which the bulk of value of total Lignite sales
of about 25.77% was accounted for dying and printing industry only. Next
in order was Ceramic article - glazed tiles industry with a share of 12.60%
followed by Soda ash industry (9.50%), Paper and paperboard industry
(7.20%), Brick industry (7.00%), Fabric other than silk (5.70%), Food
Processing industry (4.20%) in the total value of Lignite sales. Remaining
other industries have share of 17.10% of total value during the year under
review. Lignite being immature contains elemental sulphar which is
genrally not removed in brick industry and thus leading to degradation of
environment.
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Fig 3: Lignite Consumers in State
Source: GMDC
Figure 3 shows the consumption of lignite in the Gujarat State by various industries.
Out of all these consumers, drying and printing industries are the major consumer of
lignite.
Fig 4: Year wise Lignite Production in Gujarat State
Source: GMDC
Figure 4 shows the year wise production of lignite in the Gujarat State which is
progressively increased from 1998 to 2008.
Food Processing
Paper and Paper Board
Dying and Printing
Silk Fabric
Fabric other than Silk
Cement
Bricks and similar articles
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
19
97
-98
19
98
-99
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
05
-06
20
06
-07
20
07
-08
20
08
-09
20
09
-10
20
10
-11
Lignite Production
Lignite Production
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3.2 Coal
Around 18 million tons of coal is
consumed in the Gujarat state
annually, mostly for power
generation. None of this coal is
produced in the state. The coal
comes mostly from Madhya
Pradesh and about 4 million
tonnes are imported. Coals as
straight or in blend which on
carbonization produce hard coke are known as coking coals. Depending
upon coking capacity, coking coals are divided into prime or hard coking
coal, medium or soft coking coals and weakly or semi-soft coking coals.
The coking coals are classified based on CSN, LTGK coke type, gieseler
fluidity, vitrinite contents, mean maximum reflectace of vitrinite etc. On
the other hand, coals which on carbonization produce powdery mass are
known as non-coking coals.
The current custom duty on coking and non coking coal is as following:
Table 7: Coal Import and custom duty
Source: CCO (2011)
Import of Coal Current custom duty (%)
Coking Coal
Ash content less than 12%
Ash content more than 12%
0
0
Non coking coal 5
Coke 5
Chapter-3: State
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Table 8: Coal Resources of states (million tons)
as on 1st April-2011
State Proved Indicated Inferred Total
Andhra Pradesh 9296.85 9728.37 3029.36 22054.58
Arunachal Pradesh 31.23 40.11 18.89 90.23
Assam 464.78 45.51 3.02 513.31
Bihar 0 0 160 160
Chhattisgarh 12878.99 32390.38 4010.88 49290.25
Jharkhand 36760.73 32591.56 6583.69 78935.98
Madhya Pradesh 8871.31 12191.72 2062.7 23125.73
Maharashtra 5489.61 3094.29 1949.51 10533.41
Meghalaya 89.04 16.51 470.93 576.48
Nagaland 8.76 0 306.65 315.41
Odisha 24491.71 33986.96 10680.21 69158.88
Sikkim 0 58.25 42.98 101.23
Uttar Pradesh 866.05 195.75 0 1061.8
West Bengal 11752.54 13131.69 5070.69 29954.92
Total 114001.6 137471.1 34389.51 285862.21
Source: Ministry of Coal, 2011
Table 9: Coal Resources (million tons)
by category as on 1st April-2011
Type of Coal Proved Indicated Inferred Total
Coking
Prime Coking 4614.35 698.71 0 5313.06
Medium Coking 12572.52 12001.32 1880.23 26454.01
Semi Coking 482.16 1003.29 221.68 1707.13
Subtotal 17669.03 13703.32 2101.91 33474.26
Non Coking 95738.76 123668.44 31488.11 250895.31
Tertiary Coal 593.81 99.34 799.49 1492.64
Total 114001.6 137471.1 34389.51 285862.21
Source: Ministry of Coal, 2011
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Fig 5: Gross Geological Coal Resources by States as on 1st April, 2010
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 10: Comparison of Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and Useful
Heat Value (UHV) for non coking coal
(with 6% moisture content)
Grade UHV(kcal/kg) Ash % GCV(kcal/kg)
From To From To From To
A >6200 <13.56 >6406
B 5600 6200 13.56 17.91 5997 6406
C 4940 5600 17.91 22.96 5447 5997
D 4200 4940 22.96 28.06 5042 5447
E 3360 4200 28.06 34.14 4496 5042
F 2400 3360 34.14 41.1 3814 4469
G 1300 2400 41.1 49.07 3064 3814
GCV: Gross Calorific Value, UHV: Useful Heat Value
Source: TERI (1997)
The gradation of non-coking coal is based on Useful Heat Value (UHV),
the gradation of coking coal is based on ash content and for semi
coking/weakly coking coal it is based on ash plus moisture content.
Fig 6: Coal Fired Power Plant
Coal continues to remain the mainstay
of Gujarat’s energy sector, accounting
for more than 50% of the total
commercial energy consumption in
the state. The contribution of coal to
the total commercial energy supply in
Gujarat as on 31st March-2011, was
about 54%. In fact, several studies
have indicated that despite significant
increase in power generating capacity
based on renewable and other energy
forms, coal would continue to play a
key role in Gujarat’s energy sector.
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 11: Coal Consumption by GSECL station in Gujarat
Year Mus Coal Consumption in '000 MT
2000-01 23843 15578
2001-02 23783 15513
2002-03 24603 16332
2003-04 23233 15450
2004-05 25480 16027
2005-06 25132 15242
2006-07 25063 16145
2007-08 26665 17796
2008-09 25998 18046
2009-10 26137 17511
2010-11 25164 17431
Source: Ministry of Coal, 2011
In order to meet increasing demand of coal, transportation facility should
be strengthened. In the long term, with the expected increase in energy
demands, especially in terms of power generation requirement, coal
imports are expected to increase and hence the effects of usage of coal
will keep on increasing and subsequently degrading the environment.
3.3 Crude oil and Natural Gas
Gujarat has oil & gas reserves located at Ankleshwar, Mehsana, Tapti
High, Hazira, Bharuch, Gandhar, Dahej, Jambussar, Palej, Kalol and
isolated gas fields around Ahmadabad. In addition to this, it has
discovered oil reserves in Dholka and Khambat. Gujarat accounts for 54
percent of India’s onshore crude and 39 percent of onshore Natural Gas
Production. It has about 46 percent of India’s installed refining capacity
and 60 percent of India’s total crude oil import facility. The Government
has announced MoU’s worth USD 4.5 billion and investments worth USD
5.7 in Gujarat. Gujarat is second state after Assam having 19.39% share
of total crude oil reserve of India at present. While Gujarat is the number
one state with 8.79% of total natural gas reserve of India. Next to Gujarat
is Assam with 8% of total resources.
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Fig 7: Oil and Gas Fields in Gujarat
Source:www.mapsofindia.com
For more exploration of oil and gas, New Exploration Licensing Policy
(NELP) has been introduced by Government of India to attract private
participation in the sector. As of now, nine round of bidding have taken
place under the NELP. With NELP being introduced, the extensive
exploration for oil and gas add up to further degradation of the
environment.
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 12: Production of Crude Oil (‘000’ tones)
Year Production
2006-07 4379.5
2007-08 5430
2008-09 5378.2
2009-10 6067.98
2010-11 6170.04
Source: MoPNG (2011)
Fig 8: Year wise Production Crude Oil in Gujarat State
From above data, there is general increasing trend in the production of
crude oil every year, leaving behind a degrading effects on environment.
Gujarat has a well established gas grid of 550 kms and it plans to expand
the same to 2,200 kms with investment worth USD 500 million.
Investments have been proposed to build new LNG terminals in addition
to the existing terminals in Dahej and Hazira, are underway. Gujarat has
well established distribution gas network and the LNG terminals at
Hazira and Dahej have led to a strong local consumer base. Presence of
cooperatives such as IIFCO, KRIBHCO, power companies like NTPC and
GEB and industrial majors such as Reliance have led to a vibrant energy
sector in Gujarat. The Jamnagar refinery is the largest in India in terms
of refining capacity and also is considered as the biggest grassroots
refinery in the world.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Production
Production
Chapter-3: State
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Table 13: Production of Natural Gas
(in mmscf) in Gujarat State
Year Production
2006-07 1608.8
2007-08 2103.56
2008-09 2310.96
2009-10 2679.03
2010-11 2906.74
Source: MoPNG (2011)
Fig 9: Year wise Production of Natural Gas in Gujarat State
From above data, there is general increasing trend in the production of
natural gas every year, which is reducing the dependency on others fuel
resourses.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Production
Production
Chapter-3: State
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3.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
In Gujarat, at present two LNG terminals namely LNG Petronet Ltd. at
Dahej and Shell & Total LNG terminal at Hazira are operational. The
details are as follows:
Table 14: Existing LNG Terminals in Gujarat
Project and
Developer
Location Capacity
(MTPA)
Supplier Status
Dahej LNG
Terminal
(Petronet LNG Ltd)
Dahej 10 RasGas
and Spot
Cargos
Commissioned in
Feburary 2004 and
commercial sales
began in April 2004
Hazira LNG
(Shell and Total)
Hazira 3.6
(Phase I)
Spot
Cargos
Commissioned in
April 2005
Source: MoPNG
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3.3.2 Domestic natural gas pipeline and City gas distribution in Gujarat
A limited natural gas pipeline network exists in Gujarat for the
development of domestic natural gas market. With the increase in gas
supply, there are plans to extend the present gas pipeline network.
Gujarat has also progressed in setting up of City Gas Distribution (CGD)
networks within selected cities. The details are as follows:
Table 15: City Gas Distribution
(Company and Operational Region)
CGD Company Operational region
Gujarat Gas Ltd. Surat, Bharuch and Ankleshwar
Adani Energy Ltd. Ahmedabad and part of Vadodara
GSPC Gas Ltd. Vapi, Valsad, Nadiad, Navsari, Rajkot, Morbi,
Hazira and Gandhinagar
Sabarmati Gas Ltd. Gandhinagar, Mehsana and Sabarkantha
Vadodara Municipal
Corporation
Vadodara
Source: TERI compilation
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Table 16: Total Refinery Production (‘000’ tones)
Year Production
2006-07 49065
2007-08 55150
2008-09 62210
2009-10 55406
2010-11 57321.37
Source: MoPNG
Fig 10: Year wise Refinery Production in Gujarat State
From above data, there is general increasing trend in the refinery
production in the Gujarat state, leaving behind a degrading effects on
environment.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Production
Production
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Fig 11: RIL, Jamnagar Refinery
Fig 12: Offshore Platform
Source: RIL
With crude touching an all time high, alternative fuels, viz; natural gas
and bio-diesel will play an important part in driving the growth of
Gujarat’s economy. With huge wasteland as its assets, the State should
encourage production and consumption of bio-fuel. This will reduce its
dependency on expensive fuel. The State can also leverage its proximity
to the Middle- East and well developed gas infrastructure to become self-
sufficient in natural gas. The reduced dependency on oil and gas would
have two fold benefits i.e. cost and impact on environment. Gujarat has
the potential to develop itself as a preferred destination for strategic
storage of oil reserves. Gujarat is looking at moving forward to become
the ‘Petro capital’ of India.
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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3.3.3 Refined Products:
Refining capacity and utilization in Gujarat State: The refining capacity
and utilization in Gujarat state (as on 1 April 2010 and 1 April 2011) is as
following:
Table 17: Refining Capacity and Utilization in Gujarat
Refining
company
Installed
Capacity as on
1 April (MTPA)
Crude throughput
(MT)
Utilization (%)
2010 2011 2009/10 2010/11 2009/10 2010/11
IOCL Koyali 13.70 13.70 13.21 13.56 96 98.98
RIL,
Jamnagar
33.00 33.00 31.37 34.52 95 104.60
Essar Oil Ltd.
Vadinar
10.50 10.50 13.50 14.87 129 141.60
RIL, SEZ,
Jamnagar
29.00 27.00 29.55 35.66 102 132.00
Source: MoPNG, TERI
Production of petroleum products:
In June 2010, the Government of India deregulated petrol prices, which
are now linked to international prices. The prices of diesel, PDS
kerosene, and domestic LPG were also increased by Rs.2 a litre, Rs.3 a
litre, and Rs.35 a cylinder, respectively. Further, in June 2011, the
government increased the prices of diesel, PDS kerosene, and domestic
LPG by Rs.3 per litre, Rs.2 per litre, and Rs.50 per cylinder, respectively.
Deregulated and increased prices of oil and gas would encourage us to
think for alternative fuel generating less environmental impact.
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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Table 18: Production of Kerosene (in KL)
Year Productio
n(in KL)
2008-09 955511
2009-10 954192
2010-11 920556
Source: MoPNG
Table 19: Production of Petrol
Source: MoPNG
Table 20: Production of Diesel
Source: MoPNG
In order to meet increasing demand of refinery petroleum products,
transportation facility should be strengthened. In the long term, with the
expected increase in energy demands, especially in terms of petroleum
products, crude oil imports are expected to increase and hence the effects of
usage of petroleum products will keep on increasing, subsequently degrading
the environment.
Year Production(in KLs)
IOC BPC HPC PSU's
2007-08 467698 281852 231362 980912
2008-09 550822 314405 268481 1133708
2009-10 581906 338739 292247 1212892
2010-11 466995 274937 234370 976298
Year Production(in KLs)
IOC BPC HPC PSU's
2007-08 1400593 695876 552038 2648507
2008-09 1570142 773606 627887 2971653
2009-10 1543630 773621 620238 2937489
2010-11 1195995 600097 489966 2286085
Chapter-3: State
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3.4 Alternative Fuels
3.4.1 Biofuels
Biofuels are liquid or gaseous fuels derived from biomass resources
(biodegradable products, wastes, and residues arising from agriculture,
forestry, and related industries, and industrial and municipal wastes) and
are renewable in nature. These fuels are relatively cleaner (and cheaper)
as compared to mineral oils and are, therefore, good substitutes for the
latter.
To provide an impetus to biofuels in the country, the Government of
India notified the National Policy on Biofuels in December 2009 under
which the government aimed to achieve 20% blending of biofuels, both
for biodiesel and bioethanol, by 2017. Gujarat state is having good
prospects for the production of Biofuels.
Fig 13: Biofules
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3.4.2 Biodiesel Fig 14: Biodiesel
As per the National Policy on
Biofuels 2008, biodiesel is a
methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acids
produced from vegetable oils, both
edible and non-edible, or animal
fat of diesel quality and can,
therefore, be utilized as a
substitute for diesel as it contains
low levels of sulphur or aromatics.
Further, biodiesel possesses
superior lubrication qualities and
is completely compatible with
petroleum diesel and, hence, can be blended in any ratio with the latter.
However, the most common blend in India is B20, which is a mix of 20%
biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel. Gujarat state is having good prospects
for the production of Biodiesel.
3.4.3 Bio-Ethanol
Ethanol is regarded as an alternative to gasoline and is blended with it. It
is an oxygenate containing
35% oxygen, which reduces
vehicular emissions of
hydrocarbons and CO, thus
reducing the emission of
pollutants. Blending 10% of
ethanol (E10) with gasoline
does not cause any problem
the blend can be used directly with existing engines without any
modification.
Although ethanol is mainly produced from molasses in India, it can also
be produced from potato, sweet potato, tapioca, cassava, rice, millets,
maize, wheat, cellulosic biomass (such as biogases, cane trash, cane tops,
Fig 15: Bio-Ethanol production
Chapter-3: State
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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and crop residues), and so on. The Government of India issued a
notification on the ethanol-blending program (EBP) in 2002. It made 5%
ethanol blending mandatory in petrol in nine sugar-producing states
(Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh) and three union territories
(Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Pondicherry).
3.4.4 Coal Bed Methane
Coal bed methane (CBM) refers
to the methane-rich gas
extracted from coal beds. It has
emerged as one of the
important sources of energy
across the world. India has the
third largest proven coal
reserves and is the fourth
largest coal producer in the world, indicating significant prospects for the
commercial recovery of CBM in India.
To facilitate realizing the CBM potential of India, the Government of
India adopted the CBM policy in 1997. The policy paved the way for
allocating CBM blocks for exploration and development through a
process of competitive bidding. In addition, several other fiscal incentives
were extended by the government as part of the policy. As Gujarat is not
having any coal reserves therefore prospects for CBM production in
Gujarat is not favorable.
Fig 16: Coal Bed Methane Well
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3.4.5 Oil Shale
Oil shales are usually fine-
grained sedimentary rocks
containing relatively large
amounts of organic matter from
which significant quantities of
shale oil can be extracted by
destructive distillation. The
presence of oil shales has been
recorded in wells drilled by the
ONGC and OIL. Gujarat state is having good prospects for the production
shale oil.
3.5 Hydroelectricity
One of the key component in
this sector contributing to
power generation in Gujarat is
the Sardar Sarovar interstate
project involving Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
and Rajasthan with a terminal
major dam on westward
flowing river Narmada in
Gujarat. The river Narmada is the largest perennial river in Gujarat and
had a major irrigation and hydroelectricity project. The project envisages
construction of a 1210m long and 146.50m high Concrete Gravity dam
on the river Narmada in the Nandod taluka of Narmada district; Main
canal and distribution system to create an irrigation potential of 17.92
laky ha. In Gujarat the Underground River Bed Power House having
installed capacity of 1200 MW and the Canal Head Power House having
installed capacity of 250 MW. The power allocation as per Narmada
Water Dispute Tribunal award to Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra &
Gujarat is 57%, 27% and 16% respectively.
Fig 17: Location of Sardar Sarovar Dam
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Apart from this Gujarat has small hydro
project all over the state adding another
125MW of power. The River bed power
house is an underground power station
on right of river located about 165 m
downstream of the dam. It is having 6
units of 200MW each and deploying
Francis type reversible turbine generator.
The runner for this pumped storage unit
having diameter of 6.95m (23ft)
weighting 120 tones and is produced in one piece.
Table 21: Year wise total Electricity Generation at
Sardar Sarovar Hydro Power House
Year Generation(million
units)
2004-05 263.258
2005-06 1951.782
2006-07 3600.082
2007-08 4435.691
2008-09 2317.673
2009-10 2501.327
2010-11 3588.74
Source: SSNNL (2011)
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Fig 18: Year wise total Electricity Generation at Sardar Sarovar
Hydro Power House
3.6 Nuclear Power
Indian Scenario
The present total installed capacity In the country for generating
electricity is about 51,000 MWe which 1s made up of 65X thermal, 32X
hydro and 3% nuclear power. Oil is used as auxiliary fuel on a small
scale. By the end of this century, the total capacity is expected to reach
1,25,000 MWe contributing around 10% of the total energy mix.
Table 22: Previous four year generation statistics
Year Gross Generation (Mus) Capacity Factor(%)
2010-11 26473 71
2009-10 18831 61
2008-09 14947 50
2007-08 16956 53
2006-07 18880 64
Source: KAPS
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Generation(million units)
Generation(million units)
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The nuclear power programme in India for the next fifteen years is based
on installation of a series of 235 MWe and 500 MWe capacity pressurised
heavy water reactor units. The current nuclear capacity of 1330 MWe is
expected to increase to over 10000 Mwe.
Gujarat Scenario - Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
The Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS) is a nuclear power station in
India, which lies in the proximity of the city of Surat in the state of Gujarat.
It consists of two 220 MW pressurized water reactors with heavy water as
moderator (PHWR). KAPS-1 went critical on 3 September 1992 and began
commercial electricity production a few months later on 6 May 1993.
KAPS-2 went critical on 8 January 1995 and began commercial production
in September 1, 1995. In January 2003 the CANDU Owners Group (COG)
distinguished KAPS-1 as the worldwide best PHWR of its class. The
construction costs originally were estimated to be 3.8252 billion Rupees,
the plant was finally finished at a price of 13.35 billion Rupees.
Construction of units 3 and 4 started on 22 November 2010.
Fig 19: A view of Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
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Table 23: Previous four year generation statistics in Gujarat State
Unit Year Gross Generation (Mus) Capacity factor %
1 2010-11 370 92
1 2009-10 0 0
1 2008-09 259 100
2 2010-11 1077 86
2 2009-10 1068 99
2 2008-09 954 85
Source: KAPS
3.7 Power Generation and Distribution
In Gujarat, power sector is at a crucial juncture of development and has
witnessed significant changes in the last few years. The economy is
growing fast and so are the aspirations for improved energy services in
terms of availability, accessibility, and quality. Further, 2010/11 has
witnessed significant developments related to renewable sources. The
energy deficit and peak deficit have been gradually decreasing over the
last few years because of significant capacity additions. The overall
performance in terms of plant load factor (PLF) and transmission and
distribution losses (T&D) has been relatively reduced. The sector has
witnessed a significant increase in the private sector participation over
the last few years.
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Table 24: Fuel -wise generation capacity addition (MW)
Source: CEA
In Gujarat, during 2009-10, the power supply position with respect to
peak demand and peak met was 10406 MW and 9515 MW respectively
which shows power supply deficit by 8.6% although during 2010-11, the
power supply position with respect to peak demand and peak met was
10406 MW and 9947 MW respectively which shows power supply deficit
by 7.8%.
Fuel -wise generation capacity addition (MW)
Energy Type 9th Plan 10th Plan 11th Plan
(1999-2002) (2002-2007) (2007 -2012)
Hydro 60 104 1,228
Coal 769 720 1,220
Lignite 125 625
Gas 298 1,415 1,270
Liquid
Fuels/residue
500
Nuclear 229
Total 1,481 3,364 3,718
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Table 25: Power Supply position:
Peak demand Vs Peak met
Source:www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/gm_div_rep/power_supply_position_rep/peak
Fig 20: Year wise Power Supply position: Peak demand Vs Peak met
Above data shows the net increase in peak demand and peak met during two
consecutive years.
8500
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
2009-10 2010-11
Peak Demand (MW)
Peak met (MW)
Power supply
position
2009-10 2010-11
Peak Demand
(MW)
10406 10786
Peak met (MW) 9515 9947
Surplus/Deficit
(MW)
-891 -839
Surplus/Deficit
(%)
-8.6% -7.8
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Table 26: Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability
Power supply position 2009-
10
2010-11
Requirement (MU) 70369 71651
Availability (MU) 67220 67534
Surplus/Deficit (MW) -3149 -4117
Surplus/Deficit (%) -4.5% -5.7
Source:www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/gm_div_rep/power_supply_position_rep/energy
Fig 21: Year wise Power Supply position: requirement Vs availability
65000
66000
67000
68000
69000
70000
71000
72000
2009-10 2010-11
Requirement (MU)
Availability (MU)
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Per capita consumption
In India, per capita electricity consumption is maximum in western
region if we compare it with Northern, southern, eastern, western and
north eastern region of India. Moreover Gujarat state is a part of western
region. Following graph shows the region wise per capita consumption of
electricity, during 2008/09.
There has not been a significant change in the fuel mix of installed
generating capacity in 2010/11 as compared to 2009/10. In 2010/11, the
relative share of hydropower generating capacity has also contributed
significantly, while that of coal generating installed capacity has increased
marginally.
Fig 22: Per Capita Consumption of Electricity
as per 31st March 2009
Source: CEA
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Table 27: Year wise per capita consumption of
electricity in Gujarat State
Year Per capita consumption (KWh)
2000-01 854
2001-02 817
2002-03 1193
2003-04 1175
2004-05 1299
2005-06 1284
2006-07 1331
2007-08 1486
2008-09 1457
2009-10 1558
Source: CEA (2010)
Above table shows the increasing trend in per capita consumption of
Electricity in the state of Gujarat. In the year 2009-10, the per capita
consumption of electricity in India was 778.63 while the same for
Gujarat was 1558 which is nearly twice as compared to the National
average.
Table 28: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat,
as on 31 March 2011
Source State Private Central Total
Coal 4220.00 2630.00 1628.89 8478.89
Gas 892.72 2577.50 424.27 3894.49
Diesel 17.28 0.20 0.00 17.48
Total Thermal 5130.00 5207.70 2053.16 12390.86
Nuclear 0.00 0.00 559.32 559.32
Hydro 772.00 0.00 0.00 772.00
Renewable
energy sources
29.90 1970.57 0.00 2000.47
Total 5931 7178.27 2612.48 15722.65
Source: CEA (2011)
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Fig 23: Installed Capacity (MW) in Gujarat, as on 31 March 2011
Table 29: Comparison of Installed Capacity (MW)
in Gujarat State with India (as on 31 March 2011)
Source
→ Coal
Gas
Die
sel
Nu
clear
Hyd
o
Ren
ew
able
Total
Gujarat 8478.89 3894.49 17.48 559.32 772.00 2000.47 15722.65
India 104021.4 17742.85 1199.7
5
4780 38748.4 20162.2
4
186654.6
Source: CEA (2011)
Above data shows the comparison of installed capacity of Gujarat state
with India. In case of both renewable and non renewable resources the
contribution of Gujarat state is significant.
54%
25%
0% 3%
5%
13%
% share of various sources
Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewable energy sources
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Power supply position
There has been tremendous improvement in the energy and peak deficit
situation as compared to the past ten years. In 2001 Gujarat was the
power deficient but as on now Gujarat has become energy surplus state.
Village electrification
As on 31 March 2011, all 18066 villages of Gujarat, representing 100%
of the total villages (as per Census 2011), have been electrified.
Electricity is available to all villagers for irrigation purpose also. In India
there are seven states and five union territories, achieved 100% village
electrification.(CEA 2011). In Gujarat total number of rural households is
5885961, out of this total number of electrified households is 4244758
(Source: MoP).
Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP)
Sixteen ultra-mega power projects (UMPPs) of 4000 MW capacity have
been identified for procurement of power through tariff-based
competitive bidding process. Special purpose vehicles have been set up
for 12 UMPPS so far. Of these, two have been awarded to successful
bidders: Mundra and Sasan in Gujarat. These two projects in Gujarat, are
under different stages of implementation and they are progressing well at
Mundra and Sasan.
Smart Grids
The concept of smart grid is emerging as an integral part of India’s
national electricity policy with the aim of addressing some of the critical
issues being faced by the distribution utilities across the country, which
include providing continuous, reliable, affordable, and sustainable power
to the people of the country. To address these issues and achieve
sustainable electricity access for the masses, the government has
constituted an inter-departmental task force known as the Smart Grid
Task Force (SGTF), which includes the Ministry of Power (MoP), the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), the Ministry of
Communications and Information Technology (MCIT), and the
Department of Science and Technology (DST). In addition, the MoP has
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set up the India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) as a public–private
partnership, bringing in utilities, subject matter experts from industry,
academia and non-governmental research, and development
organizations together to help the Indian power sector to deploy smart
grid technologies in an efficient, cost-effective, innovative, and
measurable manner. Now the concepts and tangible benefits of
harnessing clean energy using smart grid technologies are well known
and well understood. Not only does a smart grid enable energy saving,
reduce cost and increasing reliability and transparency, it also improves
energy efficiency and helps in maintaining energy security and
sustainability.
GETCO has been building up the transmission network capacity in
Gujarat and it owns 46554 CKm transmission lines with 1272 substations
ranging from 66 KV to 400 KV. GETCO has also played a significant role
in developing transmission network for wind power and solar power.
Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses as % of availability
in Gujarat State
In Gujarat, T&D losses (as a percentage of total available electricity,
comprising electricity lost in transformation and T&D system and
electricity unaccounted for) during 2008/09 were 24.9% as compared to
26.1% in 2007/08, representing a decrease of 1.2%.
Gujarat has been consistently effective in reducing the transmission and
distribution losses over the years. It can also be concluded from the
above data that T &D losses in Gujarat state is less as compared to India.
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Table 30: (T&D) losses as % of availability in Gujarat State
Source: CEA
Table 31: Length of transmission and distribution lines
(ckt km) in Gujarat state, as on 31 march 2009
Source: CEA
Year T & D Losses (%) in
Gujarat
T & D Losses (%) in India
2003-04 24.2 32.53
2004-05 30.4 31.25
2005-06 27.9 30.42
2006-07 24.9 28.65
2007-08 26.1 27.20
2008-09 24.1 25.47
T & D Lines Length (Ckt km)
HVDC 0
800 0
400 1912
230 0
220 12469
132 4709
110/90 0
78/66 18875
33 237
22/20 10757
15/11 255573
6.6 0
3.3/2.2 0
Upto 500V 326490
Total 631022
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Inspite of having 631022 Ckt Km of transmission and distribution line,
Gujarat has been able to curb T&D losses effectively with the use of high
end tecchnology and proper management.
3.8 Renewable Energy Resources
Projections made in the IEPR reveal that to achieve its development
goals, India would need to rely increasingly on imported oil, gas, and
coal in the medium term (2032). Against this backdrop, the role of new
and renewable energy assumes added significance, irrespective of
whether it replaces coal or oil. In this regard, IEPR recognizes the need to
maximally develop domestic supply options as well as the need to
diversify energy sources, although renewables are likely to account for
only around 5% –6% of the primary commercial energy-mix by 2032.
Given the growing concerns for climate change and energy security, it is
imperative that this energy in the longer term will substantially increase
its share in the fuel-mix.
Continuing to support the growth of new and renewable energy is in the
country’s long-term interest, even though in the medium term this option
might appear somewhat costlier. Thus, a balanced approach for new and
renewable energy that factors in the need to develop domestic and
renewable sources of energy has to be adopted.
India’s renewable energy installed capacity has increased at an annual
rate 23%, rising from about 3.9 GW in 2002-03 to above 26 GW as on
30th September-2012. Wind energy dominates India’s renewable energy
industry, accounting for 70% of installed capacity (18 GW). It is followed
by small hydro power (3.4 GW), biomass power (3.4 GW) and solar
power (1 GW).
India ranks 5th in terms of cumulative installed renewable energy
capacity worldwide. It is third largest wind power market in the world in
terms of annual capacity addition after China and USA.
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Renewable Energy sector
received a major boost
during the last two
Vibrant Gujarat summits
held in 2009 and 2011.
During the summit - 2009
70 MoUs were signed for
solar and wind power
generation projects, which are estimated to generate 10,321 MW with
capital investments proposed of Rs. 108, 320 crore. During summit –
2011, 66 MoUs were signed for generating 7761 MW with proposed
investment worth Rs. 66,281 crore. As per the current situation where
the state is already a leader in solar and wind power generation, the state
should also plan to co-harness the biomass potential in Gujarat by
providing necessary policy interventions on the lines of Solar and Wind
power policy. State should exploit the potential of Geothermal, Tidal and
Wave energy. GEDA was instrumental in introducing various technologies
for mass use through design of several innovative programmes, involvement
of reputed NGO network and implementation strategies and promotional
initiatives. A key link in GEDA’s initiatives was the establishment of a
network of reputed NGOs for grass root penetration and the development of
a manufacturing base.
The renewable energy technologies that have already been proven are:
Bio, solar and wind resources as additional resources for power generation
to supplement the grid.
Electrification of remote and far flung areas where conventional energy
cannot be made available because of various constraints.
Solar and bio resources for process heat applications, heating and cooking.
Bio, Solar and wind resources for water pumping.
Cleaner non-polluting fuels for transport.
Energy efficient practices, and devices, and efficient building designs.
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The proactive Government of Gujarat has been and is already driving on the
sustainable path way. Power generation projects/programmes from wind, solar
photovoltaic and biomass have successfully demonstrated that renewables are
here to deliver grid-quality power. Experiments in decentralized energy supply
models especially for solar cooking, solar water heating systems in the domestic
and industrial sectors and decentralized power generation projects are successful
case studies that can be replicated from small to large -scale levels. India has an
ambition of 20:20:20by 2020where it envisages reducing carbon emissions by
20%, increase energy efficiency by 20% and increase share of renewable energy
to 20% by 2020. Gujarat has already taken measures to increase the share of
renewable energy and reduce carbon emissions.
Fig 24: Gujarat Power Sector at a Glance
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Fig 25: Renewable Energy, end of 2008 (GW)
3.8.1 Solar
Energy is considered a prime agent in the generation of wealth and a
significant factor in economic development. Limited fossil resources and
environmental problems associated with them have emphasized the need
for new sustainable energy supply options that use renewable energies.
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Gujarat is blessed with abundant solar potential. By using about 0.1% of
the total land, the realization potential is about 10000 MW. The Gujarat
state has been pioneer in solar capacity installations and contributing
about 67% of total installed solar capacity in India.
Solar thermal power generation systems also known as Solar Thermal
Electricity (STE) generating systems are emerging renewable energy
technologies and can be developed as viable option for electricity
generation. Gujarat is located in the equatorial sun belt of the earth,
thereby receiving abundant radiant energy from the sun. The India
Meteorological Department maintains a nationwide network of radiation
stations, which measure solar radiation, and also the daily duration of
sunshine. As per IMD report, Gujarat is one of the highest annual
radiation receiving state in India.
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Fig 26: Map showing the solar energy potential in various states of India
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Fig 27: Geographical Location for Solar Power Projects in Gujarat
Source: GETCO
Kutch, Patan, Banaskantha and
Surendranagar are the districts
in Gujarat where direct solar
insolation between 5-6
kWh/m2/day throughout the
year. However these
geographical advantages alone
are not sufficient and thus,
Gujarat came out with first of its kind Solar Policy in the country.
Gujarat’s proactive Solar Policy resulted in Power Purchase
Agreements (PPA’s) with 82 developers with a total installed
capacity of 968.50 MW. Once commissioned these would
generate approximately 1550 million kWh of electricity annually.
It would avoid 1.06 million tonnes of coal annually and reduce
carbon emission of 1.54 million tons annually. Also the Solar Park
at Charanka, Patan district in Gujarat, which is the first of its kind
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in India, covers an area of 2024 hectares. It is estimated that once
commissioned it will generate 500 MW of clean power from Solar.
Apart from this there have been 1KW, 10KW, 2350KW, Solar
Rooftop projects being established all over the state.
Table 32: Solar Energy Development Potential
Sr. No. District Total
Area
(km2)
Latitude
(N)
Longitude
(E)
Solar
Potential
(Mwe)
1 Ahmedabad 8087 21.7 72.25 491
2 Amreli 7397 21.35 71.03 1925
3 Anand 2951 22.68 72.67 80
4 Banaskantha 10400 23.79 72.03 2044
5 Bharuch 5253 21.65 72.8 99
6 Bhavnagar 8628 21.47 71.15 2342
7 Dohad 3733 21.8 73.73 430
8 Gandhinagar 2163 23.3 73 35
9 Jamnagar 14125 22 69.47 13172
10 Junagadh 8846 20.92 70.23 1810
11 Kheda 3959 22.74 72.85 114
12 Kutch 45652 23.43 70.17 10342
13 Mehsana 4393 23.34 72.17 537
14 Narmada 2755 21.62 72.78 25
15 Navsari 2196 20.54 72.72 49
16 Panchmahal 5083 22.77 73.95 676
17 Patan 5668 23.98 71.76 445
18 Porbandar
2295 21.33 69.9 1694
19 Rajkot 11203 21.83 70.8 22941
20 Sabarkantha
7390 23.03 73.39 2303
21 Surat
7761 21.12 73.31 821
22 Surendranagar 10489 22.52 70.8 6055
23 The dangs 1764 20.72 73.4 0
24 Vadodara 7555 21.99 73.34 262
25 Valsad 2939 20.56 72.87 232
Total 192685 68927
Source: GEDA
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Carbon Neutral Towns by using Solar Energy
Use of Solar Energy for electricity
production is possible either through
Solar Thermal application or through
Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV)
application. It is observed that global
highest annual solar radiation is
received in Northern Gujarat7, which
comprises districts of Kuchchh,
Banaskantha, Patan, Surendranagar etc.
In comparison with Wind Energy, use of solar energy is more
expensive and also requires more land, but it has the advantage
that it can be certainly harnessed at all potential sites, whereas
wind energy can be harnessed at very specific locations.
Use of solar energy by installation of Solar PV is well known and
it is being used by many municipalities of the State in street
lighting with battery-backup system. It is experienced that Solar
PV application is too expensive and has very long pay-back
period, so the more advance concept of Solar Thermal can also be
explored. Presently the cost of installation of one MW Solar PV is
Rs. 15 to 16 Cr., where as the cost of Solar Thermal installation of
same capacity is Rs. 12 to 13 Cr., which will gradually come down
with advancement of more local manufacturing for harnessing
Solar Energy, which is being developed at very fast rate. The
Capacity Utilization Factor of Solar PV is 14%, whereas it is 23%
in case of Solar Thermal. Municipal Towns of districts of
Kuchchh, Banaskantha, Patan, Surendranagar has good
potential for exploring Solar Energy Possibilities, also availability
of land is not big issue in these districts. The following towns are
suggested for making them Carbon Neutral by application of Solar
Energy as they receive best Solar irradiation in the State, the
another criteria of their selection is these are remote locations and
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are mostly redeveloped after 2001 earthquake. All these towns
are also near to “Rann of Kutchh” and near to country’s
international border.
Solar Thermal: To compensate the energy requirement of the
above five towns, it is estimated to install 3MW capacity Solar
Thermal power plant, considering 300 shining days, it can be
operated at 23% plant utilization factor, and will produce
51,84,000 units power per year. The cost of this development
would be Rs. 40 - 44 Crores and land required would be 4-5 Ha.
Solar PV: In case of installation of Solar PV, the estimation of
installation will be 5 MW, considering 300 shining days, Plant
Utilization factor will be of 14%. It will provide 50,40,000 units
of electricity every year, and will cost about Rs. 75 to 80 Crores.
Solar PV will have an advantage that it can be installed in part in
each town as per their requirement, where as in case of Solar
Thermal it is needed to be installed at single place and electricity
need to be supplied through the use of grid.
Table 33: Details of Present Energy Consumption of town
proposed to be Carbon Neutral by Solar Energy
Sr.
No.
Name of Town District Type of
ULB
Electricity
Consumption (MWhr)
1 Radhanpur Patan C 15,00,000
2 Tharad Banaskantha D 3,50,000
3 Bhabhar Banaskantha D 1,50,000
4 Patdi Surendranagar D 7,50,000
5 Rapar Kutchh D 22,00,000
Total 49,50,000
Source: GEDA
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3.8.2 Wind
With 2,175 Mw, the Gujarat state holds 15.36 per cent of India's
total wind power generation capacity.
In what can be called as a quantum leap for Gujarat's renewable
energy sector, the wind power generation capacities have seen a
sharp increase since 2006 from 338 Megawatt (Mw) to 2175.5
Mw in 2011. The share of Gujarat in the country's total wind
power generation capacities has jumped from mere 6.32 per cent
in 2006 to a respectable 15.36 per cent in 2011.
While Gujarat has shown a growth of over 545 per cent in wind
power capacities in past six years, the country's wind power
generation capacities have grown by 165 per cent from 5341 Mw
in 2006 to 14,158 Mw by March 2011.
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Table 34: Year wise Wind Power installed capacity in Gujarat
Year During the year (MW) Cummulative (MW)
1993 - March -98 109.820 99.620
2002-03 6.200 105.820
2003-04 28.725 134.745
2004-05 51.525 186.270
2005-06 84.600 270.870
2006-07 283.950 554.820
2007-08 616.355 1171.175
2007-08 313.605 1484.780
2008-09 297.125 1781.905
2009-10 312.800 2094.705
2010-11 (Nov-11) 371.500 2466.205
TOTAL 2466.205
Source: GEDA
Winds blowing from Arabian sea and winds in desert area of
Kutch are believed to be favoring wind energy sector. The State of
Gujarat with its longest coast line in the country and inland windy
sites has a potential of over 10,000 MW of Wind Power. Over a
period of last more than 25 years more than 65 sites have been
monitored for the wind speed and wind power density, and over
50 sites have been found feasible for harnessing of the Wind
Power.
The data provided by the Indian Wind Energy Association (IWEA)
showed that Gujarat has shown impressive growth in the wind
power generation capacities. Some of the leading states in wind
power generation in India include Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.
Gujarat has been conferred the ‘Best Wind Power Developer State
in India’ award by the World Institute of Sustainable Energy
(WISE), Pune for registering maximum increase in installed Wind
Energy Power generation during 2007-08. Gujarat Energy
Development Agency (GEDA), the nodal agency of the
Government of Gujarat for promotion and popularisation of
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, said that the state
has added 616 MW in wind energy generation in the above
mentioned period.
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On the wind energy front the state has also embarked upon an
ambitious plan to tap the large wind power potential. In 2009, the
Government of Gujarat announced an amendment in the Wind
Energy Policy to tap the 10,000 MWe of the Wind Power potential
along the coastal areas – Saurashtra and Kachchh. Today, this
policy has undergone major revisions to attract even more
investors in the field.
The amendments in the Wind Power Policy 2009 include:
Power sale tariff increased from Rs. 3. 37 to Rs 3. 50 per kWh
Renewable energy power purchase obligation increased form the
existing 2% to 10%.
A mechanism for issuance of Renewable Energy Certificates – a
market-based tradable instrument to promote renewable energy
in the state and facilitate renewable energy obligation of utilities/
Open Access and captive consumers, using conventional fuel,
which are not otherwise able to meet the obligation of purchase
of power from renewable sources.
GETCO (Gujarat Energy Transmission Company) will provide grid
connectivity to Wind farms or permit private producers to lay
transmission lines.
Today, Gujarat has already installed 1900 MWe of Wind Power
Projects which is already catering to 7.6 % of the annual energy
consumption of the State at an investment of Rs. 9500 crore.
These Projects annually generate 3800 million units of electricity,
saving 2.60 MT coal and reducing the carbon emissions levels by
3.80 million tonnes.
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Fig 28: Wind Capacity Addition (in MW) per year
Source: GEDA
Carbon Neutral Towns by using Wind Energy
Gujarat is having the longest shoreline in the country, and thus
the State has the highest potential of Wind Energy. Gujarat has
the potential installed capacity for power generation based on
Wind Energy is 10,000 MW, with already installed 1900 MW,
generating 3800 million units of electricity every year. Making
Carbon Neutral towns through application of Wind Energy is
more possible in coastal region of the state, specifically in Districts
of Kutchchh, Jamnagar, Porbandar, Junagadh, Amreli and
Bhavnagar. Even towns far from coastal areas can also become
Carbon Neutral by installing Windmills at appropriate locations
and getting power at their point by using State Power Grid. Surat
Municipal Corporation (SMC) has already done a feasibility study
for harnessing renewable energy.
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Use of Wind Energy - SMC Case Study
Surat is the second largest city of the State, having annual energy
consumption of almost 12,00,00,000 KWhr for Municipal
Services. SMC is proposing to establish 3 MW capacity windmills,
it is the first city in the country proposing use of Wind Energy for
Municipal Corporation. Though Surat will have Windmill in
Porbandar District of the State, it will use the State power grid to
receive electricity at Surat, through paying 10% of total energy
produced as wheeling charge as per provisions of Wind Power
Policy 2007
Table 35: Details of Wind Energy use proposed by SMC
Source : GEDA
There are almost 10 to 15 towns in the coastal district of Gujarat
having good potentials of use of Wind Energy. Here five such
towns with absolute possibility of windmill installation have been
identified and proposed for making them Carbon Neutral Town.
All five selected towns are also important as either tourist centre
or industrial centre, and thus in priority of sustainable
development.
Sr.No. Particulars Details
1 Capacity of Wind mill 1.5 MW
2 No. of wind mills 2
3 Total Capacity 3 MW
4 Capacity Utilization factor (CUF) of Wind mill 24%
5 Expected Power generation per year 64,00,000 KWhr
6 Capital cost/MW Rs. 6.14 Cr
7 Total capital cost Rs. 18.42
8 O & M cost per year Rs. 0.37 Cr
9 Simple Payback 7 years
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3.8.3 Small Hydropower Plants (SHP)
In India, hydropower projects with a station capacity of up to 25
MW are categorized as small hydropower (SHP). It is obtained by
harnessing kinetic energy of running water through a turbine to
electricity by coupling the turbine to an electric generator. An
estimated 15 000 MW potential of SHP is available in India. At
present, there are about 5718 potential SHP sites with an
aggregate capacity of 15 384 MW in the country, as identified by
MNRE, various state governments, and the private sector.
In Gujarat, 292 sites have been identified for SHP with a potential
of about 196.97 MW. At present 4 sites for SHP have been
developed with installed capacity of 12.60 MW.
Table 36: Identified and Installed Small Hydropower projects
on Gujarat, as on 31 January 2011
Potential Projects Installed
No. of sites Capacity (MW) No. of sites Capacity (MW)
292 196.97 4 12.60
Source: www.mnre.gov.in/prog-smallhydro.html
3.8.4 Tidal
Gravitational interaction between the
moon, the sun, and the earth attributes
to the rhythmic generation of tides that
show harmonic motion. The moon
being closer to the earth exerts 2.17
times greater force on the tides as
compared to the sun (Hammons 1997),
which is the primary cause of tides. As a result, the tide closely
follows the moon during its rotation around the earth, bulging on
the axis pointing directly to the moon.
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Gujarat has approved a 50MW tidal power project to be
constructed in the Gulf of Kutch. The 50 MW tidal power project,
proposed to come up in Gulf of Kutch, seems to have run into an
unexpected barrier. The project’s developer, Singapore-based
Atlantis Resources Corporation, wants the state government to
hold stake in the ambitious project, the first of its kind in the
country. The government, however, wants to restrict its role to
that of a facilitator.
The State Government of Gujarat
formed a Special Purpose Vehicles
(SPVs) with public private
partnership and sponsored a study
for large scale exploitation of tidal
energy across the coastline of
Gujarat. This study is based on one
of the advanced technologies developed so for. In this technology
kinetic energy of tidal currents has been proposed to be harnessed
under the water and along the flow of water and without using
the conventional methods like water wheel or other types of
turbines.
Table 37: Tidal Energy Potential in Gujarat State
Site Maximum tidal
range (m)
Average tidal
range (m)
Economic Power
potential (MW)
Gulf of Cambay 11 6.77 7000
Gulf of Kutch 8 5.23 1200
Source: www.mnre.gov.in
Even with its potential for providing predictable and sustainable
electricity generation with no visual impact, tidal power still
accounts for only a fraction of a percent of the world’s total
electricity generation. That is slowly changing though, with
numerous tidal power plants being constructed or planned for
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coastlines around the world. India is the latest country to wade
into the tidal power waters with the announcement of its first
commercial scale tidal current power plant to be constructed in
the Indian State of Gujarat.
3.9 Energy Demands in Gujarat
The energy sector in Gujarat is unique in terms of its organization
and complexity, which results from the fact that Gujarat is a
rapidly growing economy with huge disparity in incomes and
lifestyles. The energy sector in Gujarat is complex due to a wide
variation in lifestyle and use of different forms of energy by
various sections of society. Major population of Gujarat still live in
rural areas and depend largely on non-commercial sources of
energy, such as fuel wood, biomass, and agricultural residue for
their energy requirements for lighting, cooking, and heating.
Some salient features of the energy demand and supply sectors in
Gujarat are given below. Energy demand is mainly classified into
following four categories.
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Transport
4. Domestic
Table 38: Category wise Energy demand as on 31 March 2011
Category Energy Demand
(in %)
Agriculture 29
Industry 35
Transport 16
Domestic 20
Source: TERI (2011)
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Fig 29: Category wise Energy Demand (in %) as on 31 March 2011
Source: TERI (2011)
In Gujarat, agriculture and industry sectors take up a major share
of the energy demand which is about 64% of the total energy
demand. Innovation and technological improvement in these two
sectors may help us in considerably reducing the pressure on
environment.
3.9.1 Energy demand in Agriculture
Agriculture has always played a key
role in the Indian economy. It
provides livelihood and employment
to over 58.4% of the population and
contributes nearly one-fifth of total
gross domestic product (GDP) (ICAR
2011). It focuses on the importance of agriculture, with a primary
focus on energy uses in the sector.
Energy use in agriculture at farm level can be categorized as
either direct or indirect. Direct energy use in agriculture is diesel
and electricity to operate mobile and stationary equipment to
prepare fields, plant and harvest crops, and transport inputs and
outputs to and from markets. Indirect energy is consumed off the
farm for the manufacture and production of fertilizers and
pesticides.
Energy Demand (in %)
Agriculture
Industry
Transport
Domestic
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In the agriculture sector, operating
tractors and pumping water are activities
that consume most energy. The use of
tractors has risen significantly over the
years. Mainly electric and diesel pump
sets are used for irrigation. In all states,
the governments have pursued programs for rural electrification
and electrification of pump sets. This was acceptable to farmers
mainly because the price of electricity was kept very low. With the
move towards cost recovery through rationalization of power
tariffs, the growth in the use of electricity in irrigation may be
arrested. However, electric pumps are likely to retain a cost
advantage over diesel pumps. Solar pumps, because of their high
cost, are likely to play only a marginal role.
3.9.2 Energy demand in Industry
The industry sector in Gujarat is a
major consumer of energy, accounting
for big proportion of the total
commercial energy consumption (as
fuel and feedstock) during 2008/09,
with coal and lignite meeting 67% of
the energy requirements of the
industrial sector.
Some of the industries in Gujarat, like cement and fertilizer
industries are operating with their specific energy consumption
being comparable to one of the best in the world.
However, there exists a bandwidth of performance within each
sub-sector, thus contributing to an energy-saving potential of
about 10%–25%. Industrial units consume coal, lignite, fuel oil,
LPG and natural gas. Not all fuels are suitable in all types of
industries. Relative prices and environmental norms primarily
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drive the choice of fuels. The technology changes rapidly in this
sector so that stricter environmental norms can be satisfied using
the same fuels.
3.9.3 Energy demand in Transport
High economic growth has
led to an increasing
significance of the transport
sector in Gujarat. Moreover,
it is one of the major
consumers of energy, second
only to the industry sector.
In view of these concerns, it
indicates the impact of growth of transport on the energy
consumption scenario in the Gujarat. Transport sector includes
road transport, railways transport, aviation, port and shipping.
The growth in the transport sector has made tremendous
contribution to Gujarat’s economic development. Accordingly,
there have been focused policies and investments in the sector.
Transport and energy are interdependent. The transport sector is
the second largest consumer of energy after industry. Rising travel
demand with higher economic growth and increasing dependence
on road-based transport, both for passenger and freight transport,
have led to greater energy demand and have increased its
dependence on energy from fossil fuels. There is a wide choice of
fuels available in this sector. Vehicles can use gasoline, diesel, fuel
oil (in ships), CNG, LPG, Electricity from the grid or conventional
batteries or fuel cells. Enforcement of stricter environmental
norms, availability of cleaner fuels and compatibility of
technology in new motor vehicles have driven fuel choice in this
area. City buses are changing over to CNG. The introduction of
ultra-low sulphur diesel is also being discussed. It is clear that
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similar changes will be brought about in other major cities,
although the time frame for them remains uncertain.
As on 31 March 2011, the total number of registered motor
vehicles is 12993135 which include heavy motor vehicle, light
motor vehicle, buses, taxis, cars, jeeps, tractors, trailers and two
wheelers
(MoRTH-2011).
Table 39: Total Number of Registered Vehicles
Source: MoRTH (2011)
Year (As on) Total Number Registered vehicles
31 March 2007 9497337
31 March 2008 10289056
31 March 2009 10998651
31 March 2010 11872573
31 March 2011 12993135
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Retail CNG Sales
Due to Government initiative to promote switching over of the
vehicles to cleaner fuel CNG, the retail network for this started
being established in Gujarat since 2006. The following table
shows the percentage change in sale of petro and CNG for the
years 2007-08 to 2010-11. Though there was a dip in retail sales
of petrol in 2008-09, it has stabilized in next two years.
Table 40: Analysis of consumption of Petrol and CNG
Year Petrol
(in KL)
%
increase
CNG (in KL Eqv) % increase
2007-08 695230 - 113915 -
2008-09 803531 13% 160425 29%
2009-10 860263 7 % 207114 23%
2010-11 926720 7% 266083 22%
Source: MoPNG, 2011
Above data shows that the percentage increases in the
consumption of cleaner fuel i.e. CNG is much higher as compared
to petrol which leads to reduced environmental impact.
3.9.4 Domestic Energy Demand
The household domestic sector is one of
the largest users of energy in Gujarat,
accounting for a major component of
the final energy consumption
(excluding energy used for transport),
reflecting the importance of the
domestic sector in the total energy
scenario of Gujarat State.
According to the 66th Round of Consumer Expenditure Survey in
2009/10, 76% of the households in rural areas still use firewood
as the primary cooking fuel and 33.54% of rural households used
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kerosene as a primary lighting fuel (NSSO 2010). Access to
modern forms of energy is essential for the provision of clean
water, sanitation, and health care. It provides great benefits to
development through the provision of reliable and efficient
lighting, heating, cooking, mechanical power, transport, and
telecommunication services. In rural areas, dependency on
firewood as the primary cooking fuel has increased over the
decade.
However, the percentage of households depending on other
traditional cooking fuels such as coke, coal, and dung cakes has
decreased marginally over the decade. In urban areas, a transition
has been observed while comparing percentage households using
LPG as the primary cooking fuel. In rural areas, the overall
percentage of households using firewood and LPG as the primary
fuel for cooking increased over the decade. However, a slight
fluctuation has been observed over the years.
Following table provides figures for average per household per
month energy consumption for cooking and lighting across
Gujarat state.
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Table 41: Per household per month consumption of fuels for cooking
and lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)
Fuel/energy source Rural Urban
Coke and Coal (kg) 149.14 46.37
Firewood (kg) 117.05 75.13
Electricity (kwh) 60.86 110.81
Dung cake (kg) 0.00 -
PDS kerosene (liter) 6.02 7.94
Other kerosene (liter) 4.47 7.01
LPG (kg) 9.41 11.72
Source: MoSPI (2010)
Fig 30: Per household per month consumption of fuels for cooking and
lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)
In rural area of Gujarat, coke, coal and firewood are the major
fuel used for cooking while urban area of Gujarat is more
dependent on electricity and LPG.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Coke and Coal (kg)
Firewood (kg)
Electricity (kwh)
Dung cake (kg)
PDS kerosene
(liter)
Other kerosene
(liter)
LPG (kg)
Rural
Urban
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Table 42: Percentage distribution of households by primary
energy source used for cooking in Gujarat (2009-10)
Source: MoSPI (2010)
In Gujarat, about 82.65% of rural households and 15.37% of
urban households rely on firewood and chips as primary cooking
fuel despite the fact that improving the access of the poor to
modern energy has been on the agenda of the Government of
India since independence. The percentage distribution of rural
households using LPG as primary cooking fuel is increasing
slowly. Electrification has received adequate attention within the
policy arena in the decade; subsequently, major proportion of
rural households today uses electricity as the primary energy
source for lighting.
Fuel/energy source Rural (%) Urban (%)
Coke and Coal 0.09 1.66
Firewood and chips 82.65 15.37
LPG 13.78 64.12
Gobar Gas 0.54 0.04
Dung cake 0.52 1.08
Charcoal - -
Kerosene 2.02 13.21
Electricity 0.27 -
Other 0.07 3.33
No cooking arrangement 0.06 1.15
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Table 43: Percentage distribution of households by primary energy
source for Lighting in Gujarat (2009-10)
Fuel/energy source Rural (%) Urban (%)
Kerosene 8.6 4.1
Other oil 0.0 0.1
Gas 0.1 0.0
Candle 0.0 0.1
Electricity 91.2 95.6
No lighting arrangement 0.1 0.1
Others 0.0 0.0
Source: MoSPI (2010)
In Gujarat, about 91.2% of rural households and 95.6% of urban
households rely on Electricity for lighting.
Table 44: Installation of off-grid/decentralized renewable energy
systems/devices by Gujarat state during 2009-10
Source: MoSPI (2011)
In Gujarat, as far as renewable energy resources are concerned,
about 411950 small biogas plant, about 9231 solar home lighting
system and about 170675 solar cooker have been installed during
2009-10.
Biogas plant
(number)
Solar lighting system
(number)
Solar cooker (number)
411950 9231 170675
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
CHAPTER-4
IMPACTS
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Chapter-4
Impacts
4.1 Lignite and Coal
The lignite used for power generation has
high sulphur content. The plant at
Mangrol, Surat uses the fluidised bed
technology to tackle this problem. The
older plant at Panandhro does not have
any safeguard against sulphur. Moreover,
mining of lignite near Naryan Sarovar
Sanctuary causes damaging effects on
local flora and fauna and, more
importantly, to the local hydrological regimes. Wastewater from
power plants contains chemicals, oils and minerals which can also
contaminate water streams.
Coal mining has the potential to harm air, water and land quality if
it is not done with proper care. Acidic water may drain from
abandoned mines underground, and the burning of coal causes the
emission of harmful materials including carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chlorides, hydrogen fluorides,
particulate matter and mercury which may have adverse health
effects. “Clean coal” technology is being developed to remove
harmful materials before they can affect the environment, and to
make it more energy-efficient so less coal is burned.
The coal industry also restores mined land to or prepares it for more
productive uses once surface mining is done.
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4.2 Wood
Apart from Coal and Lignite, the rural
population is dependent mainly on wood
as a prime source of energy for their
livelihood.
Usage of wood can have an adverse
effect on the environment. Burning of
wood causes emission of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide also leaves behind ash which adds
as a source to environment degradation. It also leads to cutting
down of large chunks of trees which in turn causes deforestation
and adds to global warming due to increase in carbon dioxide
concentration.
Most of the fuelwood used in rural households is collected from not
one, but several sources, such as common lands, reserved/protected
areas (government controlled forest lands), panchayat land,
privately owned land, and revenue wastelands. Mostly women and
children transport wood and other biomass fuels as head loads. The
wood fuel and other biomass are burnt in inefficient traditional mud
stoves (~20% efficiency) in poorly ventilated kitchens.
4.3 Oil and Natural Gas
Great strides have been made to ensure
that oil and gas producers make as little
impact as possible on the natural
environments in which they operate.
These include drilling multiple wells
from a single location to minimize
damages to the surface, using
environmentally sound chemicals to
stimulate well production and restoring
the surface as nearly as possible to pre-drilling conditions. Most oil
spills occur primarily during transportation, mostly involving the
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tankers that are used to move oil from where it is produced to
where consumers need it.
But oil spills from transportation have declined significantly during
the past few years, and the growing use of double-hulled tankers
provides extra protection. Another source of oil spills during
transportation is pipelines. Unfortunately, a major reason for spills
from pipelines in developing countries is civil unrest. Weather, such
as hurricanes, is another factor in pipeline-related spills.
Urban runoff and natural seeps are large sources of oil pollution.
Urban runoff comes from rain washing away oil drips from cars or
machinery and people pouring used oil into the gutter and using
other improper disposal methods. Natural seepage is actually the
largest single source of petroleum inputs in marine environments
totaling 47%.
When burned, petroleum products emit carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide and other air toxins, all of which have a negative effect
on the environment.
4.4 Oil Refineries Refineries produce gaseous emissions as
well as solid and liquid wastes. These
pollutants are hazardous unless
properly treated before discharge.
The Koyali refinery is emitting 720
kg/hr of SO2. Solid and semi-solid
wastes from refineries are also
hazardous in nature as these contain oil
and other harmful chemicals. Oily
sludge is formed in the crude and product storage tanks and
sometimes affect the quality of adjoining groundwater. The new
refinery at Jamnagar has similar issues, but due to better sulphur
recovery systems in place, they causes lesser degree of pollution.
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4.5 Vehicular Emissions
Use of fossil fuels (Petroleum products) plays an important role in
vehicular emissions, particularly carbon monoxide (CO), which
leads to a reduction of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Scooters, motorcycles and auto-rickshaws, which mostly have two-
stroke engines, currently contribute nearly 80 per cent of the total
CO emissions in Ahmedabad. Emissions of total suspended
particulates and oxides of sulphur are also higher from diesel
vehicles as compared with gasoline vehicles. Drivers, passengers,
people living along the roads and walking along the sides, and
traffic police, all complain of giddiness, headache, nausea, and
burning of the eyes, and general lassitude. The problems are severe
in old city areas with large commercial centers and slow moving,
high volume traffic.
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4.6 Power generation and distribution
As a result of power generation from coal based power generation
plants, there is increased emission of CO2 contributing for increased
concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere and rising the
global temperature, resulting in the increased flooding, migration
north and south of ‘tropical’ diseases, more drought and more
intense storms, change in cropping patterns and productivity.
Geothermal power plants have relatively little environmental
impact—they burn no fuel to create electricity. These plants do
create small amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds, but
geothermal emissions are far smaller than those created by fossil
fuel power plants. The wastes generated by thermal power plants
are typical of combustion processes. The exhaust gases from
burning coal and oil contain particulates, SOx, NOx, CO2, CO and
volatile organic compounds. The sulphur concentration in the
ambient air in the large coal fired plants in the state have at times
exceeded the prescribed limits.
Solid particles in the fuel gas are trapped by Electro-Static
Precipitators (ESPs). Often the ESPs do not perform to the required
standards due to poor maintenance. The result is precipitation of
ash in the surrounding areas. Such problems have been reported
frequently in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar.
By far the most serious environmental problem is the disposal of fly-
ash. In the first instance, the ash is dumped in ash-ponds as slurry.
When the pond fills up, the ash is transported in open trucks to
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landfill sites. This creates air pollution around the ponds, along the
transport routes and near the landfills. Surface water is
contaminated by ash-pond overflows. The combustion of fossil fuels
by thermal power plants produces exhaust gases and ash residues.
The SO2 emissions are high in KLTPS and Wanakbori, while it is
within the standards in the other coal-based power plants in
populated areas such as Gandhinagar, Sikka and Ukai. The principal
health risk to people living around power plants is from exposure to
SO2, CO, NOx, hydrocarbons, polycyclic organic matter, trace
metals and radionuclide. Workers are subject to respiratory diseases
caused by coal dust, other emissions, impaired hearing due to noise,
etc.
The use of electricity itself poses very little environmental concern.
However, in certain cases, its unchecked use may lead to severe
environmental damage, like the over-exploitation of groundwater
from the aquifers in North Gujarat for irrigation purposes.
4.7 Hydropower
While hydropower does not cause water or air pollution, it does
have an environmental impact: Hydroelectric power plants may
harm fish populations, change water temperature and flow
(disturbing plants and animals) and force the relocation of people
and animals who live near the dam site. Some fish, like salmon,
may be prevented from swimming upstream to spawn. Technologies
like fish ladders help salmon go up over dams and enter upstream
spawning areas, but the presence of hydroelectric dams changes
their migration patterns and hurts fish populations. Hydropower
plants can also cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water,
which is harmful to river habitats. Reservoirs may also lead to the
creation of methane, a harmful greenhouse gas.
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4.8 Solar
Solar energy produces no air or water pollution or greenhouse
gases. However, it has some indirect impacts on the environment.
For example, the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells (PV) produces
some toxic materials and chemicals. Ecosystems can also be affected
by solar systems. Water from underground wells may be required to
clean concentrators and receivers, and to cool the generator, which
may harm the ecosystem in dry climates.
4.9 Nuclear Energy (Uranium)
Nuclear power plants produce no air
pollution or carbon dioxide, but they do
produce byproducts like nuclear waste
and spent fuels. Most nuclear waste is
low level (for example, disposable items
that have come into contact with small
amounts of radioactive dust), and
special regulations are in place to prevent them from harming the
environment. But some spent fuel is highly radioactive and must be
stored in specially designed facilities. In addition to the fuel waste,
much of the equipment in the nuclear power plants becomes
contaminated with radiation and will become radioactive waste
after the plant is closed. These wastes will remain radioactive for
many thousands of years, which may not allow re-use of the
contaminated land. Nuclear power plants use large quantities of
water for steam production and for cooling, affecting fish and other
aquatic life. Likewise, heavy metals and salts can build up in the
water used in the nuclear power plant systems. When water is
discharged from the power plant, these pollutants can negatively
affect water quality and aquatic life.
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4.10 Wind
Wind is a clean energy source. It
produces no air or water pollution
because no fuel is burned to generate
electricity. The most serious
environmental impact from wind
energy may be its effect on bird and bat
mortality. Wind turbine design has changed dramatically in the last
couple of decades to reduce this impact. Turbine blades are now
solid, so there are no lattice structures that entice birds to perch.
Also, the blades’ surface area is much larger, so they don’t have to
spin as fast to generate power. Slower-moving blades mean fewer
bird collisions.
4.11 Biofuels: Biomass, Bio-Ethanol and Biodiesel
Biofuels look like an ideal energy solution.
Since plants absorb carbon dioxide as they
grow, crops could counteract the carbon
dioxide released by cars. They are also
renewable, and can be planted to replenish
supplies.
Unfortunately, it’s not that easy. It takes a tremendous amount of
energy to grow crops, make fertilizers and pesticides and process
plants into fuel. There is ongoing debate if ethanol from corn
provides more energy than it uses for growing and processing the
plants. Also, fossil fuels provide much of the energy in biofuels
production, so biofuels may not replace as much oil as they use.
Biomass creates harmful emissions like carbon dioxide and sulfur
when it is burned, but causes less pollution than fossil fuels. Even
burning wood in a fireplace or stove can create pollutants like
carbon monoxide. Burning municipal solid waste, or garbage that
would otherwise go into a landfill, can also cause potentially
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dangerous emissions. Combustion of these materials must be
carefully controlled. Disposing of the resulting ash can also pose a
problem, as it may contain harmful metals like lead and cadmium.
Ethanol is often added to gasoline, and while these mixtures burn
cleaner than pure gasoline, they also have higher “evaporative
emissions” from dispensing equipment and fuel tanks. These
emissions contribute to ozone problems and smog. Burning ethanol
also creates carbon dioxide.
Biodiesel creates less sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons when burned that traditional
petroleum diesel. But biodiesel creates more nitrogen oxide than
petroleum diesel. Initiative and action taken for such environmental
issues has been discussed in detail under response section.
4.12 Rural Energy requirement and Indoor Air
Pollution
One of the important features of rural energy is the dependence on
locally available biomass resources. Since they are collected at zero
cash cost, data collection on consumption is primarily recall-based.
Similarly, local-level supply and demand is difficult to capture.
Hence, there is an inherent problem of data availability and
authenticity. Micro-level experiences are at times contrary to the
macro assessments provided. The claims, therefore, made of
successful energy transitions (both in terms of fuel and technology)
or popularly known as ‘fuel switch’, happening in the rural areas, is
perhaps an over statement. The analysis has been presented with
respect to the macro assessments and the micro-level evidence
(surveys, case studies, etc.) bringing out the weaknesses in types of
data available and assessments made vis-à-vis rural energy
transitions.
Burning of biofuels like wood, crop residue and dung cakes, mostly
in inefficient cook-stoves, constitute the major domestic health
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hazard, particularly amongst women in the lower income
households. Although there are several hundred chemical agents
that have been identified in biofuel smoke, many of them
carcinogens, the four most emphasised are particulates, carbon
monoxide, polycyclic organic matter and formaldehyde. The
diseases commonly associated with smoke inhalation are acute
respiratory infections in children, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, etc.
Inefficient use of biomass in traditional devices has a serious
environmental impact at the local and global levels. Deforestation
and fast reducing resource base along with inability of the poor to
shift to commercial fuels like kerosene on account of low purchasing
power make provision of energy to rural areas for achieving
ecological sustainability crucial.
In this context, the attractiveness of renewable energy technologies
such as wind, solar and biomass lies primarily in abundance and in
their green house gas mitigation impact. Thoughtful interventions in
the rural energy sector could bring about a host of social and
economic benefits, namely. Healthier lives, less strain during
cooking, usage of lesser quantities of fuelwood leading to reduced
time/resources spent procuring it, more time for economic activity
due to lighting, and easy availability of ground water. In particular,
decentralized energy production and distribution provide rural
development opportunities and encourage local institutions to
manage their own energy needs.
However, renewable energy interventions in rural areas must take
cognizance of key factors such as the high cost of technologies, high
subsidies on commercial fuels, inadequate emphasis on R&D for
technologies and limited local capabilities for repair and
maintenance.
Empirical studies on indoor air pollution have been conducted in
Gujarat from 1981 onwards by NIOH and others. These studies have
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found very high levels of pollutants in indoor air at the time of
cooking. Besides bringing out the differences between different fuels
such as fuel wood, dung and crop waste, these studies have also
estimated the improvements brought about by 'smokeless Chulhas'.
Table 45: Fuel Usage for Rural Gujarat at
House Hold H Level NFHS 3
Fuel Percentage Usage
Wood 68.7
Coal/Coke/ Lignite/ Charcoal 1.2
Dung Cakes 1.9
Crop Residue 5.5
Electricity 0.4
Kerosene 3.8
LPG 16.6
Biogas 1.5
Others 0.4
Source: NFHS
The household sector is the second largest consumer of energy in
India after the industrial sector. National Family Health Survey-3
(NFHS-3) found that 71 per cent of India's households use solid
fuels for cooking whereas this figure is 91 % for rural households.
According to National Family Health Survey-3, more than 60 per
cent of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy
like fuel-wood, dung and crop residue for meeting their cooking and
heating needs. Burning of traditional fuels introduces large
quantities of CO2 in the atmosphere, when the combustion is
complete, but if there is an incomplete combustion followed by
oxidation, then CO is produced in addition to hydrocarbons. Since
people on average spend two third of their daily time indoor, indoor
air quality has profound effect on human health, ‘sick building
syndrome’ is a growing concern worldwide. Smoke from solid
cooking fuels such as wood, charcoal, and animal dung leads to a
range of serious health problems including respiratory infections,
low birth weight, and eye problems. Cooking indoors can increase
family exposure to smoke. Prevalence of TB can be associated to
type of house and main cooking fuel.
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STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
CHAPTER-5
RESPONSES
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Chapter-5
Responses
The energy sector in the Gujarat is going
through major institutional changes.
Administered energy prices are being
phased out and cost-reflective prices are
being introduced. The elements of subsidy
and cross-subsidy are being reduced. The
shift in relative prices of energy products
will affect future growth rates of
consumption. Gujarat state has initiated major policy reforms in
energy sector.
5.1 Promotion of Renewable Energy and Major
Programs
Gujarat is a pioneer in the field of renewable sources of energy. It
was the first state to establish a state nodal agency, Gujarat Energy
Development Agency (GEDA) for effective and systematic
propagation of renewable energy in the state. Some of the major
programs undertaken by GEDA to ensure the following:
a) Balance between the demand and
supply of energy
b) Reduce the environmental and health
related problems and,
c) Provision of cleaner energy sources
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5.2 Important initiatives for Biomass Energy
Following important initiatives have been taken for biomass energy:
Energy Plantation on wastelands to meet
rural fuel wood needs.
Gasification of wood/wood waste and agro-
waste to supply power for irrigation and
electrical needs.
Promotion of Institutional and Community
Biogas Plants.
Exploitation of Industrial and Municipal organic wastes.
Encouraging Private Power Generation Projects and Co-generation
in sugar mills.
5.3 Important initiatives for Wind Energy by GEDA:
Following important initiatives have been
taken for wind energy:
Mapping the wind potential of Gujarat, and
co-relating it with hydro-maps and cropping
patterns for irrigation.
Water Pumping Windmills – design,
development, research and popularization.
Setting up stand alone Wind Turbine Generators.
Setting up Wind farms for power generation.
Encouraging privatization of Wind Power Generation in the state.
5.4 Important initiatives for Solar Energy
Under the solar thermal extension program,
solar cookers, solar dryers, solar stills, solar
water heaters and solar timber-seasoning kilns
have been promoted on a large scale.
In Gujarat, solar water heating systems are in
use in homes, hospitals, dairies, industries, circuit-houses,
guesthouses, hotels, hostels, canteens, temples and education and
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research institutions. Gujarat government has also taken following
initiatives to fill the gap between energy demand and supply:
Promotion of Solar Hot Water
Systems to meet domestic and
Industrial hot water requirements
Promotion of Solar Hot Air Systems
Distilled desalinated water for
industrial, transport and drinking
water needs of coastal areas through solar stills.
Solar Photovoltaic Systems to meet lighting, irrigation, drinking
water supply, education and
entertainment.
Encouraging Private Solar Photovoltaic Projects, Installed the solar
power plant of about 500 MW capacity
Encouraging solar roof top projects in Government offices. GPCB-
Gandhinagar is an example of such initiative.
Encouraging canal top solar power plant in villages.
To fill the gap between energy demand and supply, following
important solar projects have been undertaken by the Government
of Gujarat and successfully completed:
1. In the year 2009, Gandhinagar was selected to promote the use of
solar energy and declared as Solar City with a budgetary provision
of Rs.5 crores, made by the State Government during the year 2008-
09.
2. In the year 2010, GEDA under the MNRE SPV demonstration
program (2008-09) has installed 302 nos. of solar generator (450
Wp SPV system) for the milk collection centers in remote areas for
powering the milk-tester, computer, printer, weighing machine,
light & fan.
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5.5 Important initiatives for Energy
Conservation
GEDA is now the BEE designate to implement
Energy to efficient programs in the state.
Energy Audit in the domestic, commercial and
industrial sectors to reduce wasteful use of
energy.
Popularization of energy efficient devices viz.
improved stoves.
Introduced the energy labeling program (comparative star-based
labeling) for appliances such as fluorescent tube lights, air
conditioners, refrigerator and washing machine etc.
Hydrocarbon fuel conservation in transportation and agricultural
sector.
Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA) has implemented LED
village project at Village Amrapura, Taluka Mansa District:
Gandhinagar as the first LED Village Demonstration Project in
Gujarat in the year 2011.
5.6 Important initiatives for Rural Energy
Rural energy surveys to estimate energy needs; energy supply and
demand and available local energy resources.
Integrated Rural Energy Programs in villages and homogenous
clusters in blocks/talukas, the emphasis on the development of
decentralized total energy packages and maximum utilization of
local resources.
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5.7 Important initiatives for Village Electrification:
Jyotigram Yojna: It is State Government sponsored scheme for
village electrification. Initially, the scheme started with peoples’
participation. Afterwards, Government has decided to give 100 %
grant. The unique features of the scheme are as follows:
An innovative scheme to make
available 24 hours three phase quality
power supply to Rural areas
Feeders having Specially Design
Transformers to supply power to
farmers residing in scattered farm
houses
All the existing electrified Villages
(18000) and Petaparas (9700) are
covered under JGY within 30 months
Average expenditure per Village is
Rs.6.72 Lacs
Total expenditure of the scheme is Rs. 1290 Crores, Out of which,
Rs. 1115 Crores is grant from GOG
Reduction in Distribution Losses by 3.74% and T/C failure by 1.17%
during the year 2005-2006 compared to year 2004-05.
The advantages of Jyotigram yojna are as following:
Reduction in Distribution Loss and Distribution Transformer Failure
Rate.
Promotion of industrial and commercial activities in villages leading
to local employment generation;
Buoyant revenue through prevention of power theft.
Improved standards of living in rural areas on account of access to a
wide variety of goods and instruments;
Enhanced exposure of rural population to different parts of the
world through electronic media, leading to updating of knowledge
avenues;
Impact on quality of education;
Improved of health services and sanitation facilities;
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Reduction in migration from rural areas to urban areas.
Regulated but improved quality power supply to agriculture enabled
efficient and optimum use of water, which in turn contributes to
conservation of ground water resources.
Speedy restoration of power supply due to parallel network in case
of disruption.
Potential for replication in other States.
5.8 Important initiatives for Bio- Energy
During 2008-09, by the initiative
taken by GEDA under MNRE
program, Sayaji Industries,
Kathwada is dealing with Maize
Starch products. As a result of maize
corn milling, grinding and
processing, about 14000nm3 biogas
is generated.
Earlier biogas was being used in the coal fired boilers. Under the
MNRE program of Energy Recovery from Industrial & commercial
wastes, the 1MW biogas based Power project was taken up. The
project commissioned in April'2009, and has been running
successfully at about 80% PLF since its commissioning.
During 2009-10, by the initiative taken by GEDA under MNRE
program, 12000nm3 /day capacity Biomethanation plant is
Completed & commissioned in Dec'2009 under MNRE Waste To
Energy (WTE) scheme. Plant has been running successfully since its
commissioning date. Produced Biogas gas is used in 100% Biogas
engines in CPP.
During 2010-11, by the initiative taken by GEDA under MNRE
program M/s Sayaji Industries, Kathwada, Ahmedabad is in the
business of Maize Starch based various Products. Having its Maize
grinding capacity increased from 325MT/day to 550MT/day, the
effluent also increased with higher COD value of about 16000 to
20000KGs COD, one 10000nm3/day capacity biomethanation plant
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has been installed & commissioned December-2011.The same is
working with more than 80% efficiency. The produced biogas is
used in its CPP.
During 2009-10, by the initiative taken by GEDA under MNRE
program, 1000 com/day biogas bottling plant was installed by P.N.
Aranyak Foundation, Valsad, plant has been running successfully
since its date of commissioning.
5.9 Important initiatives for
Decentralized energy system
Renewable energy technologies are ideally
suited to distributed applications, and they
have substantial potential to provide a
reliable and secure energy supply as an
alternative to grid extension or as a
supplement to grid-provided power. Because
of the remoteness, renewable energy can
offer an economically viable means of
providing connections to un-electrified
population. Some of the renewable energy
technologies that are used in villages and
rural areas as decentralized systems are:
Family-size biogas plants.
Solar street lighting systems.
Solar lanterns and solar home lighting systems.
Solar water heating systems
Solar cookers.
Standalone solar/ biomass based power generators.
Akshay Urja / Aditya Solar Shops
Wind pumps.
Micro-Hydal plants.
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Many of these systems have been found useful in urban and semi
urban areas also to conserve the use of electricity and other fossil
fuels. Solar water heating systems have helped in demand side
management of electricity in various cities and towns during peak
hours. Standalone roof top SPV systems are getting popular for day
time diesel abatement in areas where power cuts are very high.
5.10 Important initiatives for Power sector reforms
The government has opened up the
energy sector to private investment. In
electricity, private participation was first
sought in power generation. With the
advent of Electricity Act, (2003),
involvement of the private sector
including MNC in the distribution and
explorations had increased in oil sector,
Some important initiatives in power
sector are as following:
Increase in generation capacity
State captive power policy
Establishment of Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC)
to decide the tariff of electricity
Establishment of transmission and distribution companies
Establishment of India’s first Ultra Mega Power Project (UMPP) of
4000MW installed capacity at Mundra by using energy efficient and
environmental friendly technology.
Development of Smart Grid
Introduction of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) by GUVNL
for its projects as CDM projects under Kyoto protocol.
Installation of 11,000 energy efficient pumping sets to reduce the
load by 60 MW and also setting up of Environmental cells by
GUVNL for environmental preservation.
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
CHAPTER-6
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Chapter-6
Recommendations
Energy is an important input for economic development, but
Gujarat’s energy supply is still largely based on fossil fuels. These
sources of energy will not last forever and have proved to be
contributors to our environmental problems. Gujarat’s energy
demand is increasing with the robust growth in economy. The state
is heavily dependent on fossil sources of energy for most of its
demand. However, power generation through fossil fuels raises
serious concern due to the depletion of resources and environmental
pollution. Hence the challenge is to meet the energy needs in a
sustainable manner. In order to insulate itself from any future
supply disruption and price shocks of fossil fuels and to achieve
energy security and also to meet global climate change objectives,
renewable energy appears to be the most plausible option for the
state to rely on. This has necessitated the state to start aggressively
pursuing alternative energy sources like, solar, wind, biofuels, small
hydro and more. Based on our study, we recommend the following
important points:
1. Demand of energy will continue to grow even if Government adopts
various policies to conserve energy. This growth must increasingly
be satisfied by energy resources other than conventional sources of
energy. The continued growth of energy demand requires an
integrated approach of conventional as well as non conventional
sources of energy.
2. Electricity generation from nuclear power is capable of making an
important contribution to maintain a balance between energy
demand and supply, although electricity generation from nuclear
sources is still a matter of debate.
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3. Establish a state tax credit for residential and commercial solar
thermal heating and solar electric systems. The tax credits not only
financially help those folks who want to install solar energy
technology but also help to draw businesses, along with the
associated jobs, into the area to manufacture the equipment needed
to support the solar industry.
4. Roof top solar panel needs to be installed at all Government and
Non-Government offices and subsequently the same concepts can be
implemented in residential areas also.
5. Exempt renewable energy equipment from sales and property taxes.
Homeowners and businesses that install new solar energy systems
should be rewarded for being early adopters. Exemption of
renewable energy equipment from sales and property taxes will
reduce the time period for solar energy investments to pay for
themselves.
6. Set standards for solar in all state facilities, and set guidelines for
solar in all new construction. The state should take the lead and set
standards by which state buildings are to utilize solar energy
technologies to reduce energy consumption and reduce their
exposure to the increasing costs of energy. Although the initial
equipment costs are high, the energy produced is free. Once state
standards are set, they can be adapted, as appropriate, and used as
guidelines for all new construction throughout the state.
7. Gujarat has enormous potential for wind power generation. The
average velocity of wind in the state is just less than seven meters
per second, which is very much suitable for wind power generation.
Besides this, the state has the longest coast-line in the country and a
desert in Kutch. This makes land availability for the wind power
projects easy. The government must adopt policies to encourage
investments in this sector as Wind Power gives stable energy
compared to other renewable sources of energy, although initial
returns might not be as high as solar.
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8. The Gujarat Government should adopt the integration of smart
technologies and functions including information technology to
arrive at reliable, transparent, energy efficient and eco-friendly
solutions in cost effective manner. Such innovative technologies will
support us to integrate clean and renewable energy in urban
environment.
9. Gujarat should boost up the cultivation and production of non
edible oil seeds for biodiesel production. Some of the plants
especially Jatropha, can be grown in areas with low availability of
water and even in deserts. The wastelands across the entire state
could be used for cultivation.
10. The Gujarat government must introduce policies to increase the
production of ethanol. Surplus of sugar and molasses can be used to
produce ethanol which is nowadays exported the world market. The
sugar industry lobbied the government to embrace a bio-ethanol
programme for several years. The industry emphasised that
producing fuel ethanol would absorb the sugar surplus and help the
country's distillery sector, which is presently burdened with huge
overcapacity, and also allow value adding to by-products,
particularly molasses.
11. The NRC (National Regulatory Commission) should vigilantly and
proactively enforce its current regulations and encourage a strong
safety culture to reduce the risk of significant operating events that
can lead to extensive plant shutdowns. The Energy Department, in
collaboration with the NRC, should also create a new research and
development program in nuclear engineering to provide the
advanced tools needed to analyze the safety of reactor designs,
fuels, siting options, etc. This would allow the NRC to independently
analyze new reactor designs with the expectation that such an
approach can lead to transparently safer and less costly projects.
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12. As part of this effort, to address labor force needs, the state
government should fund university nuclear engineering programs
through the Energy Department; grants should include direct
funding to support research at both the undergraduate and graduate
level.
13. The new administration should encourage public investments in low
carbon-emitting electric generation alternatives, including new
nuclear power plants.
14. The Recommendations call for the role of hydropower needs to be
further advanced by:
Catalyzing improvements in water security and management
Nurturing the development of multi-purpose water infrastructure
and use
Strengthening and expanding regional power transmission systems
Promoting and utilising knowledge on climate-change mitigation
and adaptation
Ensuring that project impact assessment and related management
plans are responsibly implemented
Encouraging an appropriate approach among riparian states and
strengthening relations between them
Prioritising the delivery of benefits to affected communities
Promoting the distribution of water and energy services to local
areas
15. Gujarat is primarily dependent on Coal to meet its energy demands.
But the state being an importer of coal due to lack of coal mines in
the state, must improve upon its storage and transportation facilities
in order to optimize the cost per unit of energy produced from it.
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16. As thermal power plants are using coal as a fuel for generation of
electricity, it is leaving behind massive amount of fly ash and
bottom ash. Therefore it should be used and managed in more
efficient manner so that environmental impact can be reduced.
17. The lignite used for power generation has high sulphur content,
therefore more efficient technologies need to be adopted to
safeguard against the harmful effects of sulphur in the environment.
Moreover mining of lignite has a damaging effect on local flora,
fauna and hydrological regimes, these effects need to be controlled
and reduced by proper planning and continuous monitoring.
18. During onshore oil and gas production, it is recommended to drill
multiple wells from a single location to minimize damages to the
surface. Moreover using environmentally sound chemicals to
stimulate well production and restoring the surface as nearly as
possible to pre-drilling conditions, can reduce subsurface
environmental effects in a more efficient manner.
19. Most oil spills occur primarily during transportation, mostly
involving the tankers that are used to move oil from where it is
produced to where consumers need it. For this problem it is
recommended to constitute a state level committee for continuous
monitoring along the coastline of Gujarat state with the help of
coast gaurds and also taking necessary actions. This committee
should also work towards formulation of an Emergency Response
Plan in case of such events.
20. Sulphur Recovery plants be made mandatory in all existing
refineries across the state. The government must also aid the
installments in setting up state of art effluent treatment plants and
services for protection of environment. The discharge of water into
the water streams must be continuously monitored and regulated by
a state specific agency.
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21. In rural areas, deforestation and usage of fire wood needs to be
reduced as minimum as possible and it should be substituted by
cleaner fuels like biogas and gober gas etc. Also villagers should be
motivated for using solar cooker.
22. Some awareness program is needed for villagers and rural families
to start the plantation of Jatropha for the production of Bio-Fuels
and also for the earning of villagers. Such plantation will impact
positively on rural families, revitalize unproductive land, and
generate carbon credits in the state and other significant revenues
by offsetting the social costs of fossil fuels.
23. Appliances and Equipments represent one of the fastest growing
energy loads in the state. To save the energy the recommended
actions are as following:
a. Mandatory energy performance requirements or labels on
appliances and equipments
b. Low Power modes; Stand-by modes for electronic and networked
equipment
c. Energy performance tests, standards and measurement protocols
d. Best practice lighting and the phase-out of incandescent bulbs
e. Ensuring least cost lighting in non-residential buildings and the
phase-out of inefficient fuel-based lighting
24. The Transport sector consumes around 60% of the total oil
consumed. Fuel efficient tyres, mandatory fuel efficiency standards
for light duty vehicles, fuel economy of heavy duty vehicles are
some of the recommended practices that could be imposed in order
to mitigate the harmful effects on the environment.
25. Governments should facilitate private sector’s involvement in energy
efficiency investments by:
Adopting and publicizing to the private sector, a common energy
efficiency savings' verification and measurement protocol, to reduce
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existing uncertainties in quantifying the benefits of energy efficiency
investments and stimulate increased private sector involvement.
Encouraging financial institutions to train their staff and develop
evaluation criteria and financial tools for energy efficiency projects.
Reviewing their current subsidies and fiscal incentive programmes
to create more favourable grounds for private energy efficiency
investments.
Collaborating with the private financial sector to establish public-
private
tools to facilitate energy efficiency financing.
Promoting risk mitigation instruments, such as securitisation or
public-privatepartnerships.
Putting in place institutional frameworks to ensure regular co-
operation and exchanges on energy efficiency issues between the
public sector and financial institutions
26. Vehicular exhausts contain fine and ultra fine particles that are very
harmful. Therefore exposure to exhaust fumes must be tried to be
kept at minimum level and it must be made mandatory to switch
over to cleaner fuels like CNG/LPG. The Gujarat government has
already taken a very bold step in switching all existing vehicles to
cleaner fuel based vehicles but the number of CNG/LPG pumps
needs to be increased to meet with the increasing demand of cleaner
fuels.
27. Health effects in the ongoing development and implementation of
monitoring, data analysis, modeling, predictions and reporting, R&D
needs to be collaborated.
28. It is recommended to conduct various awareness campaigns and
programs for the society; the ultimate user of the Energy, with
respect to following:
For judicious use of Electricity
For efficient usage and management of fossil fuels
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For switching over to alternative fuels from conventional fuels
For various types of pollution caused by energy production and
consumption and its impacts on human health
For encouraging the use of renewable energy resources like solar
cooker for cooking, solar lightings, wind farms etc.
For more plantation and also to reduce deforestation
For increasing use of public transport rather than using private
vehicles
STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT
(ENERGY SECTOR)
GUJARAT
REFERENCES
References
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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References
1. Gujarat Energy Development Agency, 2010-11 – Annual Report
2. Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2009-10 – Annual Report
3. Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2010-11 – Annual Report
4. Central Pollution Control Board, 2007
– Alternative Transport Fuels – An Overview
5. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, 2009 – Annual Report
6. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, 2010 – Master Plans for Development of
Waste-to-Energy in India
7. Ministry of Coal, 2010 – Coal Directory of India
8. Ministry of Coal, 2006-2011 – Annual Report
9. Ministry of Environment and Forests, various years – Annual Reports
10. Ministry of Road, Transport and Highway, 2011
– Road Transport Year Book 2007-2009
11. Tata Energy Research Institute, Biomass Fuels, Indoor Air Pollution and
Health, A Multidisciplinary Multi-Center Study
12. Tata Energy Research Institute, Health Risks and Cost Effective Interventions for
Indoor Air Pollution
13. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, 2009-11 – Annual Report
14. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Various Reports
15. Geological Survey of India, Maps
16. Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited, various years – Annual Report
17. Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, Report of SSNNL.
18. Tata Energy Research Institute, 2011 – Annual Report (TEDDY – 2011)
19. Hand book of Energy Audit and Environment Management, 2009, TERI
Publication, New Delhi
20. Socio-Economic Review, Gujarat State 2007-08; February 2008; Directorate of
Economic and Statistics; Government of Gujarat; Gandhinagar
21. State Of Environment Report of Maharashtra
22. State Of Environment Report of Tamil Nadu,
23. State Of Environment Report of Punjab
References
State of Air Environment Report: Energy Sector
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24. State Of Environment Report of Delhi
25. State Of Environment Report of Rajasthan
26. State Of Environment Report of Andra Pradesh
27. State Of Environment Report of Gujarat
28. State Of Environment Report of India
29. Determination Of Impact On Health And Vegetation Due To Air Pollution, NIOH,
2003, Central Pollution Control Board Sponsored by World Bank Aided Training
Program
30. Evaluation Study On National Project On Biogas Development Programme, May
2002, Planning Commission, Government Of India, New Delhi
31. Study On Traffic And Transportation Policies And Strategies In Urban Areas
In India,2008, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi
32. Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Of Iron Ore Mining In Bellary-Hospet
Region, 2004, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur
33. National Environmental Health Profile And Comparative Health Risk Assessment,
2004-05, National Institute of Occupational Hazard Sponsored By WHO Through
Ministry Of Environment & Forests, New Delhi
34. From sunlight to Electricity, 2010, TERI Publication, New Delhi
35. Biofuels towards a greener and secure energy future, 2009,
TERI Publication, New Delhi
36. Production and Technology of Bio-Diesel, seeding a challenge, 2009,
TERI Publication, New Delhi
37. Environmental threats, vulnerability and adaptation, Case study from India,
2009, TERI Publication, New Delhi
38. Action Plans Of Various Cities In Gujarat; Ahmedabad; Vadodara; Surat;
Jamnagar; Bhavnagar; Rajkot; Vapi; Ankleshwar; Etc, Gujarat Pollution
Control Board
39. Cities Steering towards sustainability, 2010, TERI Publication, New Delhi
40. Compendium Of Environment Statistics India, 2010, Central Statistics Office,
Ministry Of Statistics And Programme Implementation, Government Of India
41. Comprehensive environmental Pollution Index, 2009, Central Pollution
Control Board,New Delhi
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