Life Cycle Assessment
Renewable and Sustainable
Citrus Oils
Jon Leonard
Renewable Citrus Products Association
Florida Chemical Company
Introduction
Why do we need a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for
Citrus Oils?
Green movement – Establish Citrus Oils as Green
Scientific basis for Renewable and Sustainable
Combat the new wave of ever growing regulations
RCPA has a DRAFT copy of our LCA on Citrus Oils
Finalized version by end of 2010
We will discuss the LCA in a few minutes
1st let me address current market conditions and
impact of growing regulations
Current Market Conditions
Citrus Oil prices are …..
Global crop size has been trending downward
Ever-increasing regulations are eroding the market for Citrus Oils
The erosion has been masked by a decreasing crop size and other impact factors - economy, weather, etc.
Market Impact
Crop Size
Regulations
Market Erosion
Zone
Regulation
Surge
Regulation Surge
1962 - Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
Everywhere we look we have regulations guiding what we can and can’t do
40,697 new laws in 2010 - USA
4 minutes/law = Entire work year to review
Plus global regulations
Regulations will continue… and the trend is clear as demonstrated by this graph
Regulation SurgeAMFA
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CODRA/NMSPAAFCRPA
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By permission of John Warner
Regulations Surge
By permission of the Consumer Specialty Products Association
By permission of www.cartoonstock.com
Green Movement
The Green Movement is relentlessly moving
forward
California Green Chemistry Initiative
NSF Greener Chemicals and Processes Standard
ACS Green Chemistry Institute Roundtables
Our industry needs to be proactive as Green is
being defined
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry is a good
starting point
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1. Prevention
2. Atom Economy
3. Less Hazardous
Chemical Synthesis
4. Designing Safer
Chemicals
5. Safer Solvents and
Auxiliaries
6. Design for Energy
Efficiency
7. Use of Renewable
Feedstocks
8. Reduce Derivatives
9. Catalysis
10. Design for Degradation
11. Real-time analysis for
Pollution Prevention
12. Inherently Safer
Chemistry for Accident
Prevention
Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice
by Paul Anastas and John Warner, 1998
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks - A raw material or Feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practical
Citrus Oils are a Renewable Feedstock
Citrus Oils are Green
Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice
by Paul Anastas and John Warner, 1998
The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
10. Design for Degradation - Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products
Citrus oils were designed by nature
Citrus Oils are Green
Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice
by Paul Anastas and John Warner, 1998
Renewable
A natural resource is a renewable resource if it
is replaced by natural processes at a rate ≥
consumption
Incorporates Sustainable Agriculture
Economically viable, socially responsible
and ecologically sound
Use and depletion of finite resources is not
renewable
Citrus Oils are Renewable
Renewable Citrus Oils Come from Our
Environment
Without Mining or Drilling
Nature Makes Citrus Oils
with Three Ingredients
The first ingredient is…
The Other Two Ingredients
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Nature uses photosynthesis…makes isoprene or C5H8
Nature combines two isoprene molecules to make d-Limonene… a natural citrus hydrocarbon
d-Limonene is C10H16
CH3
H3C CH2
Albedo(white, spongy)
Flavedo(orange skin, rind)
Oil Glands
Citrus Essential Oil Location
“It is probably true that all green plants in nature
produce limonene through their biochemical metabolism.”
-Dr. Robert J. Braddock -1999
SustainableU.S. EPA
Business Sustainability- increase long-term shareholder
and social value, while decreasing industry’s use of
materials and reducing impacts on the environment
EPA aims to make sustainability the next level of
environmental protection…advances in science and
technology…policies to protect public health and welfare,
and promoting green business practices
EPA promotes the use of LCAs...better understanding of
the environmental impacts of products, processes and
activities on human health and the environment
LCA will demonstrate that Citrus Oils are Sustainable
RCPA Action Plan
The industry formed the Renewable Citrus Products Association or RCPA in 2008
Establish a presence in the regulatory community
Develop the renewable and sustainable profile for Citrus Oils – a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Promote citrus oils as biobased, renewable and sustainable with the media, public, NGOs and governmental agencies
Secure proper treatment of Citrus Oils with respect to governmental regulations
Conduct environmental, health and safety research on Citrus Oils based on sound science
The RCPA Today
Our third year, we have 23 members
Representing the
Juice Processors
Citrus Oil Processors
Flavor & Fragrance Industry
Specialty Chemical Companies
Citrus Oil Marketers
RCPA Officers
President Jon Leonard, Florida Chemical Company
Vice President Nick Emanuel, Citrosuco NA
Treasurer Chris Baker, Kerry Ingredients and Flavors
Secretary Dr. David McKeithan, Firmenich
Executive Committee Member Dr. Tim Anglea, Coca-Cola North America
Executive Committee Technical Advisor Dr. Robert Braddock, Professor Emeritus – University of Florida
RCPA Activities
The RCPA presented to the U.S. EPA Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards in May of
2009
The RCPA monitors regulation activities by
U.S. EPA, California, OTC, Canada, etc.
The RCPA commissioned a Life Cycle
Assessment of Citrus Oils in 2010
Life Cycle Assessment
The RCPA has commissioned Environmental
Resources Management (ERM) to conduct a
streamlined LCA of Citrus Oils
ERM is a leading global provider of
environmental, health and safety, risk, and
social consulting services, helping clients
understand and manage their impacts on the
world around them
The LCA will be consistent with PAS 2050
which is derived from the ISO 14040 standard
Life Cycle Assessment
ERM will use the Building for Environmental
and Economic Sustainability (BEES) impact
assessment methodology to interpret the
results
BEES is used by the USDA for assessing
biobased products for the Federal BioPreferred
Program
BEES was also used recently for the United Soybean Council’s life cycle profile for soy
products released in February
Life Cycle Assessment
The LCA uses the holistic model of cradle-to-cradle to
capture the unique advantages of bio-based citrus oils
Life Cycle Stages
Orange growing, cultivation and harvest
Raw materials production and transport
Production and transport of packaging materials
Juice and citrus oil extraction and processing
Transport of oils to folders
Citrus oil folding and processing (cradle-to-gate)
Commercial and consumer use (gate-to-cradle)
The LCA will benefit the entire industry
Life Cycle Assessment
Data categories included in the study
Raw materials and packaging inputs
Chemical inputs
Energy inputs (electricity and fuels)
Other physical inputs, such as water
Emissions to air, water and soil
Products and by-products
Material outputs, including solid waste and wastewater
Transportation
Life Cycle Assessment
The LCA calculates the carbon footprints for these important products of commerce
Orange Juice
Cold-Pressed Orange Oil
5 Fold Orange Oil
Orange Terpenes
Citrus Terpenes
Citrus-based Animal Feed
Citrus-based Molasses
The individual footprints of Citrus Oils are specifically compared to the footprints of fossil-based counterparts
Life Cycle Assessment
Carbon footprints appear in a LCA as the first
impact category called the Global Warming
Potential (GWP)
GWP is typically expressed as:
kg CO2 equivalents per kg of product
The RCPA LCA uses 1000 kg of Citrus Oil as
the functional unit
Life Cycle Assessment
Global Warming
Acidification
HH Cancer
HH Non-cancer
HH criteria air
pollutants
Eutrophication
Ecotoxicity
Smog
Natural resource
depletion
Habitat alteration
Water intake
Ozone depletion
The complete environmental impact requires the
examination of twelve impact categories (BEES):
Life Cycle Assessment
Results indicate the carbon footprint or GWP
for citrus oils to be considerably less than ALL
fossil-based chemicals
The LCA scientifically demonstrates the
Renewability and Sustainability of Citrus Oils
“Can you think of product with a
lower GWP?”
Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Global Warming Potential (GWP) ResultsEcoinvent database and US LCI database from NREL
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
CO
2 e
q
Life Cycle Assessment
The results in the chart show the difference in
global warming impact per 1000 kg of Citrus
Terpenes and the alternative material
The difference between producing and using
1,000 kg of d-Limonene vs. Acetone (VOC
exempt) amounts to GWP savings equivalent
to 14,850 miles driven in an average car
1.5 times the average mileage of a car in a year*
Equals ~ 3 round trips from Tampa to Los Angeles
*http://cta.ornl.gov/data/tedb29/Spreadsheets/Table8_02.xls
Ecoinvent database and US LCI database from NREL
Life Cycle AssessmentCATEGORY UNITS FOSSIL / CITRUS*
Global warming g CO2 eq
Acidification H+ moles eq
HH cancer g C6H6 eq
HH noncancer g C7H7 eq
HH criteria air pollutants microDALYs
Eutrophication g N eq
Ecotoxicity g 2,4-D eq
Smog g NOx eq
Natural resource depletion MJ surplus
Habitat alteration T&E count
Water intake liters
Ozone depletion g CFC-11 eq
0.8
< 0.1
12
10
(2450)
27
18
26
6
33
(3)
13
Fossil-based average vs. Citrus Oils RatioDraft*
Life Cycle AssessmentSummary
Overall the results indicate that Citrus Oils are
more environmentally benign and sustainable
when compared to fossil-based products
Among other biobased products Citrus Oils
also compare favorably
These conclusions are based on an overall
assessment of 12 environmental impact
categories
Life Cycle Assessment
The LCA will be an important resource for companies
performing LCAs on their products made using citrus
The LCA will be used to promote Citrus Oils as
biobased, renewable, and sustainable
Develop a sustainability profile fact sheet designed
for Governmental and Public Relations
We have an opportunity to stop the replacement of
citrus oils with fossil-based chemicals
Carbon Footprints will continue to be relevant
Some fossil-based chemicals carry very large
carbon footprints
By permission of www.politicalcartoons.com
RCPA 2011Proposed Focus Areas
Aquatic Toxicity
Dermal Sensitivity
Make LCA known to Regulatory Agencies
EPA Proposed National VOC Regulation
EPA Design for the Environment (DfE)
USDA BioPreffered Program
California Air Resources Board (CARB)
Ozone Transport Commission (OTC)
International Regulatory Agencies
Dedication
RCPA Member, Colleague and Friend
Thank You
Jon Leonard
Renewable Citrus Products Association
Florida Chemical Company
Winter Haven, Florida
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