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ByMudassar Zulfiqar
University of central Punjab
Lecturer #22
Social inequality and social
classes
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Social inequality Social inequality is characterized by the existence of
unequal opportunities and rewards for different socialpositions or statuses within a group or society
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Dimensions of social inequality
Income
Wealth
Occupational prestige
Schooling
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Income Earning from work or investment
The richest 20% of families received 48.2% of allincome, while bottom 20% received only 3.9%(U.S.Census Bureau, 2010)
Very richest people now receive a much large
share of all income
1978, Highest-paid 0.1% of all earners receive, 2.7%of all income
2008,a share that is four time larger, 10% of allincome(Fox; Internal Revenue Service,2010)
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Wealth
Total value of money- outstanding debts
Bonds, real estate
The richest 20% of U.S. families own roughly 85% ofcountry s wealth
1 Rockefeller Family Standard Oil 2 Morgan Family J. P. Morgan & Co.
3 Ford Family Ford Motors
4 Harkness Family Standard Oil
5 Mellon Family Aluminum Company
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Occupational prestige
Work is an important source of social prestige
Evaluation kind of work
High prestige occupations?
Physicians
Lawyers Professors
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Social classAny group of people found in the same class
situation or same economic situation In U.S. approximately 15 to 20 percent are in the
poor, lower class
30 to 40 percent are in the working class
40 to 50 percent are in the middle class
1 to 3 percent are in the rich, upper class
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Upper class Comprising only 1 to 3 percent of the United States
population, the upper class holds 85 percent of thenation's wealth
upper-upper class
Aristocratic and high-society families with oldmoney
Live off the income from their inherited riches
lower-upper classWorking rich- get money by earning, new money-from investment, business venture
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Middle class These white collar workers have more money than
those below them on the social ladder, but lessthan those above them
upper middle class
Highly educated business and professional people,such as doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, and CEOs
lower middle class
Less educated people such as managers, small
business owners, teachers, and secretaries
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Working class Minimally educated people-manual labor with little or
no prestige
working poor
Unskilled workers in the classdishwashers, maids,
and waitressesBlue collar workers
Skilled workers in this classcarpenters, plumbers,and electricians
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Difference Class Makes
Health Value and attitude
Politics
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Difference Class Makes
Health
Children born into poor and rich families havesame health?
Richer people live on average five year longer
(National centre for health statistics,2010)
Why?
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Values and attitudes
Old rich favor manner and taste, while new rich
using home, cars, airplanes as status symbols(Lareau, 2002;NORC,2009)
Affluent people are more tolerant than working class(Lareau, 2002;NORC,2009)
Politics
Do political attitude follow the class lines?
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By
Mudassar Zulfiqar
Lecturer #23
Global stratification and Poverty
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Global Stratification
It is an uneven distribution of privileges,material rewards, opportunities, power,
prestige and influence among individuals and
groups
Pattern of social inequality as whole
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Global Stratification
A world where some live in comfort andplenty, while half of the human race liveson less than $2 a day, is neither just, nor
stable. President Bush
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Quotes
Almost half the worlds population lives onless than two dollars a day, yet even thisstatistic fails to capture the humiliation,powerlessness and brutal hardship that is the
daily lot of the worlds poor. Koffi Anan, UNSecretary General
`Today, across the world, 1.3 billion people liveon less than one dollar a day; 3 billion live on
under two dollars a day; 1.3 billion have noaccess to clean water; 3 billion have noaccess to sanitation; 2 billion have no accessto electricity. James Wolfe son, The OtherCrisis
, World Bank, October 1998
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Global StratificationHigh income countries
USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, United Kingdom,Norway
Middle income countries
Bulgaria, Albania, Ukraine, Latin America: Costa Rica, Brazil
Asia: China, Thailand, India
Middle East: Iran, Syria
Africa: Algeria, NamibiaLow income countries
Latin America: Haiti
Asia :Cambodia, Bangladesh,
Africa: Kenya, Ethiopia, Mali, Niger
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Global Stratification
High Income Countries
GDP of $12,000 per person Generally those first to industrialize
Account for 23% of the worlds population
Enjoy 79% of the world total income
Production based on factories, big machinery and technology Control the world financial market
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Global Stratificationo Middle-Income Countries
GDP of $2500 - $12,000 perperson
Most began to industrialize latein the 20th century.
Includes 61% of the worldspopulation
Only accounts for 21% of worldtotal income
Average standard of living
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Global Stratification Low Income Countries
GDP under $2500 per personMostly agricultural economies that have only
recently began to industrialize
Accounts for 17% of the worlds population
Produces only 1% of total incomeLow standard of living
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PovertyA poverty refers to the condition of not having the
means to afford basic human needs such asclean water, nutritition, health care, clothing andshelter
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Types of Poverty
Absolute
Poverty
Relative
Poverty
Absolute or extremepoverty is whenpeople lack the basicnecessities for survival.Example: They may be
starving, lack clean water,proper housing, sufficientclothing or medicines andbe struggling to stay alive
Relative poverty iswhen some peoples way
of life and income is somuch worse than the
general standard of living inthe country or region in whichthey live that they struggle tolive a normal life and toparticipate in ordinary
economic, social andcultural activities.
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Slavery Chattel slavery
Slavery imposed by the state
Child slavery
Debt bondage
Human trafficking
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No one shall be held in slavery orservitude; slavery and slave tradeshall be prohibited in all their form
(United Nation universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948)
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Explanation of Global Poverty
Technology
Population growth
World highest birth rate- Africa, populationdouble every 25 year, 43% people are under the
age of fifteen Cultural patterns
Social stratification
Gender inequality
Global power relationship
Colonialism
Neocolonialism
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