8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
1/40
Seedless Vascular Plants
Club Mosses, Ferns and Fern Allies
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
2/40
GreenAlgae
BryophytesClubMosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Egg not shed
Embryo attached to gametophyte
Partial development of cuticle
and primitive stomates in some
45
mya
!ylem and phloem" lignin"roots" leaves" cuticle" stomates
#ith functional guard cells"
sporophyte dominant
4mya
megaphylls
seeds and pollen
$5
mya
flo#ers and fruits
%5
mya
Embryophytes
&racheophytes
'eed plants (spermatophytes)
$*5
mya
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
3/40
+igninis the second most abundant organic compound on Earth (after
cellulose). t is in secondar! cell "alls, confers
compressi#e strength and stiffness.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
4/40
n the br!oph!tes "e sa" small unbranched, sporoph!tes
that "ere nutritionall! dependent on the gametoph!te.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
5/40
n the #ascular plants the sporoph!tes are large
organisms independent of the gametoph!te.
Magnolia$ http%&&en."i'ipedia.org
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
6/40
A re#ie" of "hat "e sa" in the br!oph!tes
sporoph!te is small and dependent on the gametoph!te.
,eproduction
-n vascular plants the sporophyte is the large phase
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
7/40
.Club Mosses FernsFern Allies
.
.
.
...
. / e!tinct
heterospory
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
8/40
Earliest #ascular plants (e.g., Cooksonia$ *+ m!o)
"ere dichotomousl! branched and lac'ed roots and lea#es.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
9/40
&rimerophytes
0osterophyllum
,hynia
4 mya 1stands of primitive
vascular plants
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
10/40
'porophytes "ith lea#es, stems and roots
-!lem and phloem present
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
11/40
Microphyllsare smaller and ha#e a single #ein.
here are t"o,
fundamentall!distinct, t!pes of
lea#es.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
12/40
Megaphyllsare larger and ha#e a comple- s!stem of
branching #eins.
http%&&en."i'ipedia.org
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
13/40
+ycopodium
sporophyte
has rhi2omes"
roots" uprightshoots #ith
microphylls
Club Mosses
/ genera, /+ spp. "orld"ide
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
14/40
here are 0 spp. in Florida.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
15/40
'porophyllsare modified lea#es (or leaf*li'e organs)that bear sporangia.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
16/40
1on*photos!nthetic sporoph!lls are sometimes grouped
into a strobilus (cone).
t h t i
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
17/40
diploid haploid
gametophyte is
small" a fe# mm
across
sporophyte develops attached
to the gametophyte
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
18/40
A bise!ual gametophyte3
fertili2ation reuires
liuid #ater
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
19/40
Selaginella ( genus 2 34+ spp. "orld"ide)
' l i ll t i d f
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
20/40
'elaginella maes t#o inds of spores"
microspores and megaspores
microspores develop into male gametophytes
megaspores for female gametophytes
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
21/40
Plants that mae microspores and megaspores
are 6E&E,7'P7,78'
(+ycopodium is 6omosporous)
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
22/40
Carboniferous s"amp /4+ m!a, dominated b!
tree si5ed club mosses.
Fossili5ed remains of these plants along "ith ferns
formed coal deposits
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
23/40
Pteridoph!tes ** Ferns and relati#es$ ca. ,+++ spp.)
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
24/40
.Club Mosses FernsFern Allies
.
.
.
...
. / e!tinct
heterospory
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
25/40
Psilotum (6his' Ferns$7 genera 2 3 spp.
"orld"ide)
Fern Allies
rhi2ome" stems" microphylls" no roots homosporous
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
26/40
E8uisetum(9orsetails$ genus, 4 spp. "orld"ide).
Fern Allies
rhi2omes #ith roots" 9ointed hollo# stems" microphylls"homosporous
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
27/40
At one time (ca. /++ m!a) 9orsetails "ere more di#erse and
larger in si5e.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
28/40
.Club Mosses FernsFern Allies
.
.
.
...
. / e!tinct
heterospory
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
29/40
Morpholog! of t!pical fern ,hi2ome" Fronds" pinnae" fiddle:heads
all have megaphylls" most are homosporous
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
30/40
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
31/40
Sporangia occur on the margins or lo"er surfaces of the
lea#es, or on separate stal's. he sporangiacommonl! are
in clusters called sori.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
32/40
Sori under leaf margin.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
33/40
Each Sorus is a
cluster of sporangia
annulus
sporangium
releasing
spores
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
34/40
9omosporous.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
35/40
he mature gametoph!te is called a prothallus3 he
prothallus is a sheet of photos!nthetic tissue,
heart*shaped structure "ith rhi5oids.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
36/40
Multiflagellate sperm. 6ater is still re8uired for reproduction.
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
37/40
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
38/40
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
39/40
:rders Marsileales and Sal#iniales contain heterosporous
ferns (Marsileasho"n).
8/10/2019 Lecture20 Ferns
40/40
he "ater fernAzolla harbors the 1itrogen*fi-ing
C!anobcteriumAnabaena. Allo"s gro"ing rice on the same
l d ti l ith t th dditi f f tili
http%&&""".botani'.uni*'arlsruhe.de&
garten&fotos*hassler&
Top Related