Lecture 11:Lecture 11:
Why are arthropods successful?
Why are arthropods successful?
Goals:Goals:
Assignment:Assignment: Read: Chapter 22 or 23 or 11 depending on the bookRead: Chapter 22 or 23 or 11 depending on the book
Websites:http://entowww.tamu.edu/images/insects/fieldguide/glossary.htmhttp://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/howknow.htmlhttp://www.hollowtop.com/finl_html/finl.htmlhttp://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/hyg-fact/2000/2160.html http://www.antcolony.org/Army_ants.htmhttp://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Parasitol.html http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood.htmhttp://www.aloha.net/~smgon/triloclass.htmhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.htmlhttp://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/robss/overview_htm.html http://www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/Bio112/Arthropoda.html http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/academic/204classif.html http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.htmlhttp://www.earthlife.net/insects/six01.html http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/mi/toc.htmhttp://www.biophotos.com/whitten/specimens.html
Websites:http://entowww.tamu.edu/images/insects/fieldguide/glossary.htmhttp://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/howknow.htmlhttp://www.hollowtop.com/finl_html/finl.htmlhttp://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/hyg-fact/2000/2160.html http://www.antcolony.org/Army_ants.htmhttp://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/224/Parasitol.html http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfood/bugfood.htmhttp://www.aloha.net/~smgon/triloclass.htmhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.htmlhttp://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/robss/overview_htm.html http://www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/Bio112/Arthropoda.html http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/academic/204classif.html http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.htmlhttp://www.earthlife.net/insects/six01.html http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/mi/toc.htmhttp://www.biophotos.com/whitten/specimens.html
1. Define success1. Define success2. Compare insects to other living organisms, understand what insect adaptations have contributed to their success2. Compare insects to other living organisms, understand what insect adaptations have contributed to their success
3. Relate methods of attaining success to the human race3. Relate methods of attaining success to the human race
Biological ClassificationKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Biological ClassificationKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Binomial Nomenclature Leptinotarsa decemlineataLook this up for Humans and know it!Look this up for Humans and know it!
Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
6. Bilateral symmetry6. Bilateral symmetry
5. Open circulatory system5. Open circulatory system
2. Segmented body2. Segmented body
3. Jointed appendages3. Jointed appendages
7. Sexual Reproduction7. Sexual Reproduction
1. Exoskeleton1. Exoskeleton
4. Double ventral nerve cord4. Double ventral nerve cord
Crustacea Sow Bug, Lobster (26,000) Aquatic, Land .2mm-200cm Crustacea Sow Bug, Lobster (26,000) Aquatic, Land .2mm-200cm
Class Common Name Environment SizeClass Common Name Environment SizeMerostomata Horseshoe Crab (5) Aquatic 3-60mmMerostomata Horseshoe Crab (5) Aquatic 3-60mm
Pycnogonida Sea Spider (500) Aquatic Marine 05 -70cm Pycnogonida Sea Spider (500) Aquatic Marine 05 -70cm
Pauropoda None (380) Soil and Leaf Mold 5-20mmPauropoda None (380) Soil and Leaf Mold 5-20mm
Symphyla None (120) Soil and Leaf Mold 2-10mmSymphyla None (120) Soil and Leaf Mold 2-10mm
Insecta Insects (1,000,000) Aquatic, Land, Air .1mm-25cmInsecta Insects (1,000,000) Aquatic, Land, Air .1mm-25cm
Diplopoda Millipede (8000) Terrestrial .1-100cmDiplopoda Millipede (8000) Terrestrial .1-100cm
Chilopoda Centipede (3,000) Terrestrial .1-100cmChilopoda Centipede (3,000) Terrestrial .1-100cm
Classes of ArthropodaClasses of Arthropoda
Class InsectaClass Insecta
6. Unique biology6. Unique biology
1. Three Body Regions1. Three Body Regions
2. Three pairs of legs2. Three pairs of legs
3. Most groups have functional wings3. Most groups have functional wings
4. One pair of antennae4. One pair of antennae
5. Tracheae respiratory system5. Tracheae respiratory system
Criteria for measuring successCriteria for measuring success
2. Current diversity2. Current diversity
1. Historically successful1. Historically successful
3. Environmental impact3. Environmental impact
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful1. Trilobites – 600x106 ago, fossils = hard
exoskeleton1. Trilobites – 600x106 ago, fossils = hard
exoskeleton
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful
2. Dinosaurs – 230x106 ago, first terrestrial egg
Died out 65 x 106 years ago
2. Dinosaurs – 230x106 ago, first terrestrial egg
Died out 65 x 106 years ago
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful3. Brachiopods - hard shells, diverse forms, 3. Brachiopods - hard shells, diverse forms,
Been around 545 x 106 yearsBeen around 545 x 106 years
Historically SuccessfulHistorically Successful3. Insects -3. Insects -
· Oldest fossils 400 x 106 years old· Oldest fossils 400 x 106 years old
· These fossils are already well developed· These fossils are already well developed
· Hard to find good insect fossils· Hard to find good insect fossils
Current DiversityCurrent Diversity
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
insects
plants
non-inse
ct art
hropods
mullusc
s
fungiPro
tozoa
algae
mammals
Num
ber o
f des
crib
ed s
peci
esN
umbe
r of d
escr
ibed
spe
cies
Only4,000!
Tale of the TapeTale of the Tape
Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact
Insects have important human impacts as well:Insects have important human impacts as well:
• Transmit disease to us, our crops and our domesticated animals
• Feed on the same things we like to eat
• $$: Pollination, silk, dyes, FOOD!
• Transmit disease to us, our crops and our domesticated animals
• Feed on the same things we like to eat
• $$: Pollination, silk, dyes, FOOD!
Insects can be found in almost every ecosystem on earthInsects can be found in almost every ecosystem on earth
Insects are vital components of food websInsects are vital components of food webs
1. Insects are arguably the most successful group of animals alive1. Insects are arguably the most successful group of animals alive
2. One-celled organisms may rival insects in number, butit’s hard to tell
2. One-celled organisms may rival insects in number, butit’s hard to tell
Success? Success?
3. What about mammals?!Weight? size?
3. What about mammals?!Weight? size?
Life history strategies: The Tortoise vs. the hare
Life history strategies: The Tortoise vs. the hare
1. The Tortoise1. The Tortoise•High survival rate, parental care,
extended individual life, offspring training
•High survival rate, parental care, extended individual life, offspring training
2. The Hare2. The Hare•Short lives, small size, high
reproduction offsets high mortality
•Short lives, small size, high reproduction offsets high mortality
Insect adaptations that contribute to success
Insect adaptations that contribute to success
1. Exoskeleton1. Exoskeleton
2. Jointed Appendages2. Jointed Appendages
3. Wings3. Wings
4. Size4. Size
5. Metamorphosis5. Metamorphosis
6. Ability to escape adverse conditions6. Ability to escape adverse conditions
7. Methods of Reproduction7. Methods of Reproduction
8. Short generation time8. Short generation time
9. Specialization9. Specialization
10. Methods of solving the water problem10. Methods of solving the water problem
· Overlapping chitin plates --like a suit of armor
· Overlapping chitin plates --like a suit of armor
· Attachment formuscles
· Attachment formuscles
Exoskeleton-Look ma, no bones!Exoskeleton-Look ma, no bones!
· Protects from damage andwater loss
· Protects from damage andwater loss
Jointed appendagesJointed appendagesUsually specialized for the insect’s
lifestyleUsually specialized for the insect’s
lifestyle
Running, jumping, grasping, swimming, diggingRunning, jumping, grasping, swimming, digging
WingsWings
•Insects have been flying for over 250 million years!
•Insects have been flying for over 250 million years!
•Give an advantage over non-flying organisms•Give an advantage over non-flying organisms
Size matters:Even the largest insects are smallSize matters:Even the largest insects are small
•Easier to hide•Easier to hide •Easier to disperse•Easier to disperse
.17 mm
•Need less food•Need less food
Why aren’t insects gigantic?Why aren’t insects gigantic?
Insects Limited By:1. Respiratory system- Spiracles- Trachea- Air sacs
Insects Limited By:1. Respiratory system- Spiracles- Trachea- Air sacs
Largest Insect ever:Meganeura
Largest Insect ever:Meganeura
2. Musculo-skeletal system2. Musculo-skeletal system
http://ask.yahoo.com/ask/20011220.htmlhttp://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/ythfacts/bugfun/trivia.htm
MetamorphosisMetamorphosis•Allows one organism to utilize multiple habitats
•Allows one organism to utilize multiple habitats
• Or to become more specialized• Or to become more specialized
Defense!!Defense!!•Flying away•Flying away
•Scaring away•Scaring away
•Brute force•Brute forceMonarch
Poisonous Viceroy
Non-poisonous
•Hiding in plain sight•Hiding in plain sight
DiapauseDiapause- A period of slow development and metabolism- A period of slow development and metabolism- Usually due to adverse weather:
cold, lack of water, etc.- Usually due to adverse weather:
cold, lack of water, etc.
Aestival diapause -summerAestival diapause -summer
Hibernal diapause - winterHibernal diapause - winter
Methods of solving the water problem
Methods of solving the water problem
•Metabolic water•Metabolic water•Condense water
from the air•Condense water
from the air
•Wax layers in cuticle•Wax layers in cuticle
•Conserve water by excreting pellets of uric acid, rather than urea
•Conserve water by excreting pellets of uric acid, rather than urea
Methods of reproductionMethods of reproduction
Apis melliferaThe honey beeApis melliferaThe honey bee
AphidsAphids
DragonfliesDragonflies
Tiger BeetlesTiger Beetles
Short generation timeShort generation time
The insect with the shortest known generation time is the apple grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae/fitchii), which can bear live young only 4.7 days after being born. Other kinds of aphids are almost as prolific, bearing live young anywhere from five to seven days after being born. Such rapid-breeding aphids are parthenogenetic. They are so prolific that when they are born they already carry the embryos of their first children.
The insect with the shortest known generation time is the apple grain aphid (Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae/fitchii), which can bear live young only 4.7 days after being born. Other kinds of aphids are almost as prolific, bearing live young anywhere from five to seven days after being born. Such rapid-breeding aphids are parthenogenetic. They are so prolific that when they are born they already carry the embryos of their first children.
Allows rapid adaptationAllows rapid adaptation
SpecializationSpecialization
EntomophagyEntomophagy
Man eating BugsMan eating Bugs
Proverbs VI: 6Proverbs VI: 6
Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be
wise.
Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be
wise.
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