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Research Process
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The Research Process
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Research Problem
Research Question or
Research Problem
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Research Problem
To state a research problem, one may need to ask oneself
questions using the why? how? what if? what is? format orsimilar type formats.
1. Problem statement: (A definition of the research problem)
2. Research question (Expresses the research problem inthe form of a question that requires answering)
formats:
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Research Problem
Hence the
Research Objective
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Literature Review Once a research idea is selected, one has to find out what has
been previously been done on this problem area.
To be able to review the literature one needs to conduct a
. ,
journals, books, references, abstracts, bibliographies,
encyclopedias, indices, special collections, or other
resources in both the library and the Internet.
! "
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Literature Review
One has to follow with a critical appraisal showing the
ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiasedand valid studies.
# $ !% &
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Literature Review
Its purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and
ideas have been established on a topic, and what their
strengths and weaknesses are.
)
It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set
of summaries
% &! " &!
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Literature Review
1. be organized around and related directly to the thesis or
research question you are developing
1. '% , -
2. / 01& 2
4. 1
2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is notknown
3. $ #) 5
3. identify areas of controversy in the literature
4. formulate questions that need further research
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Research Hypothesis %)
A hypothesis proposes a relationship between two or more
variables" (Hoover, 1980, pp.31)
(6 ( 75! 87- %)
9 ' &! " :Temperature increases with sunrise
(6 # &! ;
Water will evaporate once it reaches the boiling point
87- %)Is a proposed solution to the problem
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Types ofRelationships
between Variables
6 ( 75 '&
789:; 7?@ACorrelational
78;;C 7?@A
7?@A DEFG H
Relationship
Causal Relationship
No Relationship
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Types of Research '&
JK:LMNC> OPQExploratory
(based on purpose of research; kind of inference))SHDNCTU 78AFV JWA XY Z OP;[U \]^ JWA U_:`Q(
JabX OPQ
J;G]c< OPQ/e]8fa !%
:&- (&
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Research Sampling &
Each member of the population should have
an equal chance of being in the sample& $ ( ( ) 9)& ;&! =# $ $
Therefore RANDOM SELECTION
Therefore Probability Sampling
If not possible, therefore non probability
sampling
1 ?
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Criteria for Methodologically GoodResearch #>& #
1. Reliability
2. Validity ,3. Generalizability
4. Utility
@
)&
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Data Collection Methods
& =# ,
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The Research Process
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AB51 Observation
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What to Look For ?
Zeisel (2006) summarizes the important items to look for during
the observation of environmental behavior. They are:
1. Who is: actor
2. Doing what: act
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3. With whom: significant others
4. In what relationship: describes the relationship between the
actor and the others such as aural, visual, tactile,
olfactory, or symbolic type relationship5. In what context: describes the sociocultural context
including the situation and culture
6. Where (Setting): describes the physical setting
(C/(
&&? 75 B
(
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What to Look For ?
Zeisel (2006) summarizes the important items to look for during
the observation of physical traces. They are:
1. By-products of use: including signs of erosions, leftovers,and missing traces @? 7
. , ,
connections
3. Displays of self: including personalization, identification,
and group membership
4. Public messages: including official, unofficial, and
illegitimate signs
5. Context: understand how traces clarify the context and how
the context clarifies the traces.
@? ! @7D
E (!
@
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Observation ofstreetscape
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Observation ofoffice space
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Observation ofstreet activity
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Observation of where kids play
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Observation ofchild play
activity
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Observation of child play activity
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(F2 Questionnaire
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2.1
1.(F =%
2.(F =% 2
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Writing Effective
2.2
7r8WC 7WsCY 7Q:Nt7WsCuU 7Q:Nt JK :v;`c< XY :v
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" $ G (!
& 2$D @-C 7 H$-
2
( I%/(:># #? 2! "- 2
# #? 2'% $ 1 8%
J "7 J L/
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2.4
!# =()
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Visual questionnaire
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Visual questionnaire
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Semantic differential
scale
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3
Interviews
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3.1 N#-
Conducting Interviews
A# >#":
)#(
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3.2
Structure of Interviews
B&/B& 6/ 6
1:# B&/1:#
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