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antineSo lidi
enmark
R L I E
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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E S R V E D B Y
NNU M SMAT CSO C E T
G R M AN
N • G U C S TA D T
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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T S AN M O NO G R A H S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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F
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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NT NTS
i
A H Y AND K E Y T O T H E AB B R E V I AT O NS x iii
R O R S x i
N x x i
G U E A ND C O M M N TA R Y I
CU S S O N AN D A NA Y S S O F TH E M AT R I A
8 3
I E S 112
F CO I NS 13 7
7
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ndD enmarkofmorethaneighthun-
y antineso lididatingf romthef if thandsi th
ca lenigmathathaspu z ledscholarsfor
meeighthundredgoldc oinsisanote-
considersthedistancebetweentheMedi-
alticSeaandthefact thatthiswasa
nddecline.No otherareaontheConti-
oundariesapproachesScandinaviainthe
steverywhereelsethereisa generaldearth
.Moreover thecoinsareconcentrated
eB alt ic—O land GotlandandB ornho lm.
otbean accidentasanumberof scholars
werenot theearliestcoinstoreach
perialdenariifromthe secondcentury
esameareasi nScandinaviaandinthe
oins alsosolidi wereintroduced.1The
f if thandsi thcenturyhoards how ever
tlyinwesternScandinavia.W henthefifth
closew ithJ ustinianI , the importo fco insin
250yearsuntiltheV ikingperiodbegins.2
situationinScandinaviain thefifthcen-
sofEuropeisq uitestrik ing. A few scat-
riodsare occasionallyfoundalso.Theliteratureis
s on s " G u ld e t i no r de n u nd e r se n me d el t id e n P r o i m a
paunderforntidochmedeltid( Stockholm 1962 , 1 2.See
" D eromersk em ntfundf raGudmeH erred " NNÅ
e r o m e rs k e m n t f u nd f r a F y e n ud e nf o r Gu d me H e r r e d "
e r o m e rs k e m n t f u nd f r a de n s æ l l a nd s ke ø g r u p pe "
r g en B a l l i ng " D e r o m e rs k e m n t f u nd f r a J y l l a nd " N N A
asbeenfoundinH å lsinglandinSweden WernerK nap-
d-vork ommenanderSiidk iistederO stsee " A A X I I ,
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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alhoard offifthcenturysolidioccur in
buttheonlyconcentrationinany way
ernScandinaviais foundatthemouthof
o land. Therethehoardshaveverymuchthe
lt icislandhoards occuringreatnumbers
sameactivitythataccounts fortheScan-
eso lidiinScandinaviaposeanhistorica l
wnw hy theyarethere w hothecarrierswere
heco insreachedtheB alt ic orw hy the
thcentury.Therearenumerousother
allwillhaveimplicationsfor theinterpreta-
politicallifeinthe fifthandsi thcenturies
empireandtheScandinavianregion.
oftheq uestionsposedabovehasbeen
fficultieslieinthe meagernessofthelit-
d theinconclusivenessofthearchaeologi-
ctthatthe basicmaterialsforasolutionof
hemselves havenotbeenfullyutil i ed.
sstudy istoprovidea comprehensiveanal-
lpotentialforinformationhadnotbeenreal-
ningallpertinentdata hasbeenpreparedsince
eDanishf inds thesecoinshaveneverbeen
ullinformationonthehoardshasbeen as-
ingJ anse slistuptodate. 4Thenumismatic
beene aminedwithreferencetodie
randthenatureand distributionofthefinds.
icalsourceshavebeentreatedcursorily for
erstandingofthe phenomenonunder
ve.I tisonlythe coinsthemselvesthat
theContinentwasalso collectedandanaly edforthe
eroute.Theresultsare summari edonpp.166— 6
aterialcanbe publishedseparatelyatalaterdate.
edtoWalterHavernick GertandV eraH at ,
anyotherE uropeancolleagueswhogenerouslyaidedin
al andwhoseinterestinthisstudy hasbeena
me.
e h e t ra v ai l d e l o r e n Su e de d l i p o u e mi r ov i ng i en n e
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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olutionofourproblem.O ncethenature
ablished thescantyliteraryandarchaeolo-
significant.
ub ectofmydoctoraldissertationpre-
yofWashingtonin1965. Thete thasbeen
ublication. I shouldlik etoe pressmy
anAssociationofU niversityWomenfor
ceR . SabinF e llowshipfor195 -59w hich
markandSwedenande aminethematerial
secondyeardevotedtoresearchwasmade
teF ellowshipfromtheAmericanNumis-
chI amalsograteful. Theresearchabroad
ten oyableworkingconditionsinthe
enmarkandSwedenwhereeverycourtesy
eorgGalsterinC openhagenandNilsL.
m.Manyindividualshaveaidedmeinthe
esof thisstudyandI shouldlik etoe -
toall ofthem.I amparticularlyindebtedto
f redR . B e ll inger So lomonKat andL eslie
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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A H Y A ND K E Y TO T H E AB B R E V I AT O NS
ca C openhagen.
A delson L ightWeightSo lidiandB y antineTrade
S e ve n th C e nt u ri e s N N M 13 ( N e w Y o r k 1 9 57 .
monetedellenecropolibarbarichediNoceraUmbraedi
eMemoriede ll I st ituto I ta lianodinumismaticaV ,
anNumismaticSociety formerly theco llectionof
mismaticSocietyMuseumNotes.
l idusfyndenpaClandochGotland " F ornvannen14 1919
s de c ou v er t es d e s ol i di e n G ot l an d " A A I I , 1 9 31 1 - 2 .
a l l in g " D e r o m er s ke m en t fu n d fr a J y l la n d " N N A 19 6 2
F o llesde l ate lierdeL yonf rappSsaveclemSmecoin
N o v . 19 6 0 , 7 5 - 77 .
rt D escriptionginira ledesmonnaiesmirov ingiennes
9 2- 95 .
" D iemerow ingischenTrientenvonA ltenw alde " D ie
3 -6 2 .
w ic k W r o th C a ta l og u e of t h e I m p e ri a l B y a n ti n e Co i ns i n
v o l s . L o n do n 1 9 0 ) .
arw ick Wroth C atalogueof theC oinsof theV andals
bardsandof theE mpiresofThessa lonica Nicaeaand
hMuseum( L ondon 1911 .
. — F rieslandtotdee lfdeeeuw . Z i nvddr-env roegegeschiedenis
ve n ha g e 1 9 5 1 .
F yndenav romersk amyntidetf riaGermanien( L und
eLiteraturtiberromischeMun fundeimfre ienGermanien "
onden blattderromisch-germanischenKommissiondes
institutsX V , 1931 267-71.
u d o i a E u d oc i a E u d o i a : D a t ed S o li d i of t h e F i f th
, 1 95 4 1 3 - 42 .
A l tr e a nn o ta i o ni n u mi s ma t ic h e ( P a v ia 1 7 0 .
meH erred — Nie lsB re itenste in " D eromersk ementfund
N N A 19 4 2 6 9 -9 .
en — " D eromersk emontfundf raF yenudenforGudme
4 1 - 20 .
r n h ol m — " D e r o m e rs k e mo n tf u nd f r a B o r nh o lm " N N A
aelland — " D eromersk ementfundf radens ae llandske
6 1 - 34 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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viations
E nbornho lmsk guldskat " F raNationa lmuseetsarbe ds.
T r ad e B e t w ee n t he R o m a n E m p i re a n d th e F r e e G er m an s "
1 93 6 1 95 -2 22 .
e lasociit if ranfa isedenumisntati ue .
i s t o ry o f t he L a t er R o m a n E m p i re f r om t h e D e at h o f Th e od o si u s
s t i ni a n ( 2 v o l s. L o n do n 1 9 3 1 .
i ev al H i s to r y v o l. I ( C am b ri d ge E n g . N e wY o r k 1 9 24 .
. V . H i l l a n d J . P . C . K e n t — L a t e R o ma n B r o n e C oi n ag e
nd on 1 96 0 .
raphicB ack groundofGreek andR omanHistory ( O x ford
( t r . T ho m as H o d g k in L o n do n 1 8 6 .
Trade-R outesandC ommerceof theR omanE mpire(2nd
26 .
n D escriptionhistori uedesmonnaiesf rappiessous
v o l s. 2 nd . ed . P a r i s L o nd on 1 8 0 - 92 .
sJ ahrbuchf iirNumismatik .
O diumNumismaticum—Tw oUltonianManifestations "
e pt . 1 96 5 1 3 - 4 .
eE conomicandSocia lF oundationsofE uropeanC iv il i a -
7 .
F o r hi s to r is k t gu l d i Me d el p ad s j o r d " F r d n s t ad o c h by g d
96-109.
" C o nt a ct B e t w e en I t a ly a n d th e B a l t ic i n t he F i f th a n d
" Congresso I nterna ionalediNumismatica R oma
R o me 1 96 5 , 4 11 -2 0.
aogueof J. F lorange P aris.
— D i e M i i n e n d er O s t g o th e n ( B e r li n 1 4 4 .
a nd al en ( L e ip i g 1 4 9 .
" H erulernasbosattningiSk andinavien " Studierti l lag-
u nd 1 91 ) , 4 4
omersk ementerfundneiDanmark ogingaedeefter
I I , 1924 1 7- 9.
ark ogNorge1739-17 0 " NNA 1937 39-96.
enmark " Transactionsof the I nternationa lNumis-
do n 1 93 6 ( L o n do n 1 9 3 ) , 2 9 9- 3 04 .
T r e so r d u V I e s i ec l e de H o u d a in - le s -B a v a i ( N o rd , " R N
C ommerce intheDark A ges: A C rit i ueof theEv idence "
alH istoricalSociety9 1959 123-40.
s e t of f ic i ne s a l 6 p o u e d u b a s- e mp i re S M 1 1 ( J u l y
andLascarisC omneno— " L ascopiasSuevasdelos
N u m m us V , n o . 17 ( S e pt . 1 9 5 ) , 1 1 -2 3 .
berg " Sk andinav iensfundaf romersk guld-ogse lvmynt
erfornordisk o ldk yndighedoghistorie1 94 325-76.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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viations
M ed a il l es r o ma i ne s d o r e t d a r ge n t d a v an t l e mi l ie u d u V I *
ysscandinaves " Mimoiresdelasociitiroyale des
9 5 3 1 - 40 5 .
C ataloguedescriptifde laco llectiondesmonnaiesanti ues
etby antinesdefeuB aronA . W. St ernstedt( Stockho lm
at a lo g ue o f A . H e s s/ B a n k L e u & C o . L u e r n Z u r ic h .
F r d n a l dr e t id e r ( S t o ck h ol m 1 8 2 .
ogothsf rapp^ senP annonieettrouv6senSuede " C ongres
ti u e B r u e l le s 1 9 1 ( B r u s s el s 1 9 1 , 4 2 1- 2 7.
e a su r e Tr o ve i n L a w a n d P r a c ti c e ( O x f o r d 1 9 36 .
Guldsk attenf ranB ostorp " K a lmarlansfornminnesfdre-
1 9 52 8 1 - 4 .
oyce— " A ThirdCenturyH oardf romSerbiaanditsSigni-
" A NSMN13( inpress .
E i n H a n d el s pl a t d e r W i ki n ge r e i t ( N e u mi i ns t er 1 9 56 .
b er t J a n se L e t r av a il d e I ' o r e n Sn i de d I ' i p o u e mi r ov i ng i en n e
Notessurlesso lidiromainsetby antinstrouvesenScandi-
3 3 - 4 .
voormunt-enpenningk unde.
cHistory ( tr. C harlesC hristopherMierow P rinceton
o m a n S tu d ie s .
a lmar Sw eden.
ry " T h e Co i na g es o f W e s te r n E u r o pe : F r o m t he F a l l of
ltheA ccessionofC harlemagne " NC 1 7 , 49-72
G o ld C o in a ge i n t he L a t e R o ma n E m p i r e " i n E s s a ys i n
entedtoHaro ldMattingly eds. R . A . G. C arsonand
O x f o rd 1 9 56 , 1 9 0- 2 04 .
am.. . cumsignocrucis , " NC 1960 129-32.
oran— " TheGantof taF ind. A ScanianGoldHoardf rom
Meddelandenf rdnLundsuniversitetshistorisk a
eK lindt- ensen B ornholmifo lk evandringstiden. Nationa l-
eretninger I I ( C openhagen 1957 .
" A ure i-undSo lidi-vork ommenanderSiidk iistederOst-
1 94 1 7 9- 11 .
vo r ko mm e n am M a re B a l t i ku m A A X I V 1 9 43
i e M i i n e n O d o v ac a rs u n d de s O s t g ot e nr e ic h es i n I t a li e n ( H a l le
— J e an L a f au ri e " L e t re so r de C he cy ( L o ir et , " i n J . G r i-
M . Ma i n o n et J . L a f au r ie T r is o rs m o ni t ai r es e t p la u e s-
ine: B ava i Montbuoy C hicy X I I esupplementa
1 9 5 ) , 2 7 3 -3 45 .
e t re so r d A le si a " B S N 1 4 n o. 1 ( J a n. 1 95 9 , 2 6 6- 6 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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viations
n s o li d us i n ed i t de J u s ti n ie n I a f r ap p 6 en A f ri u e " R N
n gi e n a id e nt i fi e r " R N 1 9 6 2 1 3 - 6 .
nd A . N . Z a d ok s - o s e p hu s J i t ta " L e t r 6s o r de W i e u we r d "
elingenuithetR i k smuseumvanO udhedenteL e iden
7 -1 07 .
u e li n e — " V e d ri n : so u s d o r d e Ma g nu s M a i m u s a A na -
m is m at i u e s 3 1 9 65 1 0 0- 1 44 .
. — " L emonnayageetlacirculationmon6ta iredansles
c i d en t ( V e - V I I I e s i ec l e , " R N 1 9 43 4 5 -1 1 2.
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R ev iew ofM. Stenberger O landundera ldre j drndldern. in
1 2 4- 2 .
d er ( U p p s a la 1 9 45 .
andsSo lidi " F ornvannen45 1950 160-63.
sB . D enordisk eguldbrak teater. J y sk arkeeo logisk selsk abs
s 1 95 2 .
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" NC 1961 131-43.
nt e li u s F r d n j e r n d ld e rn ( S t oc k ho l m 1 6 9 .
O . M o n t el i us " R o m e r sk a oc h b y a n ti s ka m y nt f u nn a i
gl. vitterhetshistorieochanti v itetsak ademiensmdnadsblad
6 8 1 - 4
ennordisk a j arna ldernskrono logi " Svensk afornminnes-
1 95-97.
Mosser A B ibliographyofB y antineC o inHoards
1 93 5 .
eofL . Nav ille Geneva.
cle.
ard " Guldfundenef radenef terromersk e j arnalder "
ndighedoghistorie1915 173-204.
man D ieV o lk erw anderungs e itGotlands( Stockho lm
svensk ariketsuppk omst( Stockho lm 1925 .
oreningsmedlemsblad.
m Copenhagen.
tiskdrsskrift.
esandMonographsoftheAmericanNumismatic
Guldfyndetfr&n F j arestadiSk ine. E nv ik tigmuseal
v an n en 4 7 1 9 52 2 7 6- 1 .
— T h e R o m an C o in a ge f r om A . D . 3 64 t o 4 23 ( L o n do n 1 9 33 .
o f t he W a r s ( L o e b Cl a ss i ca l L i b r a ry t r . H . B . D e wi n g
91 4- 2 ) .
dv ig— R ev iew ofW. K napke " A ure i-undSo lidi-vor-
derOstsee " A ure i-undSo lidi-vork ommenam
nNordisk numismatisk unionsmedlemsblad A ug. 1944
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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viations
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9- 10 1.
esSwebenre iches " Mitteilungenderbayerischennumismati-
1 9 37 1 5 1- 9 .
m p er i al C o in a ge I X . V a l en t in i an I — T h e od o si u s I ( L o n do n
m at i u e .
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e t d a r ch i ol o gi e V I , 1 8 2 1 6 4- 7 .
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ag u C ol l ec t io n .
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6 2 .
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terhetshistorieochanti v itetsak ademiensmdnadsblad1 92
orisk aMuseum Stockho lm.
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aire " SM11( A pr. 1962 , 73-75.
TheAthenianAgora I I :CoinsfromtheR omanthrough
P r i nc e to n 1 9 54 .
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rnationalNumismaticCongress L ondon1936( L on-
-2 3.
Monnaiesby antines( 4vols. St.P etersburg 1912-14 .
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asiustoL eov igild NNM152( New York 1964 .
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isby Gotland.
der— " Graf f itionO rientalC o insinSwedishV ik ingA ge
ddelandenf rdnL undsuniversitetshistorisk amuseum1955-56
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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viations
M i in d a ti e rt e a us t ra s is c he G r ab f un d e ( B e r li n L e i p i g
andundGotlandgefundenenby antinischenGoldmiin en "
2 5 7- 6 .
r— R omeB eyondtheI mperia lF rontiers( New York
glery— " A nU nk now nSolidusofA nastasiosI , " Numis-
59 154-55.
theF if thC entury " NumismaticC ircular A pr. 1960
tt a A . N. — " M id lu m ( F r . 1 92 5 " J M 4 7 1 96 0 9 4- 96 .
at ' F r i si a ns F r a nk s a nd S a o n s , " B u l l e ti n v an d e v er e en i -
nnisvande antiekebeschavingte' s-Gravenhage
1 4 1 -5 9.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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R O R S 5
I R E
423( A ugustus
455
ber465
l ed I t a ly A u g us t 4 75
er476
R E
( A u gu s tu s J a n ua r y 3 3
A u g u st u s J a n ua r y 40 2
457
uary474
mn474
r475
476
27
65( Augustus
stSte in Histo iredubas-empire( 2vo ls. Paris B russels
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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N
and D enmarkcoverthecenturyanda
dosiusI in395downtothe latterpartof
( ca . 550 . Thisroughlycorrespondsw iththe
tionAge.6Themovementofpeoplesbegan
af terJ ustinian butthebruntof the in-
e lossof theWest w asfe lt inthef if thcentury .
thcentury thethronewasoccupiedby
thetw osonsofTheodosiusI . J ustbefore
osiuse pressedhisdesirethatthetw o
ndArcadius alreadyactingasregentin
medcontro lo f theEastandH onoriusbecame
ermanicthreat whichwastoplague
mostof thefollow ingcentury madeitse lf
withinand fromwithout.P ressingon
sesofbarbariantribes whowantedliving
withinweretheGermanicsoldierswho
mperialarmiesandwhohad insomein-
onsofprominence.Theyprovidedenergy
altywhentestedwas asoftenasnotto
nowtheenemiesof R ome.
w hohadbeensettledinL ow erMoesiaby
edandundertheleadershipofAlaric begana
hMacedoniaandThrace.V irtuallyun-
Greecebeforeturningwestward.I ntheearly
aric andhisforcescarriedout twoin-
esultedinthesack ofR omein410. Under
A laric theyenteredGaulin412. Elsew here
period: J . B . B ury Historyof theLaterR omanEmpire
do s iu s I . t o t he D e a t h o f J u s t i ni a n ( 2 v o l s. L o n do n 1 9 31 ;
t or y v o l. I ( C a mb r id g e E n g . N e wY o r k 1 9 24 ;
conomicandSocia lF oundationsofE uropeanC ivil i a t ion
E r n es t S te i n o p . ci t .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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thef rontiers. I n406 theV andals Suevi
hineandbeganmarchingthroughGauland
too hadestablishedak ingdomaround
andineffectualattemptstoregainthe
adebytheR omans buteventuallythe
ttledinA f rica theV isigothsandSuev iin
ansintheR honeva lleyandtheF rank sinGaul.
sthe westernprovinceswerelostandI taly
eyearsbetweenthedeathof TheodosiusI
to fOdovacarin476 I ta ly suf feredinvasions
s V anda ls O strogothsandHuns. I nnone
attempttoestablishcontroloverI talybut
ravagedthecountryside andw ereableto
ssionsofotherterritoriesfromthe R omans.
thebarbariansw eregivenlandgrantsinI ta lyafter
R omulusA ugustus the lastR omanemperor
itia lthreato fGermanicpressurehadbeen
0.Thene tgreatdangercamefromthe
osiusI tobegintributepaymentsin424.
dsoccasionallyfoughtfortheempirebut
rpose andtheyremainedathreatto
til454. I n451 theH unsandthe ira ll ies
of MauricainGaul.W iththedeathof
esub ecttribesbeganrevoltingandthe
.
ub ecttotheHunsw eretheOstrogoths
ndencein454andwere thensettledas
thapromiseofannualpaymentsfrom
withconditionsthere theyharriedthe
8 w henZ enopersuadedTheodoric k ingof
o leadhisforcesw estw ardandreplaceOdovacaras
sw asaccomplishedby493andI ta ly remained
gothsuntiltherecon uestbyB elisariusand
ustinianI .
ovementofpeoplesbutit wasacostly
suf ferednotonly the lossof theWest in-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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lsoaf inancia ldepletionasthousandsofpoundsof
perialtreasurytopacifythebarbarians.
beganpay ing350poundsofgo ldannually to
uns. WhenA ttilaandB ledasucceededR ugila
ntw asdoubledto700pounds buteventhis
mperialprovincesagainst attack.After
erialarmieswhowere decisivelydefeated
nimmediatepaymentof6000poundsof gold
2100pounds.The paymentscamefrom
ofromV alentinianI I I intheW est.
ontinuedthroughthereignof Theodosius
efusedto meetthedemands.Thecollapse
454 how ever resultedinthe independence
w ereabletoe actannua lpaymentsof100
n.L eowasmorereluctanttomakethese
theOstrogothsrevo ltedin461 forcingL eoto
dandto makeupthepaymentsinarrears.
dby thethreebrothers Walamir Theode-
esentedonebranchof thetribe asecond
nthe imperialarmiesafter454.Thislatter
mandofStrabo revo ltedaf terthedeathof
era lo fGermanicorigin andforcedf romLeoan
ndsof goldinadditiontoterritorial con-
Mastero fSo ldiersandKingof theO strogoths
efor thethronebetweenB asiliscusand
edeathofLeo StrabosupportedB asil iscus
. WhenZ enow asrestoredtopower thea ll iances
asterof SoldierswaspassedfromoneGoth
trnw asrecogni edasK ingof theOstro -
bin4 1le f tTheodoric sGothsastheso le
4 w henZ eno inducedthemtoattack
hemselvesinI taly.Althoughotherbarbaric
theywerelessformidableandweredealt
nerby playingonetribeagainstanother
bythebarbarianswerepresumablymade
presentedintheScandinavianhoardsand
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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fthandsi thcenturies.7Coinswerestruck
periodbutthebron ewasdebasedand
theburdenoftheeconomyrestedupon
w asthesolidusof1/ 72ndofapound w eighing
dbyConstantineI wholoweredtheweight
eenmintedat60to thepoundsincethe
additiontothesolidus asemisorhalf -
11/2scripulumpieceof 1.70gramswere
noteasilye changedforthesolidus
acedin3 3underTheodosiusI by thetriens
w eighing1. 51grams. Thus atthebeginning
dcurrencyconsistedofthesolidus the
olidus wasbyfarthemost commoncoin
ticularthesemiswereq uiterare.
currencyissuedbytheemperorsin the
stherew erebarbariccoinages a lsorepresen-
ds whichreplacedtheimperialcoinage
beforethefallo f I ta ly in476thevariousGermanic
entwithcoinage.Thefirstattemptstook
andcata logues: R . A . G. C arson P . V . H il landJ . P .
m an B r o n e C oi na ge A . D . 3 24 -4 9 ( L o nd on 1 96 0 ; H e n ry .
istori uedesmonnaiesf rappiessousI ' empireromain( 8
s L o nd on 1 8 0 - 9 2 ; J . W . E . e ar ce T he R o m an C oi na ge f ro m
nd on 1 93 3 ; R I C I X V a l e nt in ia n I — T h e od os iu s I ( L o n-
a tt o M on na ie s by a nt in es ( L u ga no 1 93 0 ; J . S ab at ie r D e s -
ai e s by a n ti n es ( P a r is L o n do n 1 6 2 ; J e a n To l st o i
S t . P e t er s bu r g 1 9 12 - 14 O . U l r ic h -B a n s a M on e ta
ce 1949 ; Warw ick Wroth C ata logueof the I mperia l
e B r i t i sh M u se u m ( L o n do n 1 9 0 ) .
a nd e r D i e M i i n e n d er O s t g o th e n ( B e r li n 1 4 4 ; D i e M un -
e i p i g 1 4 9 ; C . F . K e a ry " T h e Co in ag es o f W es te rn
llo f theWesternEmpiretil ltheA ccessionofC harle-
, 4 9 -7 2 1 3 2- 6 5 2 1 6 - 5 ; W a r w ic k W r o th C at a lo g ue o f t he
OstrogothsandL ombardsandof theEmpiresofThessa lo -
o n d in t h e B r i ti s h Mu s eu m ( L o n do n 1 9 11 ; F . F . K r a us
a rs u n d de s O s t g ot e nr e ic h es i n I t a li e n ( H a l le 1 9 2 ) ; P . L e
emonnayageetlacirculationmon̂ ta iredanslesroyaumes
V e - V I I I e s i ec l e , " R N 1 9 43 4 5 - 1 12 W i l he l m R e i nh a rt
lo s an i sc h en R e i c h es d e r W e st g ot e n " D J N I , 1 9 3 , 1 0 7 — 3 5
e st g ot i sc h en R e i c h es v o n To l ed o " D J N I I I , 1 9 4 0 6 9 - 1 01
webenre iches Mitteilungenderbayerischennumismati-
1 9 37 1 5 1- 9 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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cesas theyslippedfromimperialhands
piredbytheneedto fillthegapleft bythe
s.Theseearliest coinageswereimitations
ewissuingauthority.Theirlegendswere
detailsofthe typesomisrenderedasto
somesilverandbron eissueswerestruck
of theGermanicchiefandit isonlythese
edw ithcerta inty . F ortherest andthisis
therearenumerousproblemsinvolved.
terminewhethertheyareofficialorbarbaric
towhatparticulartribetheyshould beassign-
attributedtotheSuev i V anda ls V isigoths
ndiansandF rank s butnota lw aysonfirmgrounds.
ficationarestyle provenanceandthe
ronthelaterissues.Stylealone isoftenan
echeck edagainstotherevidence. F ore -
f " V andalic bron e isnow consideredtobe
idedistributionoutside ofV andalicterri-
ti twasnotV andalicinorigin.9
endsandtypesareanindicationof bar-
a lsotruethatthe I ta lianmintsof thef if th
issuedco inagethatischaracteri edbya
onallegendirregularities.F urthermore
reof crudeworkmanship.TheO strogothic
emonogramofTheodoric areof tene tremely
reto befoundinthecatalogue.Some
ues are identif iableseries othersarepublish-
ic attributionisstilluncertain.Thereare
slybarbaricbut whichbearnocomparison
iththreee ceptionsthesevarietieshave
nScandinavia.
TheA thenianA gora I I : C o insf romtheR omanthrough
P r i nc e to n 1 9 54 , 3 1 o 1f .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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C O M M N TA R Y
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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F T H E C AT A O G U E
omanandB y antineso lidiarek nowntohave
enmark.1Of these726arecurrently
ncollectionsandcompletedescriptionsof
therecords mak ingatota lo f759co ins
hecatalogue.Theremaining124 coins
positedinthe collectionsatanearlydate
egardingthefindplace.2Thusthe material
the8 8 3co insrecordedasf indsinthear-
utthecatalogueisrestricted tothe759coins for
nsareavailablewhilethestudyof thedies
oinsarefurtherlimitedto those726coins
s arrangedbyemperors:first western
omulusA ugustus fo llow edbyeastern
ustinianI . U ndereachemperortheco ins
easternmintsprecedewesternmints.Noat-
stwerecompiledon thebasisofmaterialavailable
7so lidio f theL il lonhoardw ere incorporatedbutno
added.The bulkofthecoinsare intheR oyalCoin
istoriskaMuseuminStockholmandtheNational
few areheldby themuseumsofV isby K a lmar
the ThorvaldsenMuseuminCopenhagen.The
find-list.
edinthe R oyalcollectionsasaresult oftheregality
dSwedenwhichgavetheD anishkingpossessionof
therealmandthe Swedishkingtwo-thirdsofall
thnocompensationtoe itherthef inderortheow nerof
nwhichthef indw asmade. Subse uentlegisla tioninboth
sationforallfindswhich however mustbeoffered
. C f. GeorgGalster " Treasure .trove inD enmark "
nternationalNumismaticCongress L ondon 1936( L ondon
engtThordeman " C o in- f indsinSw eden: L egisla tionand
n t he s a me w o rk 3 2 0- 2 3 S i r Ge o rg e H i l l T r ea s ur e T ro v e in
x f or d 1 93 6 , 1 73 - 4 .
meof thesefindscanbeidentified. N. L. R asmusson
tionof thee ighteenthcenturyE k erohoard( F ind
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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antineSo lidi
rangethe coinsofagiven emperorintheir
ed.I mitationswhichcanbeassignedtoa
terthe regularissues thosewhichcannot
r emperorarelistedatthe endofthe
dedbythe Scandinavianfinds.F or
manygapsinthe ofncinaerecordhavebeen
thertounknownissueshavebeenrecovered.
ofspecial interestinthattheyinclude
specimens.
nsis adisturbingonesincelittle pro-
entifyingandattributingtheseseriesbut
ematerialpresentedhereshouldbeuseful
heseimitativecoinages.I nthecatalogue
sthat areobviouslybarbaric thosewith
therdistinguishingfeatureswhichare
ctsofnon-imperialmints havebeenincluded
heading.Amongtheofficialissuestheremay
dimitationsbut becauseoftheuncertainty
ttorefrainfrommakingany barbaric
befirmlysupported.Alldoubtfulcases
mentary.
nsistentthroughout butastrictcon-
navarietyof officialandnon-officialissues
s thegeneralpatternhasbeenmodifiedas
gendsaregivenatthebeginningof each
oreachco in obverseandreversetypesand
posit ion 3condition f ind-listnumberandcata-
tained.
tisthe initialsectionunderH onorius:
n 3
dtowardafor\ a isandminordev iationsf roma
venotbeennoted.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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ary
g o od . 1 13 e
219
andtypefoundinthe keywhichappears
orius listwhilea1denotesthe reverse.The
thesamelineasA 1a1indicatesthata ll
earthe samemark.I fareferenceis given
a llthecoinsundertheheading butw herecat-
dandseparateentriese istforvariants the
hcoin.4
a isf l w e ightis4.42grams die -posit ionisj ,
ndthecoinbe longstoF indNo. 113ew hichis
iso f thesametypebuthasof f icinaZ , itsw eight
sit ioniscondit ionisw ornandit isf romF ind
B ornholm.
edforthecoinagesof theempresses for
eontiuswherekeysarenotnecessaryandfor
ydonot lendthemselvestotheestablish-
onsarecomparabletothe officialcoinage
uesareused.Someofthe imitations how-
pesandinsuchcases obverseandreverse
ately.F urthermore newkeysweremade
sasius J ustinI andJ ustinianI sincethese
fficialissues arenumerousandforma
theemperoridentifiedinthelegend
waystheissuingauthority.Theodosius for
rta inseriesinthenameofV a lentinian. C o insof
withthoseof theissuingemperorwhenever
seriesthroughoutw hichiscoveredinU lrich-B ansa s
erieswhichwerestruckat differentofficinae however
theheadingofeachissue. F ore ample underTheo-
. 201-207of typeA 1d3are identifiedasSabatier13andTo lsto i
officinaerepresentedinthe Scandinavianfindsare
epublications.Thisarrangementwasnotpossible
ncebothSabatierandTo lstoitreatasoneissueatleast
thiscase areferencetoTolsto iisgivenw itheach
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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antineSo lidi
ermined.Thus coinsofGallaP lacidia
aarelistedunderTheodosiusbecauseit is
rissuesweremadeunderhis authority.
S F A V C
hree- uar-
diademed
ance
m-
diademed
A V C C
AV C C C
A C CC
acing
e inr.
be in
ess
ndard
nglobe
13e
9
ntinople and2 3( Thessa lonica o fTheodosiusI I a re
and4 respectively . Seepage3 .
eodosiusarepara lle lissuestoNo. 3. Seepage3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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ary
teV I I
rich-B ansa61-6171
ate I
137bP late I
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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antineSo lidi
noriushavebeenattributedtoofficial
ularissues butthefollowingaretosome
os.5-6fromthemintofMilan andNos.10-1
how ever arenotnoticeablydif ferentf rom
-B ansa scata logue9andtheR avennapieces
hNos.7-9and 19-21whichareindubit-
eR avennamint.Manyoftheq uestion-
ndthismayaccounttosome e tentfor
tshouldberememberedalsothatdie-
sweresometimesguiltyoferroneous
kmanship.
nty-onecoinsasofficial certainfactors
fall theepigraphyisaccurateandnormal.10
F urthermore thereisnocomparison
sandpublishedimitations.Atthisperiod
hicimitationswereuniformlycrudein
andtheweightsoftheformerwereoften
F H O NO R I U S
R I V S P F A V C R e v. :( V I C TO R I A AV G C G
adem-E mperorinmilitarydress
ed. standingfacing ho lding
r.
a te X I I I
A V f | N
A V S N NC O N O
X I I I
l at e X I I I
V ^ P H H T CC V | N
V V C G CO N O D
is pi. V I , 61-617 ( forco insof irregularstyleseepi. V I ,
C - D ) .
ceptionisNo.15with anuncertainmintmark.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ary
7 P l a t e X I I I
( V I C TO R I A A V C GC
s
n-
ry
n
l a te X I I I
I | \ \
I O T O A l CO I I C O
n . 13 7 b P l a t e X I I I
t e X I I I
V 2 < H A V D ( r e t r og r ad e
V C C Q ( r e tr o gr a de S O M C O
22-2 areobviouslybarbaric.Nos.22-
pe introducedbyV alentinianI I butthe
eanttobe thatofH onoriusandthusthey
iscoins inthecatalogue.11Atthe same
weremanufacturedattheearliestin the
I andprobablyw ella f terhisre ign( seesection
2 . 12Nos. 26-27areof thecustomary type
the sameobversedieasNos.24-25.These
ateH onorius.
eseimitations wherenormallythe
eunusua l. OnNos. 22-23there isasingleN
nbereadasNorH . Nos. 24-25haveV / N
ndNos. 26-27 Thesemark sarenot
pyof anyoftheregularmint marksbut
Nos. 22-23( w hichareof thesamedies ismore
Nos. 24-27butstil l be lieve w astakenf romaco in
thereverseisverysimilar toNos.24-25.
rierson suchhybridim itations sometimesofemperors
arequitecommon.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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y - n
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antineSo lidi
thermeaningcannot atthepresent be
ndicatethattheR omanletterswerenot
ie-cutters.Nos.24-27donot distinguish
ampleandmanyotherlettersareincorrectly
ntthat thenameofH onoriuswasbeing
rmof thelegendappearsonNo.2 which
rade isfa irlyaccurate . Herethemintmark
eMD .
ariccannot bedisputedbutamore
oncernstheirorigin.13Theonlypublishedimi-
entifiedasSuevianorV isigothic.14The
arenotcomparabletoeithergroupand
sttomanyof theSuev ianpieces thew eights
renormal.
NI I I
l AN V S F A V G
N T N ANV S -
hree- uar-
diadem-
dinglance
m-
diademed
TX X X X
AV C GG
I - CO S X V I I ' P - "
X
hold-
nd
tor.
ho lding
ters ontheseandotherimitationsresembleR unic
seof theclosedie linkageandthe irprovenance a
beconsidered.I hopeeventuallytopursuethis
.
R e inhartandLe Gentilhommecitedabove p. x x iv
M. deGuadanandL ascarisC omneno " L ascopiasSuevas
o " N u mm u s V , n o . 17 ( S e pt . 1 95 ) , 1 1 -2 3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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aryn
diademed3Emperorinmilitarydress
o ldingstandingfacing ho ldinglong
ssinl. crossinr. handandV ictoryon
erpent
ess
ndard
nglobe
ress
mappa
.115
l a te V I I I
a te I X
( C O N O B )
e V I I I
usI incommemorationofhistricenna liacelebrated
e i s t fo r T he o do s iu s ( s e e hi s l is t P u l ch e ri a E u d o i a
rsew asa lsousedbyL eo I ( C at. No. 532 .
typeand struckthesecoinsforV alentinian per-
nfrom himwhich however wasnotforth-coming
half.Thecoin canbedatedtothe earlypartof
. A. B o y c e " E u d o i a E u d o c ia E u d o i a : D a t ed S o li d i
A N SM N V I , 1 9 54 1 4 1.
usI incommemorationofhisforty-secondimperium
ipin443.Thetypeis alsoknownforTheodosius
a P l a c i d ia a n d P u l ch e ri a ( s e e u n de r T he o do s iu s . T h is o n e
anand54ofTheodosiusareincludedin theScandinavian
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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antineSo lidi
lrich-B ansago-go
eld
a t e I I
. N D l . a n d r . in f i el d
a te X I X
l a te X I X
. 122
a t e I I
a te X I X
X I X
eI I
3 9
o od . 9 9 P l a te I I
re f il l ed w o rn . 7 2 P l a te X X I I I
a t eI I
e I I
a te I I
l a te I I
thasbeenclipped theco inisdie - l ink edw ithNos. 45-46
t.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary
1 9
mentfor loop worn.137b
I
0
veryworn. 122
20
lled fa ir. 51b
w orn. 212
E H T N A NV S F A V C
l a te I I
E H T N NV S F A V C
a te I I
l a te I I
lf o f co inremains. 56b
butiontoR avennauncerta in.
nusualsty lebutcf. U lrich-B ansa pi. L , h( V a lentinian
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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antineSo lidi
tureonly.219
21 . 2
tureonly.219
21 . 3
tureonly.219
21 . 4
tureonly.203
2 3 .1
N T N A NV 2 F A V C
n d bo r de r w or n . 19 9 P l a t e X X I
4 1
rn . 11 c P l a t eI I
scoinsarewesternand likethoseof
somequestionableof ficia lissues. Thefourco ins
appearancebutnotunlikea particular
whichheconsidersan emergencyissueand
toAttila.20TheR omecoins( Nos.36-51
ntire grouponlyNos.42-43seemwholly
versefieldofNo.39 iscuriousandoften
es( seebelow n. 23 . Sim ilarly amintmark
theusua lrenderingofR Monthebarbaric
e inhart22-26 . MostdoubtfulareNos. 4 -51.
Nos.52- 6 , ontheotherhand aremorehomo-
biousspecimensareNos. 77-7 . I rregular
m however theycomparefavorablywith
mitationsasseen inR einhartandinthis
97.
p. 239andpl. X , 90a— i .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary15
R AT H O N O - R e v. :B O N O R E I P V B L I C A
i c to r y st a nd i ng l . h o ld i ng
adem- longcrossinr. hand.
tureonly.224cCohen1
1
V A E NT N AN I I P 1
l a t e X I I I
o v er w r ea t h w or n . 13 7 b P l a te X I I I
N T N A NV S F A V C
P l at e X I I I
or n . 55 b P l a t e X I I I
I A V A E N T I T AN V S T [ ]
adeofR e inhart sstudyof theV isigothicco inagefor
itationsofV alentinianandmostofthecoins listed
nR einhart. Withoneortw oe ceptions( R e inhart
cialissuesofMilan hisseriesonV alentinianisun-
notcertainthattheyall areV isigothic.The
andin R einhartarepredominantlyofR avenna
elegendbreak identif iesthisco inasaV isigothic( ? )
t10.
fieldisfoundon R einhart17-20whichareofsimilar
oappearsonNos. 39( consideredoff icia l , 91 92and
hthee ceptionofNo. 39a lltheco insbearingsucha
bariccharacter.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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y antineSo lidi
l led veryworn. 205P lateX I I I
a n d b o rd e r v er y w or n . 19 4 P l a t e X X I I
T N ANV S ] A V C
t eX I V
I T I I I A NV S F C
l a te X I V
ak
P l at e X I V
N I A V A E N T H I A NV S F A V G
207P lateX I V
rselegends
MA O R I A NV S F A V C aV I CTO R I A A V GGC
SMA O R I A NV S E A V C
helmeted
cuirass-
hieldin-
ess
glong
oryon
erpent
l a t eI I I
a ir . 1 76 P l a te I I I
e .
w r ea t h c f . R e i nh a rt 1 0 .
rt50.
rt8 w hich how ever hasaw reathintheobverse legend
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary
te I I I
.field
e .
rich-B ansa102
l r i c h- B a n s a 10 2 P l a t e I I I
rich-B ansanotP late I I I
A - N V S F A V G
r.
6 . U l r i c h- B a n s a 10 4 27 P l a t e X X I V
A -A V GGC
; veryw orn. 137b. U lrich-B ansa104
A -A V C C C
a. U lrich-B ansa104P late I I I
A -A V C GC
r i c h- B a n s a no t P l a t e X X I V
l - AN V S E A V C
A -A V C C C
1
wo r n. 1 9 4 P l a te X X I I
- I A N V S F A V G
A -A V C C C
te I I I
7 b P l a t e I I I
a t e I I I
d br e ak . . .O - R I A N V S F A V C
I I I
S M I O R I .. .
t e t ( p . 2 65 r e ad s P F A V C b u t t h e pl a te c l ea r ly s h ow s
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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antineSo lidi
resentanassortmentofcrudeportraits
nerarelyfindsaclean strikingorawell-cut
scometobecharacteristic ofwestern
how ever andonlyoneco incanbeclearly
ion.
dentonthecoinsof Arelateandon
thelatteroccasionallyhaveP E inplace
se legendandallresembleR einhart62butinthis
butiontoabarbaricmintisincorrect.2 L ess
hecoins ofR avennabutthereislittle
oneofthem animitation.
M A O R I A N2 9
l a t e X I V
MA R I A NV S F A V G
E R U S
rselegends
S V E R V S E A V Ga V I C TO R I AAV G GG
SS V E R V S E R P E T -
S V E R V S F A V G
clearlyparto f theof f icia lMilanissuesofMa orianil lustrated
. X I , 1 0 2- 1 04 .
p. 263 considerstheR A strik ingsinthenameofMa orian
mintwhich operatedasasubsidiarymintof
re late mostprobablyofMilan. These issuesarealso
I I (R e inhart51 andL ibiusSeverus(inthiscata logue
mtheyaremorecommon.Thecoinsreveala consistent
ll cutdies buttheycontainepigraphicalirregulari-
tomanyothersinR einhart sserieswhichare
ddition P hil ipGriersonte llsmethatthisseriesis
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary19
diademed
ess
glong
oryon
erpent
rse legendbreak . . . A -A V C C G
ch-B ansa10
r ic h -B a n s a 1 0 P l a te I I I
ch-B ansa109P late I V
- R V S E A V G
1 0
lrich-B ansa112P late I V
rich-B ansa114P late I I I
SS V E R V S E R P E TV A /
lrich-B ansa114
SS V E R V S E R P E TV A /0
a ir. 115
e .
l a te X I X
l a te X I X
a t e X I X
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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antineSo lidi
e .
e .
eryw orn. 190
e .
re a k . . . E - V E R V S F A V C
8
15 P l a te I V
- R V S F A V C
a t e X I X
l a t e X I X
0 P l a te X I X
1 a P l at e X I X
l a t e I V
- E R V S F A V C
a
- E R V S F A V C
tureonly.219
7
eak isthesameasthatof theR omeco ins seepage21.
oclipping inotherrespectsit isregularandisdie -
0.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary21
rusaregenerallycrudebutwithin amint
yofstyle.P ortraitureintheMilanseries
arsebutidentica linstyletotheco insofMa orian
fPE inplaceofPF iscarriedoverf romthe
new legendisa lso introduced DN. . . P E R -
ichcontinuesintothere ignofA nthemius. R omeand
eofeither ofthesevariantse ceptoccasion-
ie positionsforMilancoinsaref which
urationofthe imperialcontrolofthatmint.32
.121-136 aremorenumerousandpresent
tisq uitedistinctiveandintechni uesuperior
nmint.Thenormaldiepositionis I but
nNos. 12 , 130 131and133allo fw hichare
derthanthe otherpieces.
os.137-145 presentstillanotherstyle
ption isuniform. OfparticularinterestisNo.
styleofR ome.Theobverseportraitis
21-136 andthereversehasstylistic
theR omegroup.33TheR avennamint
ow ever andperhapsindicatesthatadie-cutter
metoR avenna.B ecauseofthesimilarities
otrepresentmerelyatransferreddie.34The
vennaisj . 35
myk now ledge hasnotbeenmadeprev iouslyandit is
nofunmarkedspecimenstothat mint( seeunder
B asil iscus . Nos. 617-61 o fZ eno attributedtothe
alsohavediepositionsoff.
eatmentofthecuirass diademtailsandlettering
nthereverse sim ilarit ieswiththeR omeco insare
theangleoftheright armandrightthighand in
break of thisco in(No. 137 isa lsothesameasthat
aP lacidiaw astransferredf romR ometoA uile ia
e t re so r de C he cy ( L o ir et , i n J . G r ic ou rt G . F a br e an d M.
faurie Trisorsmonita iresetpla ues-bouclesde laGauleromaine:
C hi cy X I I e s up pl em en t a " G al li a ( P a r i s 1 95 ) , p . 29 3
" G o ld C o in a ge i n t he L a t e R o m an E m p ir e " i n E s s a y s in
entedtoHaro ldMattingly eds. R . A . G. C arsonandC . H.
ford 1956 , p. 20on. K enta lsopo intsoutaR omereverse
I w hichw asrecutforuseatR avenna.
sNo. 137.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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antineSo lidi
L I B I U S S V E R U S 3
P l a te X I V
C C C
a n d bo r de r v e ry w or n . 1 8 P l a te X X I
SS V I R V S F A V C
a t e X I V
SS V E R V S F A V G
S E R P E T AV C
S F A V C
S E A V C
E M V S F A V G
hree- uar-
diademed
ance
m-
hree- uar-
diadem-
ed ho ld-
diademed
V B L I CA
sandis
ress
w ith
u-
ress
onr.
e be-
ear-
acing
n
inl.
272 nn. 42and45 is notconv incedthattheseco insare
. 1 , n. 29.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary
ch-B ansa121
r. gob. U lrich-B ansa121
rich-B ansa123P lateV
P V B L I CA
rich-B ansa122P lateV
N D
en 1 2 v ar .
ch-B ansa126P lateV
- V S F A V G
ch-B ansa11
1c. U lrich-B ansanotP lateV
- M l V S E A V C
ratureonly.219
8
scoininB re itenste in sarticle isthato f thetypeB 2
a1intheuseofP F A V G insteadofP E A V Ginthe
w asnotava ilabletoB re itenstein how ever( NNA
andpresumably thedescriptionw asobta inedf romrecords.
s thereforeopentoq uestionandtheonlyotherre-
MilanisfoundinU lrich-B ansa no . 116 w hoquotes
ishedbyC . B rambilla ( A ltreannota ioninumismatiche
hisla tterpublicationdoesnotillustratetheco inandthetype
.I tseemspossiblethatin bothinstancestheobverse
ndshouldbePE A V C . Oneof thephotographsof the
av iaMuseuminmypossessioniso f thetypeofU lrich-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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y antineSo lidi
not
la teV
var.
g o od . 1 00 b P l a t e V
lateV
; * b en ea th M ' C O MO B '
la teV
; • / e nc ir cl in g M ' C O M O B '
35a
veryw orn. 19c
R M O B ( n ot ed
l a te X X I V
24aP lateV
C O R M O B
; C O R MO B
samelegendbreak butreadsP E A V G. Thesame
ofthiscatalogue.At anyrate thetypeC2a1with
-M V S E A V Gdoese ista lthoughit isnotrecorded
lrich-B ansa116ispossiblyamisreadingof thistype.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary25
51aP lateV
2
P lateV
TH E M V S F A V C
V B L I CA
3
9P lateV
tureonly.224cCohen7
. 2hasC ohen6butdescription
ndisthereforetypeB 1a1and
tureonly.215b.Cohen6
2
cingportraitappearson thewestern
reversewiththe emperorstandingwith
th e l eg e nd V I C T O R I A A V C G G 3 9 i s re -
t he l e ge n d SA V S R E I P V B L I C A . T h e
ationsofthetypesandlegendsmakethis
andfor almosteverycoinadditionalnotes
the legendbreak theformof themintmark
art100.
hareverseforA nthemiusk now ntomeisC ohen1 ;
C A N TH I M V S s u gg e st s t ha t i t i s ba r ba r ic .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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antineSo lidi
49-156 aretypicalofthatmint inthat
elot.D iepositionsareconsistentlyffor
eandR avenna. Nos. 163-165w ithouttheusua l
tainlyofR ome. I nsty letheyare identica l
tw oof thecoinsbearC O R MOB inthee -
o in No. 166 hasaparticularly crudeportra it
issue.
V S P AV G
diademed
od. 90b
w orn. 212
V G G
ess
glong
oryon
to l.
U l r i c h- B a n s a
vertsto earliertypes currentbefore
mevariations.Thethreecoinsin thiscata-
standingfacingandholdinga longcross
uthis rightfootrestsona stoolratherthan
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ary27
heobverse legendreadsF P A V C ( ratherthan
ereverse legenddiffersf romprev iousissuesindrop-
C C. 41
O S
rselegends
O S F A V C aV I C TO R I A A V GG G:
setypes
ree- uar-1V ictorystandingl. ho lding
diadem- longcrossinr. hand.
dinglance
m-
ef il led w orn. 137b. U lrich-B ansa151
i c h -B a n s a 1 51 P l a te X X I V
ch-B ansa151P lateV I
2U l r i c h -B a n s a 1 49 P l a te V I
MO B w ithoutpe llets
etype introducedbyV alentinianI I I . A nothertype
ar tocoinsofH onoriuswhichshowtheemperor
astandardandaV ictoryonglobe w ithhisle f tfoot
type hasalongcross inplaceofa standardand
onastoo lratherthanonacaptive(C ohen1 . See
90-91foradiscussionof thesechangesandalso L afaurie
n .1 1.
earliercustomoffollowingtheepigraphicalruleof
ndsfortwoaugustionthethrone A V GGGforthree
GlyceriuswiththreeG sarealsoknownand the
au r ie i n " C h 6 c y " 2 9 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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antineSo lidi
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ersewiththelegendV I CTOR I AAV GGC
ypeofthe easterncoinagefromthereign
earsintheWestontheco insof J uliusNepos
alongwithafacingportrait notedearlier
ofAnthemius.
sNeposrepresentadistinctimprovement
cedingemperors.42Thestylisticdifferences
groups how ever arenotasapparentas
.179-1 0 withoutmintmarkotherthan
ofC OMO B , havebeenattributedtoR omeon
oundsthatthismintwasstill inoperation
ntirelyanalogouswith eithertheMilan
J U L I U S N P O S
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aitureresemblesthatontheR omeissuesofA nthemius.
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v e ry w or n . 19 2
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ary29
O S F A V C
b o rd e r f i ne . 1 6 P l a te X I V
uestionablybarbaric. Thef irstonebearsob-
aracteristicofAnthemiusbut alegendof
manyirregularities.Thisis mostunusual.
animitationcouldbeartheobverseof one
fanotherbut heretheobverseportraitis
fAnthemiuswhile thelegendreadsJ ulius
cteateform struck ononesideonlyandthe
romthereverse . I tsw eightisvery low 1. 62
G U S TU S
rselegends
S A CV S T V S F A V C a V I C TO R I A AV G G G:
hree- uar-
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antineSo lidi
usAugustusarewithoutmintmarkbut
Milanco insof J uliusNepos.43O therpara l-
intheuseofpe lle tsbeforeandafterC OMO B 44
hichhavebeenconsistently\ sincethe
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die how ever readsA CV STV S w hereasco ins
memintmarkhavetheconventionalspelling
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S F A V C a CO N CO R D I A AV C CC
A C CC
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ess
ndard
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. 7
; To lsto i29
od. 73. U lrich-B ansa51P late I
lrich-B ansa60P late I
eofZ eno( Nos. 617-61 w ithmintmark andparti-
N o . 62 6 w i th o ut m i nt m a rk ( P l a te V I ) .
n . 4 2.
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not To lsto inot
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S V S F A V C
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A V C C
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TX X X X
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setypes
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diadem-headr. ho ldingsceptre inr.
o ldinglancehandandV ictoryonglobe in
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ess
d
ul-
gendisclearlyaU andnotaV ; the lattera lw ays
om.
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orn. 115
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erced veryw orn. 214b
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ks o f f. € , 6 b e lo w ; T o ls t oi
a c ks o ff . I " , € , S H a n d 0 be lo w
7b
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rced veryw orn. 203
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rced w orn. 137b
15 P l a te V I I
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9 9 P l a te V I I I
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e ry w or n . 1 3
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