LANA HOPKINSON M.A. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS (UK)
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COMPETITIVENESS COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH INNOVATIONTHROUGH INNOVATION
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Intellectual AssetsThe Major Value Drivers of Business in the Modern Economy
5%
72%90%
1978 1998 2004
Intangible Assets Tangible Assets
Source: Value Based Management
Relative significance of intangible assets – knowledge, know-how, business models, processes,
people, etc. –compared to tangible assets in business
1000ventures.com
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Development and application of new ideas or skills for the
purpose of commercialisation of new or improved products,
processes and services which enhance economic and
social prosperity
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Basic researchApplied research
Development
Commerciali-sation
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Old Paradigm/language
Economic Development
Technology push
Co-funding
Federal programmes
Fragmented activities
Parochial state/industry interests
Directing or steering
Regions being dictated toregarding federal programs
New Paradigm/language
Sustainable development
Market pull
Stakeholders leveraging resources
National systems
Integrated programmes
Clusters
Creating partnerships
Regions involved in designing new innovation & technology programmes
A New Paradigm of the Science, A New Paradigm of the Science, Technology & Innovation ProcessTechnology & Innovation Process
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concentrate knowledge assets
host globally competitive firms
create higher-wage jobs
attract scarce global talent and investment
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Networks of firms, R&D and innovation units and training organisations (universities, specialised schools, etc.), sometimes supported by national or local authorities, which co-operate with the aim of innovation and increasing maritime industry's performance.
shipping and logistics shipbuilding and marine equipment ship-broking and insurance offshore energy dredging and extraction hydraulic engineering fisheries coastal tourism marine research
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Clusters promote the fullest development of the potential of the maritime sector
emphasis on cross-industry linkages and complementarities
Example: Special skills acquired in off-shore technology,
feed into innovations in specialised vessels for deep-sea exploration, into the exploitation of the new world of “blue” marine-linked biotechnology, or into investigation of methods for safe extraction and exploitation of energy from methane hydrates.
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Some clusters focus on single geographic regions – often around a major port
while others are multi-centred, bringing together expertise and experience from several coastal sites, often across national boundaries.
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Clusters can act as focal points for maritime expertise, to ensure continuity in the preservation of skills and knowledge.
They can improve links between training and maritime industries, and promote the profile of the sector so as to help attract candidates into nautical colleges and maritime professions.
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Increased competition from low cost countries such as China, Vietnam, India, Romania, etc.
Competition from technology advanced and knowledge based economies such as South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Norway, Netherlands, etc.
Success factors: Being at the forefront of technological advances
related to design, production systems and methods; interaction between members in a value chain; cultural understanding; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ; adoption of best practices among companies
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1. Denmark: open cluster, some very advanced players
2. Germany: large, balanced and almost complete cluster
3. Great Britain: large maritime cluster with geographical specialization, advanced services in London and offshore in Aberdeen
4. Japan: large, advanced and complete cluster with some signs of decline
5. Norway: almost complete, globally oriented cluster with many leading
6. Singapore: open easy-to-access cluster serving as a gateway to Asia
7. The Netherlands: old maritime traditions, dominated by ports, interesting public policy for developing the maritime cluster
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China: fast-growing economy with some of the largest shipping companies in the world
South Korea: world leader in ship-building, stimulated by an active industrial policy
Greece: single-dimension cluster with one of the largest shipping industries in the world
Houston, USA: global oil and gas center with substantial maritime elements
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The cluster’s size, importance, completeness, growth and composition
The regulatory regime of the country, especially concerning maritime policy
The general prospects of the country or region
Practical matters - availability of relevant data - and the accessibility of key actors in the cluster
Centre for Value Creation
(Norwegian School of Management BI)
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MARITIME CLUSTERRoyal NavyDefence
Shipping
Logistics &
transport
Offshore
Energy
Dredging
Construc- tion
Fishing
Fish producing
and processin
g
Yachting
Recreation and
tourism
Marine equipment
Machinery
Ports
Port related
industry
Maritime services
Service industry
Ship-building
Metal handling
Metal working
LANA HOPKINSON, 2009 Based on: H.P.L.M. Janssens
Inland shipping
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Source: Thomas Saxegaard, Maritimt Forum Norway
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Companies are internationally competitive and grow fast The cluster is dynamic, innovative and competent However, Norway loses market shares– due to a tax
regime that has been unfavorable for shipping companies
Countries compete to attract activities – not companies
Norway is competitive for knowledge intensive maritime activities– Execution of ownership – HQ functions, investments, strategic management and governance◦ Financial, legal and other sophisticated services◦ R&D and education◦ Advanced, tailor-made equipment, systems and
moduls, particularly for offshore purposes
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Clusters can help respond to environmental considerations:
e.g. effective collaboration to apply high-tech engineering and design to alternative ship propulsions or ballast water-free ships
Combining complementary activities by marine research institutes can also boost understanding of the impact of maritime activities on the environment – and how to minimise damage
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Strategy for decisions and activities to adapt system behaviour to the natural ecosystem behaviour
Tool to develop a dynamic system to manage human activity, with the following basis:
1) minimize energy and material use2) guarantee an acceptable life quality for the people3) minimize or decrease the environmental impact of
human activity to levels that natural systems could stand
4) maintain economical activity of trade and industrial systems
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Products, supplies and processes Buildings and installations Material and energy flows Relations and interactions among companies
Neighbours and society Institutions
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