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KVL & KCLEXPERIMENT NO. 10
OBJECTIVE : To measure the resistances using colour code and multimeter & To verify KCL &
KVL
Submitted by :
Priyam Gupta IT(Ist Year) 03910403110
Aman Gupta IT(Ist Year) 04010403110
Session : 2011
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
CERTIFICATE 3
APPARATUS 4
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE 4
MULTIMETER 5
D.C.SOURCE 6
THEORY 7
K.C.L. 7
K.V.L. 8
PROCEDURE 9
OBSERVATION 10
CALCULATIONS 11
PRECAUTIONS 12
VIVA-VOCE 13
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Devraj Singh, Department of Applied Science,
Amity School of Engineering and Technology who supported us with his invaluable
guidance and support. Without his support, completion with perfection could have
remained a dream. He worked like a driving force to accomplish our project.
Also, we would like to thank library incharge and lab assistant of Amity School of
Engineering and Technology for their valuable support.
And, last but not the least, we would like to thank our classmates who always kept ourmorale high even during our hard time.
Priyam Gupta
Aman Gupta
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project NAMED K.C.L. & K.V.L. done by Priyam Gupta andAman Gupta of ITIst year is a genuine work carried out by them under my guidance
and inspection.
Dr. Devraj Singh,
Dept. of Applied Physics
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APPARATUS
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a
steady electrical current. An object of uniform cross-section will have a resistance
proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross section area and
proportional to the resistivity of the material.
It was discovered by George Ohm in late 1820s
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The resistance of a resistive object determines the amount of current through the object
for a given potential difference across the object in accordance with ohms law
[ So it is inversely proportional to the flow of current ]
MULTIMETER
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. A standard multimeter
may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.
These are of two types:
Digital Multimeter
Analog Multimeter
Note:We are dealing with Digital Multimeter in the experiment.
A multimeter is used for many reasons. They are :
Fault Finding
Bench work Instrument
To troubleshoot electrical problems.
Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter
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D.C.SOURCE
D.C.Source provides with direct current.
Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by batteries,
solar cells etc. It flows in a conductor but can also pass through semiconductors, insulators or
even through vaccum.
It is used as a main source of power supply.
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THEORY
Kirchhoffs circuit laws are two equalities that deal with charge and energy (conservation) in
electrical circuits. They were first described by Gustav Kirchhoff. Widely used in electrical
engineering.
The two laws are
Kirchhoffs Current Law [K.C.L.]
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law [K.V.L.]
KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW [K.C.L.]
It states that at any point in an electrical circuit that doesnt represent a capacitor plate,
the sum of (concepts) currents flowing towards the point is equal to the sum of currents
flowing away from that points.
Adopting the conventions that every current flowing towards the point is positive and
every current flowing away is negative, this principle can be stated as
[ n is the total number of current flowing towards or away from the point ]
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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW [K.V.L.]
This law is also called the Kirchhoffs second law, Kirchhoffs loop (or mesh) rule
The directed sum of the electric potential differences around any close circuits must bezero.
Similar to K.C.L. it can be stated as:
[ here n is the total no. of voltage measured ]
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PROCEDURE
Measure the value of resistances with the help of colour code and
multimeter.
Connect the multimeter in parallel combination to component for voltage
measurement and rotate the knob of multimeter towards D.C. voltage.
Measure the voltage across different components using multimeter.
Calculate the equivalent resistance and currents. Then verify the K.C.L. and
K.V.L.
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OBSERVATIONS
1. Table for resistance:
Type of source R1 R2 R3 R
Colour code 23.0 47.0 18.0 36.15
Multimeter 21.9 46.5 19.2 35.98
2. Voltage and current using Multimeter:
E = 2.3 v
Vab = 1.22 v
Vbc = 1.02 v
Vac = 2.3 v
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CALCULATIONS
I1= Vab/R1 = 0.05 A
I2 = Vbc/R2 = 0.02 A I3= Vbc/R3 = 0.03 A
I4 = Vac/R = 0.058 A
For Verification:
Vac = Vbc+ Vab
= 1.02 + 1.22
= 2.24
i.e. 2.3 ~ 2.24
&I = 0.058 A
I1 = 0.05 A
I2 + I3 = (0.02 +0.03) A = 0.05 A
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PRECAUTIONS
o Handle the wires carefully.
o Connect the D.C.Source properly.
o Use the multimeter properly.
o Switch off the source as soon as possible.
o Prevent heating up of the wire.
o Calculate the value of resistance(from colour code and multimeter) efficiently.
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VIVA-VOCE
Ques. #1 : Define K.V.L. & K.C.L.?
Ans. #1 : K.V.L.: It states that the algebraic sum of changes in potential around anyclosed path of electric circuit involving resistors and cell in the loop is zero
i.e. V=0
K.V.L.: It states that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction in
a closed circuit is zero.
i.e. I=0
Ques. #2 : Difference b/w K.C.L. & K.V.L.?
Ans. #2 :
Sr. no. K.C.L. K.V.L.1. This law support the law
of conservation ofcharge.
This law supports thelaw of conservation ofenergy.
2. According to this lawI=0
According to this lawE=IR
3. Used in open & closedcircuits.
This law can be used ina closed circuit only.
Ques. #3 : What is colour coding of resistance?
Ans. #3 :
B Black
B Brown
R Red
O Orange
Y - Yellow
G Green
B Blue
V Violet
G Grey
W White
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COST OF APPARATUS
Resistances
Multimeter
D.C. Source
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