The term malaria originates from Italian: mala
aria — "bad air“ in 18th century.
Formerly called ague or marsh fever due to its
association with swamps and marshland
In 1897, Ronald Ross established the life cycle
of plasmodium and identified that infection was
transmitted by Anopheles.
Problem statement
216 million cases of malaria in 2011 and an
estimated 660 000 deaths
Fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000
Africa account for over 40% of the estimated total of
malaria deaths globally.
Cause specific malarial mortality rate – 19.8 per lac
population.
7% of under 5 mortality (cerebral malaria &
anaemia).
India
95 % malaria prone area
Unevenly distributed
1.5 - 2.million cases annually / yr
27% - high transmission areas.
(High transmission >1 case/ 1000 popln)
92% of cases & 97% of death – north-eastern states.
API has declined from 3.29 (1995) to 1.10 (2011)
Vectors:
LIFE SPAN: 10- 12 days
CHOICE OF HOST : anthrophilic species
RESTING HABITS : endophily, exophily
BREEDING HABITS: moving water, wells, fountain,
garden pools (clean water)
TIME OF BITING : night time
An. culicifacies- rural , periurban An. fluviatilis- forest, hilly areaAn. stephensi – urban, industrialAn. minimus – foot hillsAn. philippinensisAn. sundaicus
PreventionStratification of the problem
◦Case detection◦Early diagnosis and treatment◦Sentinel surveillance
Integrated vector controlNational vector borne disease
control programme
Main activities of NVBDCP
Formulating policies & guidelines Technical guidance Planning ,Monitoring & evaluation Coordination of activities with national organization Collaboration with international organisation Training Facilitating research Coordinating control activities
Malarial Indices ABER = No. of blood smears examined during the year x 100
Population covered under surveillance
API = Confirmed cases of malaria during one year x 1000 Population covered under surveillance
SPR= No of blood smears found positive for malaria parasite x 100 No. of blood smear examined
MDG 6 : Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Indicators Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with
malaria
6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under
insecticide-treated bed nets
6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who
are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugs
6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated
with tuberculosis
6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and
cured under directly observed treatment short
course
Roll Back malaria
• RBM is a global partnership founded in 1998
by (WHO), (UNDP), (UNICEF) and the World
Bank with the goal of halving the world's
malaria burden by 2010.
• It forges consensus among key actors in
malaria control, harmonises action and
mobilises resources to fight malaria in endemic
countries and to improve and support capacity
to scale up action against malaria.
RBM's four pillars of action
ROLL BACK MALARIA is promoting four main strategies
to pursue its goal of halving the world's burden of
malaria by 2010. The strategies are evidence-based
Prompt access to treatment
Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)
Prevention and control of malaria in pregnant women
Malaria epidemic and emergency response