Kingdom Animalia notes:1. In your own words, define:
a. Ectodermb. Endodermc. Mesodermd. Invertebratee. Vertebrate f. Carnivoreg. Herbivore
h. Omnivorei. Symmetryj. Asymmetry
k. Bilateral symmetryl. Radial symmetrym. Cephalizationn. notochord
2. List the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia3. Describe the different types of body cavities including explaining coelom, coelomate, acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, mesodermal, peritoneum)
ANSWERS:a. Ectoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will form
the outer part of the body b. Endoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will form
the inside of the body c. Mesoderm – the layer of the gastrula that will
form muscles, reproductive organs, kidneys, blood vessels and bone.
Embryonic Development
SPERM
EGG
MORULA
BLASTULA
Gastrula Development
ECTODERM
MESODERMENDODERM
ANSWERS:d. Invertebrate – animal with no backbonee. Vertebrate – animals with notochord (at some
stage of their life)f. Carnivore – animals that eat other animalsg. Herbivore – animals that only eat plantsh. Omnivore – animals that eat both plant and
animalsi. Symmetry – refers to the pattern of body plans in
animals and is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts
j. Asymmetry – lacking balanced distribution
k. Bilateral symmetry – right & left halves are mirror images
l. Radial symmetry – symmetry around a central axis
m. Cephalization – concentration of nerve tissue at the anterior end of the animal’s body (e.g. brain)
n. Notochord – flexible rod-shaped body that runs lengthwise along the dorsal surface beneath the nerve cord (turns into vertebrae column in most vertebrates)
3 types of symmetry:
Asymmetrical Radial Bilateral
EVOLUTION 7
Symmetry
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Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia
Characteristics:– Eukaryotic– All multicellular– All heterotrophic– Motile (moveable)– Most reproduce
sexually, some asexually or both
Classification of Animals
• Organisms are grouped into taxa on the basis of similar characteristics
• Evolutionary patterns are evident as animals developed more complexity
• Characteristics for classification:1. Tissue organization2. Symmetry3. Gastrulation4. Body Cavities
1. Tissue Organization• Tissue: Group of similar cells from the same
developmental origin that work together to carry out a specific function.
• Tissues group and function together to form organs.
• Organs working together are called a system
2. Symmetry• Organisms may exhibit asymmetry, radial
symmetry or bilateral symmetry.• More complex organisms tend to be
bilaterally symmetrical
3. Gastrulation
• A developing zygote forms a hollow ball of cells.
• The ball of cells folds inward forming an opening and inner cavity
• The opening will develop and form either:– Mouth (Protostome)– Anus (Deuterostome)
4. Body Cavities
• Body Cavity: Fluid filled space between the outer covering (ectoderm) and lining of the gut cavity (endoderm)
• Acoelomate: Organisms with no fluid filled body cavity
• Pseudocoelomate: Fluid filled cavity partially lined by mesoderm
• Coelomate: Cavity fully lined by mesoderm
Body Cavities
Animal Phyla we will study:Porifera
• Sponges• 10,000 known species• Calcareous, glass, coralline (tropical), demosponges
(like the bath sponge)
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Cnidaria
• Sea anemone• Coral• Jellyfish• Hydra
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Platyhelminthes
• Planarians• Flukes• Tapeworms
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Nematoda
• Roundworms
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Annelida
• Oligochaeta: Earthworms• Hirudinea: Leeches• Polychaeta:
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Mollusca
• Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels• Gastropods: Snails, nudibranchs• Chitons• Cephalopods: Squid, Octopus
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Echinodermata
• Sea urchin• Sand dollar• Sea star• Sea cucumber
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Arthropoda
• Spiders• Crustaceans (crab, lobster)• Insects
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Chordata (Vertebrates)
• Animals with a backbone
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Phylum Porifera“pore bearers”
SPONGES
Brain Sponge
Cloud Sponge
Sponges – Simplest Animals
• Sponge embryos does not have any layers, just cells.
• No specialized tissues or organs• Many similarities to colonial single celled
organisms• Classified in Kingdom Animalia because they
are eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic
Characteristics:
• Body type: asymmetrical
• Ecological roles: – food source– homes/shelter– symbiotic with bacteria
• Body organization : – Diploblastic– 2 germ layers: endoderm
and ectoderm.
• Body cavity: acoelomate
Characteristics continued:• Digestive system:
– Filter feeders – using ostia, collar cells, food vacuoles & osculum
• Reproduction: – Sexual: hermaphroditic
• Sponges undergo metamorphosis from free swimming larvae to sessile adult
– Asexual: budding, branching, & fragmentation
Characteristics continued:
Characteristics continued:
• Circulation: diffusion
• Nervous system: none
• Respiration & excretion: diffusion
• Habitat: aquatic – oceans and lakes
Additional Characteristics:
• Sessile – cannot move (larva is motile)
• Able to regenerate = can regrow missing or damaged body parts.
• Simplest and most primitive animals
• Has spicules – glass-like structures that give support and structure
The Wonderful World of Sponges (start at 1 minute):http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o&NR=1&feature=fvwp
You tube sponge reproduction:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o
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