Khaled Daoud Wind Energy Division National Energy Research
Center 1 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 2
The Worlds Energy Resources Are Limited! Conventional Energy
Resources o Oil o Coal o Natural Gas ENERGY RESOURCES 2 Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 3
3 Renewable Energy Sources WindSolar Water Biogas Geothermal
Biomass Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 4
4 Renewable Energy Sources SOLAR T Transformer Your Home
Distribution Lines Biogas Wind Biomass Geothermal Water G Generator
All renewable energy, ultimately come from the sun. Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 5
5 Why Renewable Energy? The growth of energy demandFast
depletion of fossil fuel. Global environmental problems. 5 Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 6
6 Renewable energy resources may be used directly Or indirectly
to create other more convenient forms of energy. Examples of direct
use are solar ovens, geothermal heating, and water heating and
water pumping by windmills. Examples of indirect use which require
energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines
or photovoltaic cells, or production of fuels RENEWABLE ENERGY
Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 7
7 Wind energy is a sub-product of solar energy Earth receives
1.74 x 10 17 W of solar energy - 2% of it is transformed to winds
Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the moving winds Wind Energy
Resource March 29, 2012Jordan Engineers Association
Slide 8
Wind Energy Resource Reason: unevenly radiation of earth
surface by the sun The regions around equator, at 0 latitude, are
heated more by the sun than the rest of the globe 8 Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 9
Wind Energy Resource Hot air is lighter than cold and will rise
into the sky until it reaches approximately 10 km altitude and will
spread to the North and the South. If the globe did not rotate, the
air would simply arrive at the North Pole and the South Pole, sink
down, and return to the equator 9 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch
29, 2012
Slide 10
Wind Energy Resource The Coriolis force Due to the earth
rotation, any movement on the Northern hemisphere is diverted to
the right (left in the southern) if we look at it from our own
position on the ground. Named after the French mathematician
Gustave Gaspard Coriolis 1792-1843 10 Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 11
Wind Energy Resource Global winds and Coriolis force The wind
rises from the equator and moves north and south in the higher
layers of the atmosphere. Around 30 latitude in both hemispheres
the Coriolis force prevents the air from moving much further. At
this latitude there is a high pressure area, as the air begins
sinking down again. As the wind rises from the equator there will
be a low pressure area close to ground level attracting winds from
the north and south. At the poles, there will be high pressure due
to the cooling of the air. 11 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29,
2012
Slide 12
Wind Energy Resource The geostrophic wind The global winds are
the geostrophic winds. They are largely driven by temperature
(pressure) differences and are not very much influenced by the
surface of the earth. Geostrophic winds are found at altitudes
above 1 km above ground level. Surface winds Winds are very much
influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 metres. The
wind will be slowed down by the earth's surface roughness and
obstacles. Wind directions near the surface will be different from
the direction of the geostrophic wind because of the earth's
rotation (i.e. Coriolis force). When dealing with wind energy, we
are concerned with surface winds, and how to calculate the usable
energy content of the wind. 12 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch
29, 2012
Slide 13
Wind Energy Resource Surface Winds: Sea Breeze Land masses are
heated by the sun more quickly than the sea during daytime. The air
rises, flows out to the sea, and creates a low pressure at ground
level which attracts the cool air from the sea. At nightfall there
is often a period of calm when land and sea temperatures are equal.
13 Monsoon Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 14
Wind Energy Resource Surface Winds: Land Breeze At night the
wind blows in the opposite direction. The land breeze at night
generally has lower wind speeds, because the temperature difference
between land and sea is smaller at night. 14 The monsoon known from
South-East Asia is in reality a large-scale form of the sea breeze
and land breeze, varying in its direction between seasons Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 15
Wind Energy Resource Surface Winds: Mountain Winds They
originate on south-facing slopes (north-facing in the southern
hemisphere). When the slopes and the neighbouring air are heated
the air ascends towards the top following the surface of the slope.
At night the wind direction is reversed. 15 Foehn in the Alps in
Europe, Chinook in the Rocky Mountains Zonda in the Andes. Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 16
Wind Energy Resource Local winds: Mistral flowing down the
Rhone valley into the Mediterranean Sea, Scirocco, a southerly wind
from Sahara blowing into the Mediterranean sea. 16 Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 17
Wind Energy Resource 17 Wind systems in the Mediterranean sea
region Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 18
Wind Energy Resource Atmospheric boundary layer At 1 km above
ground level, the wind is not influenced by the surface of the
earth at all (geostrophic winds). In the lower layers of the
atmosphere, however, wind speeds are affected by the friction
against the surface of the earth. 18 Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 19
Wind Energy Resource Friction is created due to the roughness
of the terrain and the influence of obstacles Forests and large
cities slow the wind down considerably Concrete runways in airports
slow the wind down a little. Long grass and shrubs and bushes slow
the wind down considerably. Water surfaces are even smoother have
even less influence on the wind 19 Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 20
Wind Energy Resource 20 Effect of Obstacles Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 21
Wind Energy Resource Effect of Obstacles 21 Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 22
Wind Energy Resource sea beach grass trees hills woods
buildings cities valleys & mountains 22 wind from sea
Meteorology Affecting the wind: Temperature Roughness Obstacles
Orography Thermals Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 23
Wind Resource Assessment 23 1.The Power in the wind is
proportional to Cube of the wind speed (10% difference in wind
speed makes about 33% change in wind power). This is the primary
reason for wind resource assessment. 2.Wind speed, wind shear*,
turbulence** and gust intensity all need to be specified when
procuring a wind turbine and designing its foundation.etc.
3.Turbine manufacturers concerns max. turbulence intensity (16%),
max. wind shear acting on blade area (0.2) and max. one second gust
used for foundation design Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29,
2012
Slide 24
Wind Resource Assessment 24 * Wind shears (large differences in
the mean wind speed over the rotor) give large fluctuating loads
and consequently fatigue on the wind turbine blades, because the
blades move through areas of varying wind speed. ** Turbulence
causes dynamic loads on wind turbines. The strength of the
turbulence varies from place to place. Over land the turbulence is
more intense than over the sea Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch
29, 2012
Slide 25
Wind Resource Assessment 25 Wind Resources assessments are the
cornerstone of identifying and mitigating risks and for realizing
the potential rewards from a project. Without wind resource, no
wind project will even be viable. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch
29, 2012
Slide 26
Wind Resource Assessment 26 Site Visits and Evaluations The
evaluator should use the following:- The site topographical map A
Global Positioning System (GPS) A Camera A compass Visits should be
conducted to all suitable areas with the main goals of verifying
site conditions. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 27
Wind Resource Assessment 27 Preliminary Area Identification
based on information such as : previous wind data, Topography,
Flagged trees..etc. A new wind measurement sites can be selected.
Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 28
Wind Resource Assessment 28 Prevailing Wind Direction Important
to check direction when setting up instrument Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 29
Wind Resource Assessment 29 Griggs Putman Wind Index This index
is based on the permanent tree deformation caused by wind and is
useful for estimating the average wind speed in an area. Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 30
Wind Resource Assessment 30 Information in the resource
assessment will include :- Daily average wind speeds Monthly
average wind speeds Annual Average wind speeds Frequency
distribution Wind Rose Wind power density Turbulence intensity
Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 31
Wind Resource Assessment 31 The basic tool for estimating
energy production. It shows the % of time that the wind blowing at
certain speed. The wind speed are binned, meaning that wind speed
between 0 - 1 m/s are binned as 1 m/s, 1 - 2 m/s are binned as 2
m/s, and so on. Frequency Distribution Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 32
Wind Resource Assessment 32 To assess a sites wind power
production potential, the wind speed frequency distribution must be
multiplied by a representative wind turbine power curve. X Jordan
Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012 Frequency Distribution Power
Curve Energy Production X
Slide 33
Wind Resource Assessment 33 Wind rose is a useful tool to know
the wind direction. It is a valuable tool for project layout and
micro-siting Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 34
Wind Resource Assessment 34 Wind Power density (W/m) It is
defined as the wind power available per unit area swept by the
turbine blades. It is a true indication of wind energy potential in
the site than wind speed alone. Its value combines wind speed
distribution and air density. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29,
2012
Slide 35
Wind Resource Assessment 35 Wind Power Class Table Wind Class
Resource Potential Wind Power Density W/m Wind Speed W/S 1Poor<
200< 5.6 2Marginal200 - 3005.6 - 6.4 3Moderate300 - 4006.7 7.0
4Good400 5007.0 - 7.5 5Very Good500 - 6007.5 8.0 6Excellent600 -
8008.0 - 8.8 7Outstanding> 800> 8.8 Jordan Engineers
AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 36
Wind Resource Assessment 36 Once this assessment is completed,
an accurate picture of wind resource at the site should be clear
Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012
Slide 37
37 Thank You Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012