DINJII ZHUH GINJIKNAG WAN TR'I.t.TS~JJ
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GWICH'INJUNIOR DICTIONARY
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DINJII ZHUH GINJIKNAGWAN TR'I.tTS~JJ
Compiled by Katherine PeterAlaska Native Language Cente~
As a Joint Project of theNational Bilingual Materials Development Center
and the Alaska Native Language Center
Printed by theNational Bilingual Materials Development Center
Rural Education AffairsUniversity of Alaska
2223 Spenard RoadAnchorage, Alaska 99503
Dr. Tupou L. Pulu, Director
Illustrated byJ. Leslie Boffa
,"y
GWI CH'INJUNIOR DICTIONARY
1/79/300
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This work is being done pur su an t to Federal Grant#G007805056, Title VII, Office of Bilingual Edu-cation. It is reproduced in its. pr.esent form forfield testing only. All righfs, are,reserved. Al-though this publication was prapare~ pursuant to agrant from the U.S. office of Education, no offi-cial endorsement by the U.S.Offi~~ of Educationshould be -Ln f er r ed .':
INTRODUCTION{
INTRODUCTION
The Gwich I in language is spoken in the following villages inAlaska: Arctic Village, Birch Creek, Chalkyitsik, Circle, Fort Yukonand Venetie. This dictionary was written primarily for use in bilin-gual classrooms in those villages. It is by no means a complete lexi-
. {con of the Gwich'in language, but only a sampling of it. The purposeof the dictionary is to enable students to look up the Gwich I inequivalents of common conversational English words and phrases.Gwich I in speakers will be able to tell students other ways to saysome of these things, but we have tried to list here the simplest andmost usual words that people use to express their ideas in everydayspeech. The choice of content and format is discussed further on inthis Introduction.
1. OrthographyThe spelling system used in this dictionary is the present
Gwich'in practical orthography in the form now being used in Gwich'inreading materials for the schools and the general public. The charton the following page shows the alphabet. This spelling system wasdeveloped by Richard Mueller of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
There are a few ~pecial topics that we should discuss briefly inconnection with using this alphabet.
A. Consonants Plus "y"Almost every consonant used in Gwich I in can be varied by com-
bining it with a "y" sound which comes between the consonant and thevowel tha t follows it. These consonant-pI us-y combinations (repre-sented Cy) have not been listed in the alphabet chart. because theyare regular in their occurrence.
B. Sounds with "r"Gwich I in has a
include the letternumber of in this writing
retroflex sounds,sounds thatare called
systemwhich"r". These
means that when a speaker makes the sounds, he curls the tip of histongue a little toward the back of his mouth. Compare the way you say
The Gwich'in Alphabet
Consonants
Stops and AffricatesPlainAspiratedGlottalized
FricativesVoicedVoiceless
SonorantsVoicedVoiceless
d dl ddh dz dr j gt tl tth tz tr ch kt I tl' tth' tsl trl ChI k'
v I dh z zhr zh ghf* 1 th s shr sh kh h
m n r ynh rh
*used only in loan words
Vowels **Long Short
High Front ii iHigh Back uu uMid Front ee eMid Back 00 0
Low Central aa a
** All vowels may also be nasalized, indicated in writing by a nasalhook (l) beneath the vowel letter(s).
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the English words "read" and "seed" to understand how this works.Gwich'in retroflex sounds are clear and simple to wri te: r, dr, tr,tr', rh, shr, and zhr. The sounds represented by r, rh, and zhr needto be discussed, however.
The plain "r" is used in the present wri ting system for twoslightly different sounds. The first of these is the sound we hear inch'ara'aa 'we're eating'. This particular "r" comes from the soundtrio We continue to use the letter "r" to represent this sound whereit occurs previous to a stem in a word. The single letter "r" is alsoused at the end of a word to represent a similar sound, as in yahvir'he's boiling. it'. This stem-final r has appeared in some ANLCpublications written as zhr~ Under the present standardized system,
,stem-final voiced r is always written simply as r.
The other r sound tb~t occurs at the end of Gwich'in stems isvoiceless r, which is written rh, as in dzirh 'mitten'.
In the present writing system, shr and zhr should never appearat the end of a word. However, these two retroflex fricatives occurat the be qi.nni.nqtof stems in Gwich' in. The voiced one is zhr, and thevoiceless one shr , Say the words shrii 'knife' and zhrii 'only' to
l \
hear the difference. Stem-initial zhr was written with a plain r insomeANLC publications, as you may notice if you use these books.Under the standard writing system, the r sound at the beginning of astem is always written zhr or shr, not plain r.
C. Final "h"The letter h is always written at the end of a word following a
short vowel which is not followed by a consonant or a glottal stop.When a word ends in a long vowel, no h is written. To hear thedifference, say the-words shoh'bear' (short 0) and shoo 'happiness'(long 00).
D. Using the byphenThe hyphen (-) is currently being used in written Gwich'in for
the following purpose: to connect two or more words which incombination have a special meaning.
In.some Gwich'in-school materials being used today, noun phrases
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like luk chao 'king salmon' and shah zhr~~~ 'black bear' are writtenluk-choo and shoh-zhraii. This was done because it was thought that" \ \
otherwise luk chao might be interpreted as' big fish', the litera 1meaning of the Gwich' in words. ('Black bear' is the same in bothGwich'in and English, of course.) There are some problems caused bythis practice, though, and we felt that the difficulties outweighedany possible benefits of continued use of this practice.
E. Spelling Loan WordsLoan words are words which have come into a language rather
recently from another language (for instance, from English intoGwich'in, or from Spanish into English), but which are used insentences as if they were native words. In Gwich' in conversationtoday, some English words which do not have simple Gwich'inequivalents are used in the midst of Gwich' in sentences. The rulethat has been adopted for Gwich'in school materials is to spell thesewords in the usual English way, rather than transcribing the soundsas a Gwich'in speaker says them. Thus, for example, although a personsaying the word "milk" in a Gwich' in sentence might pronounce it"milik," following the sound rules of Gwich'in, we would still writeit "milk." This helps children learning to spell both Gwich' in andEnglish, whereas spelling the loan words phonetically might verylikely confuse them about English -spelling. There are a fewexceptions to this rule when loan words have been in the Gwich' inlanguage for a long time and have been much changed from theiroriginal English pronunciation, for instance saloojik 'pancake' (froman old dialect Americanism "slapjack"), or tuuvit "twenty-five cents"(from the English colloquialism "two bits").
There is another group of loan words which came into theGwich'in language at an earlier time, during the last half of thenineteenth century. Most of these come from the French language as itwas spoken in Canada at that time. These words have become such awell known and common part of the Gwich' in .language that we spellthem as if they were native words. Indeed, most people today think ofthem as native words. Here are some examples: lidii 'tea' (from 'Iethe' ): mahs~' 'thank you' (from 'merci'); lavasdaa 'feast I (from 'la
IV
fete' ); faa 'fancy' (from 'fin'). Notice that there are two lettersin these words which only rarely occur in native Gwich' in words: mand f.
F. Nasalization of VowelsAll vowel sounds in Gwich' in may be pronounced in two ways:
\
plain, where the air used in producing the sound is directed throughthe mouth, and nasalized, where the air is directed through the nose.Nasalization is indicated in tqe Gwich'in spelling system by a markcalled the nasal hook ((). To hear the difference between a plain anda nasalized vowel, say vatoo Ihis cane' and too 'night'.
( t
There is a close relationship between nasalization of vowels andn following vowels. This is apparent in several of the more commonpatterns of dialect variation shown in entries in the dictionary. Forexample, in one dialect a speaker may say ninghyuk 'a long time', andin another dialect someone may say the same word niighyuk. Another
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area of variation is seen when n is dropped between two vowels in aseries of prefixes. The n leaves its effect as nasalization of theresulting vowel sound, as in these pairs:
git'eenaachii or gat'aachii,t - ." lL
she's leaning against it
ch'ineedzit or ch'eedzit,~ .
bumblebeeFinally, when a verb stern beg ins wi th nd or nj and is preceded by avowel plus h, the n sound from the verb stern is sometimes dropped andappears as nasalization of the preceding vowel. We see this in boththe words meaning lit shines':
ch'ahndit or ch'ahdit~ch'ahndok or chlahdok~
A few common words which are nasalized by older Gwich'inspeakers are beg inning to be said by younger speakers w it h a plainvowel and final n, perhaps because of the influence of Englishsounds. Younger .speakers may say laiin instead of l~~~ for 'dog', ortoon instead of too for 'nightl.
L L
v
G. ToneTone, the relative pi tch of the voice, affects the meaning of
Gwich'in words. Say, or listen to a Gwich'in speaker say, thefollowing pai rs of words: ch' izhin 'eagle', ch 'izhin (something'sbody); shih 'food', shih 'brown bear'. Without the accent marks whichwe have added, the written words look exactly the same, but they aresaid differently and mean very different things. Tone has not beenmarked in Gwich'in reading materials, nor in this dictionary. In mostcases, a Gwich'in speaker will automatically use the right tone as hereads a passage.
To assist the non-speaker of Gwich'in and the speaker who wantsto learn more about tone, ANLC has prepared a copy of this dictionarywi th the tones marked. Interested people can obtain a copy of thi sversion from ANLC.
2. DialectsPeople who speak Gwich'in know that Gwich'in people from other
parts of Gwich'in country speak a little differently from them.Gwich'in speakers in Old Crow in Canada have an even more differentway of speaking. Yet people from allover this area can understandeach other's slightly different ways of speaking. Such different butmutually understandable speech groups are called dialects.
Some entries in this dictionary .heve two similar forms of aGwich'in word separated by the word or. This indicates that the twowords are two ways of saying the same thing in two differentdialects. In these cases, the first entry is usually the way the wordis said by the compiler of this dictionary, Katherine Peter, who hasspent most of her time in Fort Yukon. The second entry may be anotherway tha t Mrs. Peter has heard people say the word, or it may havebeen added by Richard Mueller, consultant on the dictionary, as a waythat he has heard people say the word. The first entries, as a rule,represent the way the word is said by adults in Fort Yukon and othervillages where the Fort Yukon dialect, or one very similar, isspoken. The second entries usually represent the way the word is saidby some speakers in Arctic village and some older people in the othervillages. Sometimes the second entry shows how the word is said by
VI
children and young people. In a few cases, the second entry is an oldway of saying the word that only quite old people might use today. Anexample follows:
gwinzii gwahtsii or gwiizii gwahtsiil l l L
'he is adept'The first form is used in Fort Yukon, and the secondform is used by some people in Arctic village and someold people in the other villages. '
There are many variations from village to village in the way peoplemake a particular sound or pronounce a particular word. The teachershould be able to adapt to the way words in his or her own dialectare spelled in this dectionary.
3. Content and FormatAs noted above, this dictionary contains only a sampling of the
entire rich range of the Gwich' in language, but we have made aneffort to include as many simple and useful forms as possible. Thesubsections below, divided into discussions of nouns, verbs, andother kinds of words, describe the types of entries in the dictionaryand explain how the cited forms were chosen.
A. StemsBefore discussing various kinds of words, we should introduce
the term stem. In native Gwich' in words, the stem is almost alwaysthe final syllable of the word (although there are rare cases ofstems having two syllables). People who are learning Gwich'in shouldbe able to identify stems in order to understand how differentGwich'in words are derived.
B. NounsNouns are the words that name things: objects, persons, or
ideas. Some nouns are single words, like luk 'fish'. Others are "nounphrases" made up of a noun and one or more modifying words, like lukchoo 'king salmon' (or 'big fish'). These words can be the subject(doer of action) or the object (receiver of action) in sentences.
Some Gwich'in nouns are cited in the dictionary in the following
VII
dog: laii\ l l
These words are noun stems and can be used in the form given asindependent words in sentences. In this dictionary, only words whichcan be used without modification in a sentence are given on the sameline, immediately following the English word and a colon (:).
Some Gwich'in nouns cannot be used in sentences in their basicstem form, but need prefixes added before the stem to make complete,usable forms. Most of these nouns are always possessed. This meansthat the noun stem must be preceded by one of the possessive prefixeswith meanings such as 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her', 'its', 'their',etc. Here is an example of a noun that is always possessed.
stem: -gin 'arm'usable forms: shigin
niginvigindiiginnakhwagingoogin
'my arm''your arm''his arm'
format:fish: luk
'our arms''you guys' arms''their arms'
ch'igin 'its arm'digin 'his own arm'
The form of the word meaning 'arm' which is given in the dictionaryis vigin 'his arm' (the third person singular form). This practice isfollowed throughout the dictionary. Teachers can give students drillson the formation of possessed nouns with various prefixes. As ageneral rule, the following classes of nouns in Gwich'in must havepossessive prefixes: (1) parts of the body, (2) relatives, family,and friends, and (3) personal qualities and conditions (such as'spirit').
These same possessive prefixes are also used with nouns that canbe used in their basic stem forms. Often, however, the noun stemundergoes a change in sound when it is used in its possessed form.For "example:
Plain Stern Formtoh 'cane'
Possessed Formvatoo 'his cane'
VIII
tsuh 'feather' vitsuu 'its feather'laii 'dog' vilik 'his dog'\ l l
changes follow simple rules, but some, like theand possessed forms of 'dog' , must be learned by
Most of thesenon-possessedmemory.
Finally, some of the English nouns listed in this dLct iona ry
have no conversational Gwich'in equivalents. In everyday speech, mostmodern-day Gwich' in speakers would use the English words for theseobjects or ideas.. To make this dictionary useful for explainingunfamiliar English words, however, descriptive definitions inGwich'in have been given for some of these words. Examples are:
freight: k'eiich'ii kwaii vaa neerahaazhik ("things we travelaround with")
guarantee: k'eiich'ii ("if aiizuu j i '~ I.
gwit'ii neegwahahtsyaaL l.
thing is bad, it will be returned")The reader should be aware that these phrases would only be used inGwich'in conversation if the speaker wanted to explain the idea tosomeone who did not know the commonly used English word. Trying totranslate English sentences including these words by using thedescriptive phrases will result in awkward and unnatural Gwich'insentences.
A few nouns which are derived from verb forms are given at theend of the verb entry for tha t word. Therefore, the reader shouldlook through the verb entries for words which are used in English asboth nouns and verbs. For an example, look at the entry under 'whip'in the dictionary.
c. VerbsVerbs are the words which express the action, event, or state of
being that the sentence is telling about. The verb is the real centerof the Gwich' in sentence. You will see that many Gwich' in .verbsexpress the same idea that an entire English sentence composed of anoun, a verb, and other words is needed to translate.
The Gwich'in verbs given in this dictionary are only a samplingof the most basic verb forms that Gwich'in speakers and writers use.The examples in this dictionary were chosen as forms from which a
IX
Gwich'in speaker, writer, or student could build more complex forms.For the sake of simplici ty and consistency, whenever possible allverbs in the dictionary are given in the third person singular ('he','she', 'it') form.
The format for verb entries is as follows:English key word (usually a verb, sometimes just the most
important word in the English verb phrase)Gwich'in verb (usually in the third person singular)English translation of the Gwich'in verb givenExample:acquainted
yaandaiihe is acquainted with her
In this example, the English word 'acquainted' is the important idea,so the entry is alphabetized under that word. In the Gwich'in verb,the form cited translates as 'he (or she) is acquainted with her (orhim)', and the verb stem -ndaii expresses the idea of beingacquainted, or knowing.
Gwich'in verb stems are almost never used wi thout one or morepref ixes. Thisis why we have given usable forms, wi th pre fixes,rather than the verb stems themselves. The reader may usuallyidentify the verb stems, however, from the forms given. The Gwich'inverb stem always begins with a consonant (including Cy, Cw, or NC),and is followed by a long or short vowel, and mayor may not have aconsonant at the end. It is usually easy to find the stern of aGwich'in verb because the last syllable of the verb is the stem. Inone case there is a difficul ty. If the last syllable of the verbbegins with d or j immediately preceded by n, that n mayor may notbe part of the stem. Therefore, it is not always poss ible to te11from the form given in the dictionary whether the n belongs to thestern.
Another process that affects the apparent form of the verb sternis called stem-initial devoicing. This is a regular process wherein avoiced fricative at the beginning of a stem changes to its voicelesscounterpart when it is preceded by 1 or h immediately before thestem. (See the alphabet chart to identify the voiced fricatives and
x
their voiceless counterparts.) Following are some examples from thisdictionary:
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stem: -zhol yizhazhol 'she's blowing it up'yahshol 'she's blowing on it'
stem: -ghwaii naaghwaii 'it's thawing'neeyahkhwaii 'she's thawing it'
Verb Forms CitedYou wi 11 see that for some verbs in the d ict ionary, only one
form is given, while for others as many as six or eight different butrelated forms are given. When only one form is given, we have triedto give a form which is often encountered in speech and in elementaryreading materials. For some verbs, this is the imperfective, which wehave translated here with the English present progressive tense, 'heis __ ing', or where this would sound strange, wi th the Englishsimple present, 'he s'. Some times, however, the mos t commonlyoccurring (or only occurring) form of the verb is the perfective,which we have usually translated in this dictionary with the Englishsimple past, 'he __ ed', but sometimes by the English simplepresent. For many verbs, both the imperfective and the perfective aregiven. In some verbs, no d istinction is made between present andpast; some ",Gwich' in verbs lack perfective forms, others lackimperfectives. Most action verbs have both forms.
A verb form which frequently occurs in speech and readingmaterials but which has been omitted from this dictionary is thefuture, translated in English as "he will "or "he's going to______" The format of this junior dictionary series did not allow forthe inclusion of these forms, but the reader should be aware that thefuture stem is often quite different from the perfective andimperfective stem(s).
For some verbs, the same verb stem is given several times withdifferent prefixes or accompanying words to show how it can be useddifferent ways in conversation. Remember, again, this is only asampling of the ways Gwich'in verb stems can be used, not a completelisting of the full verbs that can be derived from stems.
Many words that are adjectives (descriptive words, like 'red',
jidii tsalsomething little
Sometimes two or more different Gwich'in verb stems appear underone English listing. This usually occurs when Gwich'in makes adistinction in meaning that English does not make. For example, inEnglish we use the same word, 'swim', to describe a person swimmingaround and a fish swimming around, but in Gwich'in we must say dinjiineehiivik and luk neehiilee. Because this kind of thing happensfairly often, be sure to read through all the entries under a given-- (
English listing to select the correct Gwich'in word for the idea youwant to express.
Another reason for giving different Gwich' in verbs under oneEnglish listing is that the Gwich'in verbs may be synonyms (mean thesame thing). This is usually the case when we have an entry of thefollowing form:
yak'aa hiltlee, also yak'aa haazhiihe attached him
The two Gwich'in forms are equally acceptable ways of saying the samething. They are so similar in meaning that we use the same Englishtranslation for both. (Notice that this is the way we use also; or
'big', 'pretty') in English are verb forms in their Gwich'intranslations. In this dictionary such words are alphabetizedaccording to the English adjective word, with the verbal Gwich'intranslation given below in the standard verb format. For example:
reddaatsikit is red
Some of these adjectival verbs (sometimes called neuter verbs) haveshorter forms used to modify nouns, much as English adjectives do,except that in Gwich'in these words always follow the noun, whereasin English they usually come before it. When this is the case, asecond listing with the word jidii 'something' is given, for example:
littlenatsalit is little
XII
'to handle', ,to'throw', 'roll',
means that the two forms are the ways of saying the same thing indifferent dialects.)
Sometimes you will see that a slight variation of the meaning ofthe verb (usually expressed by an adverb'in English) is expressed inGwich'in by a verb stem which is different, but related to, the basicstem. These slightly different forms are called aspectual variants.The Gwich'in language is rich in such forms, but only a sampling ofthem is given in the dictionary--the ones that you are most likely toencounter in ordinary speech or reading. We mention this only so thatthe reader will be aware of it and not be confused by the aspectualvariants that do appear here. An example is seen invariants, both of which show a progressive (goingperambulative (going around) stem in each pair:
ivyaa 'he's swimming (along)'neehiivik 'he's swimming around'aagal 'he's running (along)'neehaagak 'he's running around'
Another place where Gwich' in makes a distinction that Englishdoes not is in a few verbs which have different stems for singularand plural subjects. For a good example, look at the entry under theEnglish word ~. Notice that one Gwich'in stem is used to express theidea of one person going, and another stem for more than one person
the followingalong) and a
going. (The dual, used to express two people going, is not used muchin speech these days ,) The' existence of this distinction is anotherreason why it is important to look through all the entries to selectthe right word.
Finally, there is a group of Gwich'in verbs calledclassificatory verbs. These Gwich'in verbs express the idea of doingsomething to a certain kind of object. In English, we use the sameverb 'wear' for wearing any kind of clothing, and the same verb'throw' for throwing anything. In Gwich'in, however, various kinds ofclothing require their own special verbs, with entirely differentstems, meaning 'wear (a hat)', 'wear (shoes)', 'wear (a jacket)',etc. Different kinds of objects take their own special verbs meaning
-and 'wear'.For examples, see theWe have indicated the
'to throw',entries under
roll', etc.
XIII
XIV
class of obj ects for wh ich each verb stem appl ies by descr ibingeither the class, or an object typical of the class. For instance,under 'throw', you will see a number of objects listed in parantheses() after the translations. (Projectile) means that this particularstem applies to any object "designed for throwing", like a spear; (asmall thing, like a rock) means that this particular stem applies toany small heavy object; (a living thing) means a person or animal; (astick) means any long wooden object; (several things) means that thisstem applies to throwing more than one thing, for instance a handfulof rocks. Note especially that verbs in this category almost alwaysdistinguish between a single object and a plural object. The entriesin this dictionary are not complete for the entire Gwich' inclassificatory verb system, but they do show some of the mostcommonly used forms.
D. Other WordsBesides the various kinds of nouns and verbs discussed above,
the dictionary includes other kinds of words: postpositions, adverbs,interrogatives, interjections, pronouns, place names, and variousmodifying words. The format and content for these types of words arediscussed briefly below.
Postpositions serve much the same function as Englishpreposi tions. They appear after nouns, noun or verb phrases, orpossessive prefixes. They may be written as independent words in somecases, or they may appear "attached" to a prefix in other cases. Theyusually express direction,- location, or relative position. For a goodexample of postposi tions, see the entry under 'to', where we seethree different postpositions, -ts'a', -naa, and -ntl'ee, in theirusable forms, with different kinds of prefixes. We have tried to givethe most commonly used typical forms with postpositions. Thepossessive prefixes for postpositions are similar to those forpossessed nouns (see under Nouns for an example).
Many English preposi tions are used in a variety of phrases inconversation. We have given examples of some of these under theappropriate listing. For an example of the kinds of listing that can
Interrogatives is a general term for words used in askingquestions that require more of an answer than "yes" or "no." Theseare listed under their English equivalents, such as 'who', 'what','how', and so on, but examples of actual "que st Lons are not given inthis dictionary.
A few other kinds of words are included in the dictionary. Theseare words which have special functions in sentences. Words like lii'apparently' modify the 'flavor' of the entire sentence. Other words1ike dai' 'when' 1ink words or clause s to the re st of the sentence.
c L
The use of these words is properly the subject of a grammar, rather
xv
occur with an English preposition, see the entry under 'across' inthe dictionary.
Adverbs modify the idea expressed by the verb of a sentence.Many ideas expressed in English by independent adverbs are expressedin Gwich'in by verb prefixes, which are not listed separately in thisd i ct ionary. The adverbs tha tare 1isted are given simply followingtheir Englihs equivalents, for example:
now: juk
Pronouns are words that "stand in" for the names of people orobjects-- 'it', 'we', 'they', and so on. The function of pronouns inan Eng 1ish sentence 1ike 'he told him' can often be performed in aGwich'in sentence by parts of the verb: yahnyaa, where 'he' is"understood" and 'him' is represented by the first y. Where inde-pendent Gwich'in words equivalent to English pronouns exist, they aregiven as simple equivalents to their English form.
A few place names for important places in the Gwich' in regionare included, alphabetized under their "official" English name.Sometimes this just shows how a Gwich I in place name is correctlyspelled in Gwich' in, rather than the approximate spelling on themaps; or it may show the nat ive name for a place tha t Eng 1ishspeakers have renamed. There are, of course, hundreds, perhapsthousands, of place names in Gwich'in, which we hope will eventuallybe recorded for history.
XVI
than a dictionary, but they are included here to assist intranslation and language learning.
E. Other Points of FormatMany entries include two different Gwich'in words separated by
the English words or or also. Or means that the two Gwich'in wordsare different ways of saying what is basically the same word,modified by dialect differences or individual preference. Probablythese two forms would not be used interchangeably by the samespeaker. Also means that the two words are both Gwich'in equivalentsof the English listing. Either one might be used by a speaker,depending on personal preference or slight shades of meaning.Sometimes the words listed with also are a modern-day way of sayingsomething and an older way of saying the same thing.
The reader will notice that in the verb entries, some aretranslated 'he ' and some 'she Gwich'in does not make adistinction between masculine and femi~ine pronouns as English does.The alternative translations have been used to show children thisfact in applied form, and also to accustom them to using Englishpronouns correctly. It is also good for children, who may picture tothemselves the actions described in the examples, to imagine both menand women, boys and girls, as the actors in the sentences. Theteacher should probably explain, expecially to young child~en, thatthe Gwich' in verb translated 'he does it I can also mean 'she doe sit', and the verb translated 'she IS wal king' can also mean 'he'swalking'--in Gwich'in, but not in English.
F. A Note on the English GlossesIn general, we have tried to use everyday conversational English
words for the listings and translations in the dictionary. However,because some of the initial compilation was done from literarysources, there are some glosses which are not used in modern everydayEnglish. In most cases these are cross-referenced with a more usualEnglish word. There are also some specialized English words, withtheir specialized Gwich'in equivalents, which have been used intransla ting Engl ish-language reIigiou s litera ture into Gwich' in. We
have included these because religious translations have been impor-tant in the history of Gwich' in Li terature and continue to be pro-duced. The Gwich'in words that translate these specialized wordsusually also have a more general, non-religious meaning, which we
have tried to find out and include in the dictionary. However, thereader should be aware that there may be other, perhaps more correct,
English translations for the Gwich'in words in this dictionary. It isimposs ible in such a condensed forma t to give the kind of full,discursive definitions that some of the Gwich'in words require.
Sometimes, to avoid repetition, we have written see after the
English listing, with a reference to the other English word underwhich the full Gwich'in information appears.
4. How This Dictionary Was Written
Katherine Peter, a speaker and writer of Gwich'in who has livedin both of the major Alaska Gwich' in dialect areas, compiled the
dictionary files, using both her own knowledge and an olderdictionary published in 1911 by Archbishop Robert McDonald. Most of
the old, non-current forms come from McDonald's dictionary. Acting asconsul tan ts and suggest ing add it ions to the dictionary files were
Jeff Leer, staff linguist at the Alaska Native Language Center, andRichard Mueller of the Summer Insti tute of Linguistics. The final
dec is ion on the inc Ius ion of a form has been Mrs.' Pe ter' s . JaneMcGary of ANLC wrote the Introduction and typed out the entries in
prepara tion for final typing at the Nat ional Bi 1ingual Mater ial sDevelopment Center where it was illustrated and made photoready.
Richard Mueller wrote the Guide to Reading Gwich'in.
XVII
GUIDE TO READINGGWICH'IN
GUIDE TO READING GWICH'IN
The Gwich I in alphabet is adapted to English as closelyas possible. Each letter in Gwich I in is meant to representone sound and always the same sound. It does not change likesome of the letters do in the English alphabet.
The CONSONANTS1. Consonants that are pronounced almost the same as inEnglish. The same letters are used in both languages:
Gwich'in (English EnglishSound Example Meaning) Equivalent
ch ch~~ (water) chewd dah (blood) daughterdr drin (day) drinkg git (glacier) geth han (river ) honeyj jidii (what) jetk kii (rock, stone) key1 lisil (salt) liftm mahs~' (thank you) maman nin (game animal) nightr laraa (money) rocks sal (star) salt,sh shat (scar) shutshr shri i (knife) shrewt too (night) toe" \.
tr trih (carrot-like food) treey Yahdii (Big Dipper) yearz iizuu (it is bad) zoo,,
2. Consonants thatdifferent places in
dz dzan
are 1ike Eng 1ish sounds, but occur inthe word than in English.(muskrat) It is similar to the "dz"
in the English word "adze"or the "ds" in "fads", but
1
it can occur at the begin-ning of words, which itdoes not do in English.
ts tsuk (marten) It is similar to the "ts"in the English word"cats", but it also canoccur at the beginning ofwords unlike English.
w kwaa (negative) It is the same as the "w"in the English "wolf", but
in the English word
it occurs only followingother consonants.
3. Consonants that are either like English sounds, but arespelled differently; or are different from English sounds,but are spelled with English letters.
dh Nindhaa? (Are you hot?) It is the same as the "th"in the English words "the"and "that".
v veenjit (for him) It is ~imilar to the "v"in the English word
but it is actual-"visit",
zh zheh (house)
ly a "b" made without com-pletely closing the lips.
It is the same as the "z"
"azure".
4. Consonants that are different from any English sounds.These are most easily described in terms of certain phoneticfeatures that they have in common.Friction The friction is indicated by the letter "h" after
the letter concernedddh ddhah (mountain)ghkh
ch'aghookhah
(egg)(pus)
2
tth t thar (fence)zhr azh~~~~ (it's black)
"1" ~ound The tong~e is in the same place as for the English"1" sound.
1 luk' (fish) Place your tongue in thesame place as if to make a"'I" sound, but instead ofvoicing the "1", just blowair out the sides of yourmouth.
(his knee-cap cartilage) It is similarto the "cl" in the English
t1 vi tlee
word "clock".(red squirrel) It is similar to the "gl"
in the English word"glad".
Catch-in-the2breath~ the catch-in-the-breath (glottallzation)is indi~~ted by theapost~ophe (') either by itselfor after the con~onan~ concerned.
dl 'dlak
(golden eagle)(birch bark)(cotton-wood tree)(grass)(fishwheel)(ground hog)(bone)
chi ch'izhin"k't'
k'iit'aa
tl't~1
tl'ootr'ilts lee
tth'ants'tth'
The VOWELSEnglish has a, great variety of spellings for vowels,
using various combinations for the same sound: one sound, forexample, occurs with different spellings in mood, group,fruit, blue, shoe, crew, do, and two~ Only ONE spelling willbe used for each Gwich'in vowel. Vowels may be either long orshort in duration, the long vowel being indicated by adoubling of the letter.
3
Gwich'inExamplevatslah
(EnglishMeaning)(his elbow)
VowelEngl ishEquivalentfather (beforeor "h")
a "'"
sofa (before otherconsonants)
aa (long) n j aa' (white-wingedscoter)(house) 11111
fathereight (beforeor "h")
zhe he
eddy (before otherconsonants)eightseed (before
e e (long) zhee (sky)(glacier) "'"i git
ii (long) gwiijiia vagho'00 (long) vaghoou luhuu (long) luu
or "h")sit (be fore otherconsonants)
(rock slide) seed(his teeth) go(its egg) go(d irt) spoon(ice) spoon
.vowels may be said with a nasalnasal iza tion Any of thequality. This nas aLi aat ion is marked by the comma(,) under the vowel concerned.
vowel Gwich'in Example (English Meaning)a chl:.lllnitsya' (shallow water)l
l
aa ts yah (northern flicker bi rd )l l l
ee van vee (lake"side)l l l l
ii nilii (meat)I. , .', ,00 .daa tsoo . .(mouse)\ l '~ c.,
u vyu h - (herring gull)I
uu gYl:.lll (worm)'" '"
4
DICTIONARY
abandonedkwank'itabandoned village or house
abdomenvazhrakhis abdomen
ablegadhanhe is able
above: see up
abundant
leii.. .. ..abundant (follows a noun)
accidentvigwiinjikHe had an accident (and gothurt)
accompany
yaa neehidikShe is accompanying him
according
gwik'itaccording to it
accordion: dehtly'aa ch'idlii..account (as in bookkeeping)
tr'igweechyaa
account
veh'anon account of him
accuse
yats'a gat'~~hjik or yats'a'gat'aahnjikhe accused him
achets'igwiidhak, also gwilts'ikit achesviki' ilts' i.khis head achesvagho' ilts'ikhis tooth aches
acquainted
yaandaiihe is acquainted with her
across
situated across, stationaryoonin, also yeeninacross over there
across, moving
oonduk daadhalacross there (an objectmoving along)
across on the other side ofsomething (for example, acrossa body of water)
duhts'aii or nduhts'aiiacross"'(a oody of water)
act (in a certain way)
jyahts'a' neehidiindikhe's acting like that
active
goodiindaii, also niinjikhe's active, busy
actually akhai' gaa
Shoh t'inchy'aa yuuny~~
5
akhai' gaa dinjikt'inchy'aa.He thought it was a bear butactually it was a moose.
addyineegwahjii orYineegwahnjii-he is adding to it
adept
nilee t'ah'inshe is adept (used only ofwomen and girls)ch'aadaiihe is adept (used only ofmen and boys)
gwinz~~ gwahtsii orgwt~z~~ gwahtsiihe or she is adept
adequate
it'ee t'agw~htsiiit is adequate
adhere
yaht' anit is adhering
adipose fin of fishluk tsyaaghak
admire
yinjii yihil'eehe admires her
admonish
yideegwaah'ee, alsogineeyahdaii or--gineey~hndaii-he is admonishing her
adopt
gii eenjit yuunjik, alsovigii yiheelyaa eenj~
yuunjikshe adopted him
adultch'anjaaan adult
dink'indhathe is adult, grown up
advantage
yich'itsyaa'e'she's taking advantage ofhim
advice
yinyaahe's'~iving advice to heryeiinya'
l
he gave advice to her (once)afraid
naajathe's afraid
y?-?jatshe's afraid of him
after, following a person(for example, on a trail)
Yik'ii, ,after him
yat~t~after him
after (in time) tl'ee..aii tl'ee,.after that, then
afternoon drin tl'an gehndaa
again chan
chan heeonce again
6
againstvit'ee yiin'aiiit is lying against it
against, in opposition to
yadaditl-{l-'eehe is against him
against the law gwinehts'i'
aged: see old
ago: also see past
neegwadadhat ch'ihIak dai'or neegwadadhat ch'ihIak'gweedhaa gwanaaa year agodeenaa dais,.long ago
agree
yaa Iii naadhan, also yik'itt'iindhan ----he agrees with her
agreeablegwik'it t'iindhanhe is agreeable with it
ahead also see before: infrontgwikii ahaa or kih ahaahe's'~alking-ahead of him
yehkii... .ahead of him
yehk~t t'iichy'aahe's ready ahead of time
aid gwats'a' tr'injiialso see help
ailment ts'ik
he's aiming at it
gwats'a' gwik'eegwandaiihe aims to do it
gwats'a' gwik'eegoonjikhe aimed to do it
airbornedaanaiiL" L. ... l-it is airborne
airplane neehiniit'ee
alas!it'ee nats'aateealas! too bad!
alder k'oh
alert
khach'oaa'ya'he's alert (looking forgame)
algae (green slime in water)tee tl<?h
alikenihk'it t'iichy'aathey (things) are alike
nihk'it t'igiichy'aathey (people) are alike
alive
gwandaiiaim he's alive
yats'a' yihil'ee all datthak also see every
7
allow amiable
gwits'ee y~~'yaashe doesn't allow himto do it
veeshroonchy'aahe is amiable
amid teealmost khaiinjii or
khanjii tl'oo teeamid the grass
alone thanammunition dink'ee kitalone
adah zhrii or adan zhrii, -. ~ <-he is alone, by hlmself
along (along a geographicalfeature, like a trail orriver)
gwinjikalong it (a river or trail)
amongoonjit dee'analong over there goo tee
among themalong (a long object, thelength of it) ancestoryaghaiialong it (for example, arope)
along the way yeedit gwidtt
gwats'an deedhaaone's ancestorviyehghan naiihis ancestors'
alongside see beside and (joining two nouns) haaalready ch'adai', also
gwiyehkttalso chan
John Mary haaJohn and Mary
and (joining two verbs or verbphrases) ts'a'
and so, and then aii ts'a'always khik
amazedand then (unexpectedly) akhai'veegwii'yaa
he is amazed (surprised) angel zhee kat gwich'in orzhee kak gwich'in orzheek'at gwich'invandaa t'igwiizhik
he is amazed (it's too muchfor him) anger ooch'oo, also shruk
amen, so be it gwik'it gooli' angry
8
zhyaats'ii••he is full\
vaa tr'agwahtleeanointing oil
·answergwidii ginkhii. ~an answer
yidii ginkhiihe answers him
yidt! ginhe'he answered him
ant neejii or neenjii
vik' Ii .gwanlii~~she is angryvik'ii goodlitshe got angryneehilts'iihe went away angry
anticipate see wait
neehaach'oohe is walking around angry
antler ch'iji'
animal nin
big animal ch'atthaii., .ankle
vakwaiichanhis ankle
anniversaryzhat neegwiidhatit is its anniversary
anxiousannoy
yaa ch'ats'aii nigwii'aii., ,also yaa ch'ats'~!tnigwiin'aiishe annoy~'him
geenjit tr'igwidiishe's anxious about it
any
anoint ch'ihlee~ ..anyonetr' i1tleehe is anointed valat
any of them, any part of it
9
apart niIih'an or nih'an yadadaa'eehe is~arguing with her
apparently Iii (follows verb)arise
appear
gwizhrii niinzhiihe appeared (in public, insight)
dak ninijiihe is arising (from sitting)
yits'a' idigwiiIkii~ ..she appeared to hImappoint
dak nidhikhinhe arose (from sitting)khakii'aiihe is arising (from lyingdown)
yideegwiiIktthe appointed her
khakee'aii. .. ..he arose (from lying down)
April Ch'ikee Zhrii orCh'ichee Zhrtt
arm
approach viginhis arm
yits'a' niinzhiihe approached it
nahgwan nahaiihe is approaching
approve armpitgwik'it t'iindhanhe approves of it
vigeehis armpit
apron ndoo neiit'aii~~ aromaArctic Village Vashraii R'oo
to ... '"' \." gwinzt~ gogwaatsanit has a good aroma
Arctic Village peopleNeets'it Gwich'in around (an area)
area gwa'anaround there
zhat gwa'anthat area, around there gwee'an
around heredzaa gwa'anthis area, around here yi'ee'an
way out around him or hergwineegoo'eean area around (outside) oo'ok
argue around (in a circle) vineeyinkhyuu
10
shrii nigwii'aiishe arranged it~
(right) around (here) gwindii arrowhead tal
around (its edge, rim)veelinaround its rim (for example,a oup, a bowl, or a drum)
around (in various directions)nihky' aa
artifact k'eiich'ii ninghitdai' iltsaii
L .. '" '" to.
as (therefore, just as) ts'a'(joins two verb phrases)
as if k'it
vineegoo'eethey are around him
as long as, how longdeegwithkhyuk
as soon as gogwithkhan laaascend
around (the bend) geendii
(be) around
vineedhi'eeit is around him
dak hiighithe is ascending, rising upin the air
arrangeashamed
shrii nigwii'aiishe is arranging it,getting it ready
oozhii dhidlitshe became ashamed
gishrii nahjii or gishriinahnjiihe is arranging them,putting them in ordergishrii naahjik or gishriinaahnjik ....he"arranged them
ashes kik luu or chik luu,also lat ts'TIl
arrive (in the fire) kikk'idikhe (one person) arrived
ashtray ts'eet'it luu k'ik
askk'eegii'oothey (two people) arrived ch'oaahkat
she is askingk'eenjikthey (more than two people)arrived
ch'oaahkatshe ~sked
k'eekokhe arrived in a boat (bypaddling)
yuaahkatshe is asking him
arrow k'i'yu~~hkatshe asked him
1 1
at that time: see then
adaa yahaa'eeshe is asking him toaccompany her
at this place: see here
adaa yihil'e'she asked him to accompanyher
at this time: see now
attach
yinkeeginkhiishe is asking him to come,summoning him
yineegwaljik, alsoyanky'aa neeyahtsiihe attaches it to it
yinkeeginhe'she asked him to come7summoned him
yagwaa'i'. . "It IS attached to it
neech'oaakatshe keeps asking
nihlagwaa 'i'they are attached
attackaspirin ki' ts'ik ch'oondaii
yak'aa hiltlee, alsoassemble hak'aa haazhii
he attacked himkhehlan dinjii ninjyaathe people assembled attempt
nihk'it teeyadanliihe's assembling it
gwik'ee gwandaiihe is attempting it
nihk'it teeyadaadliihe assembled it"
gwik'ee goonjikhe attempted it
assent gwik'ee neegwandakhe attempts it repeatedly
gwik'it t'iindhanhe assents (agrees) attention
gwik'it t'iinghya'he assented
yuulk'iishe is'paying attention tohim
assist
yits'inyaahe's assisting her
yuaahk'ish~'paid attention to him
attentiveyits'iinya'he assisted her geenjit ninjich'aadhat
he is att.entiveassociate attract
yaa nilftshe associates with her yuunaa'a'
it attracts him (againsthis will)at
at that place: see there1 2
audible yi'ee'anfar away, way over yonder
oolk'iiit is'audible away (from the river)
oondak, also yeendakaway from-the riverAugust Khii Zhrii or Khii
Zhrii, also Di'iIri" ,
aunt yi'eendakfar away from the river,far inlandveek'aii
his or her aunt away (separating from)autumn khaiits'a' or
khaiints'c:'yeeleeaway, separate from itgoolee haazhiihe outwalked them
avoidgwits'i' adak'aatiihe is avoiding"it away, avoidinggwits'i' adak'aati'....he avoided it
gwits'i'to avoid it
await also see wait awfulniyul'inshe is awaiting him tr'agwaanduu, also gwiiz~~
it's awfulniyuaa'ya'she awaited him awl tthah
awakegaandaii, also tr'iindhathe's awake
axe daa'aii, , "
gaanjikhe awoke
aware
gaandaiihe is aware
away (from speaker)
oo'an, also yee'anaway over there stone axe njah
gwa'anaway at a certain place
k'ii'an or ch'ii'anstraight away
1 3
backpack ohtsuu tr'eeghwaa.Bbabiche tl'il
tl'il ts'iknarrow babiche
ch'akwaih laii• • •wide babiche
baby tr'iinin tsal backfire
vats'an khach'aatalit's backfiring
backache
vit'ft gwilts'ik or vananilts'ikhe has a backache
backbone, spine ch'ananvananhis backbone (spine)
baby bottle tr'iinin t'ok tyah•vanan tth'anhis backbone (vertebrae)
babysit
tr'iinin haa kwank'it dhidiishe's babysitting
backwards
tthal giitl'iihe's going ba~kwards
bacon lagohshroo k'ehbachelor dinjii va1at kwaa
back (in back) see behind badback (to where it was before,
or back home) gwiiz~~it's bad (a situation)
oo'eeback~home, back there iizuu..
he's bad(toward the) back gwant'ii
L • bag ohtsuuL
zheh gwant't!the back of the house bail
back (of a person or animal)ch'it'ii
L •
chineeyahchiihe's bailing him out
vit'iihis b~ck
chineeyaahchiihe bail~d him out
14
bait tsan bandage gwatl'an darahchaa
bank (of land) tl'eedikkhY{lh tsanbait for a trapjal tsanbai t for a hook
bank (for money) laraa dehk'it
bare rock kih tr'uu
bake barefoot kwaiitry~h ehdan orkwaiidral ehdan
\ \~---barely nehshritbargain
niht'tt neegwigwihiliihe's bargaining with her
gwit'eh ch'ichy'aait's baking
niht'tt neegwagwahaazhikhe bargained with her
gwit'eh ch'ahchy'aashe's baking something
barge tr'ih choo
bark (as a dog)gwit'eh k'ika baking pan yikii
it's barkingbaking powder luh vaa niituu
baldyinkiiit barked
viki' kal gwanliihe's bald "
bark (of a tree)
I, , aat'oo aatr'iibirch barkts'ivii aach'uu or ts'iiviiaach'uuspruce bark
barrel labaarii
bashfuldinjii viki' kala bald person oozhii nilii
she's bashfulviki' kalhis bald head basin daatlih k'ik
basket khaii tY{lhbaste, sew with large stitches
gwaakala bald spot
ball nehkaii ninghit tthaa hatthak, alsoninghit tthaa hichikhe's basting itnehkaii haa tsee'in
he's playing with a ball1 5
bat (for hitting)
bathe
dak'a'aatryaahe's bathing
dik'eech'iltry~'he bathed
bath house gwizhitdik'eeraatryaa
bathroom dik'eeraatryaa zheh
batter luh niltraa
bawl out
ch'ats'a' t'iyahnyaahe's bawling her outch'ats'a' t'iyeiinya'he bawled her out
be
nilt:i-he is
inl~'he was (at one time)
jyaa dinchy'aahe, it is like that
jyaa dinchy'a'he, it was like that
gwik 'it gool i 'so be it!
beach teeghaii
beacon chiitaii gach'ahdrii,also 'aadrir~~eedaatth'aa....choo
bead naag~ti
beak ch' ihdi'
bear
black bear shoh zhraii., ,
brown bear, grizzly bearshih, also shih tthoo
bear (give birth)
tr'iinin di'ii, ,she bears a child
bear (carry)
gweeghwaahe is bearing a burden
bearberry dandaih
16
before (another, first)before he knew ityirahtee hee
ehkii.. ~
beard vidinghai'his (short) beard
become-
videezhoohis (long) beard
dhidlitit became
beat also see hitgoodlitthey became
gaayii yilts~:!-:!-he beat him (in a game)
bed dehk'itbee ch'eedzit or ch'ineedzit'" ..gwint'aii yaa leech'~~dhaa
she's beating it (with aspoon)yehk:!-:!-t'iizhik or yikt!t'iizhikhe beat him (to a place)
vidrii daadhakhis heart is beating beetle (water bug) chehtsi'
beautiful before (in location) see front
ndaa t'iichy'aashe's beautiful
before (in time) gwik:!-hd~:!-'
beaver tsee'
begch'oodiikwat he's begging
begin
gogwinin'?:!-~or gogwintt'?!tshe begangakaagwiighitit is beginning
because ofaii geenjitbecause of that
gakaagwiindhatit began
behind (location)oonii, also yeeniibehind (some distance)
beckon yi 'eeniifarther behind
ts'a' yahaatrak'" ..he beckons to her (toward) behind (for example,over one's shoulder) oonji'
1 7
behind (an obstacle t'itbehind (on a trail or road)
taii hee.~ ~
behind (his back) veetak~.(right) behind (a person)
vik'iitl'uuright behl~d him
belchvighik ahtr'aii tr'aadhakhe's belching
believegwik'injighitshe believesgwik'injiindhatshe believed
bell ch'iitsii laii
bellyvazhrakhis belly
belly-buttonvajoh k'ithis belly-button
belongings
vagwadalher belongings, property
below also see down, under(area below something) chan
vachanarea under tree, or at baseof cliff
belt thah
bench vakak daraadiibend
khatly'ah'ee•he's bending overnach'aghoo in'aii
, \, I,. L.he bent over doubleYitithkhwatshe's bending it (a stick)yiilkhwatsh~ bent it (a stick)yt:!-'aiihe's bending it (a toboggan)yaa'aiih~'b~~t it (a toboggan)ch'ilsaiiit is bent over or he ishunchbacked
han neegwadaa'eethere is a b~nd in the river
berry, berries jak
1 8
birthday vagwanlii drinc ,
berth (where one sleeps on aboat) tr'aachii dehk'ittr'ih choo kak''''
big
nitsiiit's big
beseech see begjidii choo
beside something big (choo followsnouns)
yits'aii, also veeghaiibesid~'him-- Big Dipper Yahdii
best bindvehji' gokwaa or v~hnji'gokwaait is the best
diyahchaahe's binding it
bet diyilchaahe bound it
yits'a' niinzhiihe bet him binoculars vazhak yahahchy'a'
Bethlehem star, also eveningstar sal cho-o--
\.
birch aatloo
birchbark k'iibetter
nizl.l.ilii\. ,
it's getting better
klii tr'ihbirchbark canoe
yandaa niztthe is better than her
k'ii tyithbirchbark basket
Birch Creek Village Deenduubetween
videetakin between (for example,between the pages of a book)goodeetakbetween them (two people orthings)
Birch Creek (river)K'eedootin Njik
bird chiitsal or tsiitsa1 ordziitsal
vataabeyond him
vak'aii or vitsehtakbetween his legs
beverage ch¥~ tee k'eiich'ii,t'arah'in tr'iinii
beyond
biscuit luhchy'aabib trliinin vat iltsuu bitch laii ts'i'
\. ....1 9
bite bleedneeyii'alhe's biting it (repeatedly)
vadaa gwanl:!-:!-he's bleeding
yaa'aahe bitit
blendnihtee yinjaashe blended it togetheryuun' al
he's biting on it, holdingit between his teeth blessing ch'eegQQzhr:!-:!-
black blindazhraiiit'sCblack
vaagweech'in kwaahe's blind (he can't see)dinjii dee ehdan or dinjiindee ehdanblind man
jidii zhraiisomethingC61ack
blackberry, crowberrydeenich'uh blink
black eye needoohaadhakshe's blinking
vindee gwaazhraii or vindeetr'anzhraii c,, __he has a"black eye
needoohiilnaiiI.. L,. ("she blinked
black out blister ch~~ dal or ch~~ ndalblizzard zhah haa gwint'aii
ahtr'aiivaa tQQ nagwaan~~~she blacked out
blackbird tsalchy'aa blockblacksmith ch'iitsii ahtsii yihdee gwaahtsaii
he blocked her"waybladdervalarh thaaits bladder
gihdee gwantsaiiit is ·blocked"~lfgihdee gwaahtsaiihe blocked·it offblade
veek' i'its blade blood dah
blame vadaahis blood
yats'a' gat'aahjik oryats'a' gat'~~hnjik--she blamed him
vinjik dahhe has a bloody nose
blanket ts'at
20
blossom
gwanzh~h khanilsh!!it (a plant) blossomed
blow
yahsholshe's blowing on it
yilsholshe blew on it
yizhazholshe's blowing it up,inflating ityizhiinzholshe blew it up, inflated it
iltaait got blown up (withexplosives)
yahtalhe's blowing it up (withexplosives)
blue
ch'ahtl'oo•it's bluevindee nahdrinhis eyes are blue (-drin isused only to describe-tEecolor of eyes, crystals, andother things that. can beseen through)
blueberry, blueberries jakch'ahtl'oo, also jak
bluff taih khaak'at..blush
naatsik naan~!tshe's blushing
board dachan chyah
boat tr'ih choo
body
vizhinhis body
bogberry, swamp cranberrydee tree jak
boil (cook)
daadlatit ~s boiling
yadaahdlatshe~s boiling it (as water)
yidiildlatshe "boiled ityahvirshe's cooking it by boiling
boil (on the skin) tr'oh
21
bold kheeyidantl'oohe's borrowing it
yinjiintl'oohe's bold kheeyadaatl'oo
he borrowed itbone tth'an
vatth'anhis bone
kheech'adanahotl'oohe borrowed some
bossbone tool for fleshing moose or
caribou hide nehtthaa yats'a' k'eegwaadhathis boss or he bosses him
book dEChtly'aa shikhehkwai'my boss, my leader
botfly, caribou fly ch'eedzitghoo or ch'~~dzit ghooblemishes in caribou hidemade by botflies ch'igy~'k' it
both nihlaa, also neekwaii.....ts'a'bookkeeper d~htlY'aa k'~~htii
boot dachan kwaiitryah botherborder tl'in yaa nigwii'aii
she's bothering herik tl'in.border of a garment bottomch'itl'inedging, edge gwitl'ee....the bottom
bore ty~h t'eebottom of a bucketyankaatii
he is boring a hole in it vitl'ee.. <-
on the bottom of ityankeeyingithe bored a hole in it, hepierced it bounce
born
vigwiliiit's being born
vigwiinli' or vag~Qlttshe was born
borrow zheech'ahahchukit's bouncing up and down
22
zheech'ihilchukit bounced up
k'it teech'aachukit bounces back
boundary tly'ah niint'aiibow k'iltai'
~ L
bow
yats'a' neekihaa'?!!be bowed down to him
bowl .k ' ik ghoo
bowstring k'iltai' tly'ah.~
box ch'ityahL
boy tsyaa tsal or chyaa tsal
boyfriendva'oodeeher boyfriend
braceyizhit ch'iintthaiihe braced it
brace (to drill with): vaagiitii tail
L •
bracelet gin nidiizhii
bracket fungus ch'idiikii orch'idiichii
braid
niltly'aait is braided
vikiighai' niltly'aaher hair is braided
yikiighai' nahtly'aahe is braiding her hair
yikiighai' niltly'aahe braided her hair
brain
vikiighaii or vichiighaiihis brain' •••
brake
gweetr'aahe's braking the sledgwintr'aahe braked the sledvaa tr'igw~~tr'aabrakeyagw??htr'aahe drags it (sled brake)on the snow
branch
any tree branch tthoochan
spruce branch ts'ivii aa orts'iivii aabranch with needles ah
brassiere rna' dhah
brave
yinjiintl'oohe's brave
bread luhchy'aa
break bridge, also fish trapneegwaatsaii
to. '" .. l,. '-leeyaahnaiihe's bre~king it (anything) ---
leeyi iln~tthe broke it (anything)khayizh\.l\.lhe is breaking it off (forexample, a tree branch)
khayinzhoohe broke'It off
luu hijiithe ice is moving
luu handaanaiithe ice is breaking up
luu handiilnaiithe ice broke cup
breakfast
vanh ch'a'aashe's eating breakfast
breast
varna' or vat'okher breast
breastbone
vizhuhchyaahis breastbone
breath
vizhiihis breath
breathe
dazhakhe's breathingeezhakhe breathed (once)
bride tr'oohaanjik
bridegroom dinjii goohaanjik
bridge of nose
vantsih nik'ii~ , ,the bridge of her nose
bright
ch'fhdit or ch'fhndit, alsoch'ahdok or ch'ahndokit (a thing) is'bright
ch'agwahdit or ch'agwahndit,also ch'agwahdok or 'ch'agwahndokit (an~area) is bright, welllit
?rine (salt water)t'at
lisil chu',
bring also see carryoolee yihiliihe brings them (back)
oo'ee yahaaliihe brought them (back)khadeegwin'aiihe brought it" (a subject) upyineegwahdaii oryineegw~hndaii--he brought him back to life
brittle
dad ha i iit's brittle
broom vaa geeleiilii
24
broth shih chl}' paintbrush vaa tr'agwavan
meat broth niltt chl}'fish broth luk ch~'
brush man naa'inbubble goghoh, also gokw'an
brother bucket ty?h
voondeehis older brothervachaahis younger brother
brother-in-law, alsosister-in-lawvaghwaiiher brother-in-law orhis/her sister-in-law
chuu tyahwater b~cket
bug nan gwatl'akvaa, ,his brother-in-law
Buhach k'ii ch'oondaiibuild also see make
brownatthooit is brown
gwaahk'iihe's building a fire
bruisegwiilk'inhe built a fire
tr'eeriilgwathe is bruised
bull moose ch'izhirbullet dink'ee kit
tr'eeYitlgwathe bruised him bully dinJ'ii ch'aahjat, ,
brush (bushes) trial or trial(in the) brush trial tee
bumblebee ch'~~dzit ghoo orch'ineedzit ghoo orch'eedzit ghoo
brush (thing to brush with) bumphairbrush vaa diiki'tr'ahshruk ganahotthat .
he bumped against itfloor brush, scrub brushvaa chanchyahk'eech'arahtryaa
gwilzhala bump (swollen place)
clothes brush vaa gwach'aakak geeleegwirihilii
yats'a' tr'ineekaiihe bumped into her
bun (hair) ch'iighoo
dagho' k'eech'ahtryaahe's brushing his teeth
bundle ch'aghwah25
gwach'aa ghwaha bundle of clothing
burden khwah
burn
dhichy'aait's burned (part of body)yilchy'aahe burned it (part of body)gwiichy'aaa burn (on the skin)yahk'anhe is burning it (a thing)yilk'inhe burned it (a thing)ak'anit is burning (a thing)
-burp
vizhit tr'eediitr'ak, alsovighik ahtr'aii tr'aadhakhe's burping
burst
nihk'iindlitit burst (for example, aballoon)
gwaa neeit burst into flames
buryyitsiihe's burying him
yaatsiihe buried him
business
yidraii lee t'ii'inWhat'he's doing is none ofhis business
busy
vigwitr'it gwanli~he's busy (has lots of workto do)
but gaa or g??, also g??
but then akhai'butcher
nah'aashe's butchering (an animal)
butcher knife shrii choo (alarge knife), also tly'ahshrii (a very sharp knife)
but, cig~rette buttts'eet'it ghan
butter aak'ii t'ok
butterfly neenahot'ii orneenoht'ii
c c
buttock tthaa tthai'~ '-
button iktsak
brass button oodahaiibuy
ch'ookwatshe's buying somethingyuukwatshe's buying it
yuunkwatshe bought it
by (see also beside, along)
26
by means of haa callby the fire ko' ts'a'• yuuzhrii
he is calling her (by name)by the help of k'iighai'
calmhaahchii kwaashe is calmc daaghwalthe weather is calm (thereis no wind)cabinet vizhit goodlii
cache camel ch'atthaii vaghangwanlii ..... ..raised open cache drah
campraised cache with housedehtsii niihaa
he's campingyitsiishe's caching it naahaa
he campedcamprobber, gray jay, Canada
jay ch'idin gwat'an
yaatsiishe cached it
cafeteria, coffee shoplagahfii tr'iinii zheh can ch'iitsii tyfh
Canadian Gwich'in DagQQcalendar shree drin
candle khwaii daak'a'
calico lagwad9?call cane toh
neeyuuzhrikhe is calling her(repeatedly)
vatoohis cane
yinkeeginkhiihe is calling for her
too'ichyaahe is walking along with acane
yinkeeginhe'he called for her neetoohiichik
he is walking around with acane
27
zhat natoo'eetinhe walked there with a cane
cankervighik gwilts'ikhe has a canker sore, coldsore
canoe tr'ihcanvas dohshroo daag?t~canvasback duck t'aaviicanyon danzhitcap
cap, hat ts'ehcap, covering for a con-tainer gwiideekat diin'aii
" ~_ l".. ,.
capableq ad hanshe is 'capable
capsizenaaghaahe capsized
car ch'iitsii khal
carcass ilchiitthai'~ ..... "" v
card, playing card lagarcard game lagarcardboard box d~htlY'aa ty?hcare
kwank'it dhidiihe's taking care of a place
careadak'aantiitake care of yourself!
carefulneenjikshe's careful
carelessrahtee gwaa'ee
L ..she's carelesscargo k'eiich'ii neehaazhikcaribou vadzaih
caribou moss, lichench'oo'eezhu'..
caribou leg skin ch'idree dhahcarpenter dachan ahtsiicarve
yeeshraahtsiihe's carving ityeeshreeltsaii, also yahjyaahe carved it'L
cat ninjii zhuucatch
yiky'anjikhe caught himyc;thtsithe caught him, grabbed him
28
yildroohe's catching it (in a trap)
Y{lhdroohe caught it (in a trap)
yaalai'he caught it (in a snare)
yit'eedhizhiihe caught up with her
daatleeit caught on fire
caulkgwideetit nanch'aahkithe's caulking (in betweenlogs)
gwideetit nanch'iilkithe caulked
cautiousneenjikshe's cautious
cave, den ch'a'anceiling oodak zheh gwizhit
cellar nan tsii k'it(tsii k'it were originallyunderground caches wherefood was stored at variousplaces during the summermigration)tsii il'aiishe stored~away food in thecellar, or underground cache
cemetery, grave tth'an k'itcenser (incense holder in the
church) leef{l~ ty~hcenter
gwatl'anthe center
teetl'anin the center
chain ch'iitsii niltly'aa,also ch'iitsii tly'ah
chair vak'at tl'eiidii
Chalkyitsik Jalgiitsik
change
ch'ijuk t'iizhikshe changed (becamedifferent)ch'izhii nanaazhiishe changed her clothesnihdeek'it nineegii'ooThey two are changing places
chapditr'iiit (skin) is chapped
charcoal ch'uh (also used todescribe the color of any-thing dark gray or black)
charge
yeech'adaatl'oohe's charging it, buying iton credit
charredtr'eedhik'init is charred
tr'eeyilk'inshe charred it
chaseyeehaahe~s chasing him
29
neeyahandikhe's chasing him aroundgeeleeyah~fzhithe chased him away
chicken, grousedaih tsal~~
daih, also~~
shihtth'an gwaahdalhis teeth are chattering(from the cold)
chatter
cheapdaatl'oo kwaait's cheap (not expensive)
cheekvanviltrilhis cheek
cherish chief kh~hkwaiichild tr'iinin
yeet'inchy'aahe cherishes her chill also see cold
chest nink'oo yahts'iishe's chilling it
vidrihts~-!-his chest, upper front ofbody
chimney vizhit khaiitr'ii-chin
chewvihd i'his chin
chip, piece broken offgadaan~~~wood chip traa kil
chisel ts'iigho', alsovaa dachan zhit gwarahtsii
choke
teeya'aashe's chewing it
ch'iildak or ch'iilndak~ l" '. \he choked
teeyin'alshe che wed it
chop
chickadee ch'idzigyaak khayadankyaahe's chopping it up
30
khayidiinkilhe chopped it up
gwizhr~t goo'~~!the sky is clear, cloudless
traa ikyaahe's chopping wood
nahk9', also nahdrinit is clear, transparent
traa inkilhe chopped wood
gwizhrii vaa nagwaanall, .. ..it is clear to him
chore (see also work) clear
digwitr'it t'agwah'inshe's doing her chores
gwahshrii gwa'an or.. .,gwashr~~ goo'~tt,-alsogwaagaka clear areaChristmas Christ vagwanl~~
drin, also drin tsal
church tr'iginkhii zhehtr'iginkhii niheehe's gone to church
clerk, writer ch'adantl'oo
clever
cigarette ts'eet'it tr'iilk'a'..
khan yinjihaadhakhe is clever, his mind isquick
clarify see explain cliff, steep place on mountainkii neekheehiil'ee...
claw, also a quick-temperedperson ch'ag~t! cliff, rock wall kii khy¥¥
climbclawyuudriihe is clawing ityaadraiihe clawed it (once)
dak geehaa or ndak geehaashe is climbing, walking upor using hands
cling
clay, mud luh ch'ant'at viyilt'anit clings to him
clean
geeshraih kwaa.....it's clean (not dirty)
yidiits'aiihe clings to him, hangs onto him
vitee gwihiljiiit is clean (for example,a bunch of berries--thereare no pieces of dirt in it)yitee eegwihiliishe's cleaning them(berries)
nililt'an, also nilildziithey cling together (twosheets of paper)
clock shree kaahchyaa orshree ka'ahchyaa
close
clear anganaahjik or angan~~hnjikshe ci~sed the door
31
dindee lagw~~htinshe closed her eyes
clumsy
hak'alshe closed her eyes andlooked away
vinleegwijyaashe's clumsy (alwaysdropping things)
coal (for fuel) kii daak'a'closet goodlii dehk'it
clot(hot) coal, glowing coal in
fire ko' daadrya'"'" L 10. L
gihdee vatlo'aanaiiit (blood) got clotted
coat ch'adak ik
dahnaghaaa blood clot, clotted blood
cobweb gwiteedrii vyaa orgwideedrii vyaa
coffee lagahfiicloth lagwad??
a piece of cloth gwach'aat'uu
coffin dinjii dachan ty~~coin laraa
clothing gwach'aa coldclothesline tly'ah gwach'aa
eenjit h??ht'aiigwiink'oothe weather is coldnink'ooit (an object) is coldgach'ak'oo andaiiit feels cold
gwiink'oo nagwaanaiiit got cold '"
vanli' nink'ooher hands are cold
cloud zhee k'ohidluu
cloudy she's cold
gwit'eh goo'aii, alsoneech'agw?h'ee
koh yaahkhwaiishe has a c;ld
club (for hitting) khah cold storage shih gwizhittr'ahtanyitroo ch'?hkhaa
he clubbed him over thehead
collapse
club (group of people) oo'an t'eehiilnaiihe collapsed, feil down
khehlak gogwahtsiithey're forming a club
gwizhit gwadaanaiiit (a building) 'collapsed,fell in
32
ch'ank'ah gwihiilkatit collapsed sideways
comfortable
collarshragwaadhanshe is comfortable
vighin noo'eehis collar, its collar
command (see also order)
collarbonek'eedeegwaadhathe commands
vaghwahgwat tth'anhis collarbone
commotion
colorshruk haa neehidiindikhe's making a commotion,acting crazy
yii'eeshe's coloring it communionyaa'eeshe colored it
ninjigwadhat OOn)11she is taking communion
ch'ii'eecoloring, something onecolors with
community hall dinjii datthakzheh
comb kiizhrukcompanion
vijyaahis companion, partner
\ vaagwich'iihis companion, roommate
compass nan shree kaahchyaa
combat see fight compassionate
come (see also go) zhuu t'iichy'aahe is compassionate
aanaii.. .. ..come here! compel
nihdeiinzhiihe came in (walking)vigwiliiit comes into existence
gwats'a' yanzhokshe is compelling herto do it
complain
deenee'atit came loose
vizhit dagwadhathe's complaining
geeleehiilnaii. \. "'" \.It came loosecomplete also see finish
ndaa gwaa'ai' niinzhiihe came'io"the end
gwikiileegoo'aiihe has completed (the job),he is done
33
ndaa naahjik, also giinjikhe completed (what he wasdoing)
comprehend see understand
condition
nats'aa dinchy'aahis condition, how he is
conceive
tr'iinin ts1a' haazhiishe has conceived (a child)
cone, spruce cone ts'iviidaadzal or ts'iivii daadzalor ts'iiVIi deedzal
confidence
yit'injy??hchy'aashe has confidence in him,depends on him
confront
vinin ts'a' gwandaa nadhathe confronts him, faces upto him
confuse
deehee'yaa gaandaii kwaashe is confused (doesn'tknow what to do)
connect
leeyad??hkhanhe is connecting itleeyidiilkhanhe conn~cted it
conscious
gaandaiishe is conscious
consent
aah~' nyaahe consents, says yes
considerate
yeeyinjyaa'aii......she is considerate of him
consolenayahkhyu'he consoles her
constipated
vizhit trya' tl'oo iltsaii.. .. .he is constipated
consume see eat, drink
contaminated
iiz\:1'2-dhidlitit became contaminated
content
vaa shroonchy'aashe is content
continue
k'idhizhiihe continued in the samedirection
convulsionnaadooshe is having a convulsionniildooshe had a convulsion
cook
vakahchy'aahe's cooking
vikilchy'aahe cooked
cookie luh gaii faa\. l \, .. 4P
cool
nink'ooit's cool
34
nik'i'it is cooling off
country nan
naak' i'it cooled off
nan kak or nan katin the country, on the land
nahk' i'he's cooling it
court (where trials are held)dinjii adoorahaadri' zheh
covercopper theetry~' gwakak diltsuucopy it is covering it
yik'it t'ii'inshe copies him, shecopies it
yakak dich'iltsuuhe has a cover on it
covercord, heavy string tl'oo choo
tly' ah gwats'a' dinjiighitshe covets it
corner gwats'atgwats'a' dinjeedhatshe coveted it (at one time)zheh ts'at
corner of the house cow aak' iicost cow moose dizhuu
deegwahtsii, alsodeegw~htl'oO ----its cost, also how muchdoes it co~
coyote zhoh tsal
crack
dak gahaajil or ndakgahaajil --its cost is rising
iltraii~ , ,it cracked, it is cracked
Yiltraii,,,he cracked itcotton, also popcorn
ch'agahaatsuu daakw'anit (thin ice) cracksluu ahtalthe ice is cracked
cottonwood t'aa
cough
akoohe is coughing, alsohe coughed
cracker luh g~tt
count
gweechyaashe's countinggwinchyaa or gwahaatinshe countea
35
crackle
k?' daatr'althe fire is crackling
k?' diltr'althe fire crackled (once)
crampkheech'ahaadhakshe has a cramp
kheech'ihiilnaiiL _ L
she had a cramp
cranberry, cranberries
highbush cranberriestrahkyaa or trahchyaa
lowbush cranberries natl'at
crane, sandhill crane jyahcranefly, (daddy longlegs)
k'ii choocrawl
ijilhe's crawling
crazy
nahkhiishe's crazy
creaselit'eeniitinit is creased, folded
create see make
Creator, God Nan Gwiltsaii" " "
creek k'99
crevice gwideetak gwatsal
crevice (in ground or ice)nihtr'eeltil or tan ahtal
crippled
nihidik kwaahe is crippled, he can'twalk
crisp
dadhaiiit's crisp
criticise
yeenjit gwinzt! ginkhii kwaashe criticises him, doesn'tsay anything good about him
crooked
ch'ilshraiiit's crooked
crooked knife vigwiitsii
cross niht'iida'ee
cross, angry
vik Iii gwanliihe's cross
cross-eyed
nihts'a' gw~~'inshe's cross-eyed
cross fox neegoo niilzhraii'- 10,. ~ .......
crosspiece (for boat orsnowshoes) ch'antah
crow deetry~'
crowbar vaa khagwadaranlii
36
current (in river) ninlaii~...
crowberry deenich'uh itreeshe's crying
crowd, many people dinjiigwanl!! intrii
she criedcrowd a mass of people
dinjii lid!!ltloocrowded
cube, small chopped pieces ofsomething k'eiich'ii natsalts'a' khadineet'uu
cup chunty~hgoo'aii kwaait is"~rowded, there's noroom
cupboard k'ik k'itcurious
cruelvitr'ee gwahg1t!!he's cruel
gaa'ooshandaii yindhan orgaashoandaii yindhanhe is curious about it
crumble curly
khayadanddhakhe is crumbling it
ch'ildralit's curly
khayadiinddhakhe crumbled it
currant, currants nee'yuu
daddhakit is crumbled curse
yaahkw'anshe crunches it
vidivee gooz~~ yuuny1t~he curses him, wishes himbad luck
crunch
yaahkw'anshe crunched it (once)
crush
curtain gwats'ooghaiineiinvyaa
crutch toh
yihtreegwaaht'anhe crushed~it .
crust, hard snow crust tsil
cry curveneegwadaahdii'" \, \". ""it (for example, a river)curves back, makes a bend
37
needeedanaho'aii., ..it is curved (sled, snowshoeand toboggan)
ch'aadzyaashe danced
cushion tsuhch'adzaha dance
custom, habit dinjii nats'aagwaa'~~
ch'adzah k'eech'igilika dance caller
cut dandruff kiizhalyit'iishe cuts it dangerous
yint'uushe cut it
gogw??jatit is dangerous, frightening
yaat'aashe cut it once
dangle
khayadant'iishe is cutting it intopieces
neets'aiiit is dangling
daring
khayadaant'uu....she cut it into piecesyinjii'iihe is da~ing, courageous
cute dark
neeshreedaahchy'aa....he's cutetoo gwanlii, also nahkhwal.... --it's dark (outside)
Dtoo gwilii, also nahkhaa,.. --it's getting dark
darkdamp
ilzhrooit is damp (a thing)
neetseekhaadaatl'ooit's pitch dark
gwilzhrooit is damp (a place)
azhraiiit is'dark (in color)
darkness, night t??dance pitch darkness tseekhah
ch'aadzaashe's dancing
Jdarken
gwaazhr?t~ gwahtsiihe's darkening it
daughter
viyeets'i'her daughter (woman's only)
38
viki' or vichi' hisdaughter (man's only)
daughter-in-law
neeyan'eehe deceives her
vaa shroonchy'aashe is delighted with it
neeyiin'akhe deceived her
viyeh'athis daughter-in-law (man'sonly)
December Veegwaadhat, alsoCh'atsal
vitseiiher daughter-in-law (woman'sonly)
decorate
nagwadaatsi'she is"decorating
dawnyahkeeit is dawning
Yilkaii~ ....it dawned
nigwidiiltsi'.she dec~rated
niyidaatsi'she i~"decorating it
day drinniyidiiltsi'.... .she decorated lt
nihkaa gehdaa or nihkaa~ -gehndaaday after tomorrow
decoy gwik'it tiltsi'
deduct
drin datthak or drin tthakall day
yalat noonjikhe deducted from it
k'ehdil~' gehnililday before yesterday
juk drin nijin t'oonchy'aa?what day is it?
deep
taahkhit or taahshit.... _ ....the water is deep
shree ineegwiilkii.. ..day the sun first rises inwinter, above the ArcticCircle
neediinghit or neediizhitit (a hole) IS deep ....
deer vadzaih tsal
defenddead
ilchii~ ..it (an animal) is dead
yak'anYililhe is defending her
niindhathe (a human) is dead
deadfall trap dehtin
yak' a iLnya 'he defended her
definitely lyaa gwik'it
deliberately shroondaiideaf person dziigwat
delightdeceive
39
delirious tr'igwidiishe is depressed, sad
gaandaii kwaahe is delirious, unconscious deprive
ch'ats'aii haazhriihe is d~ilrious, actingcrazy
yats'an yuunJllhe deprives him of it
demon ch'anky'aa iiz~~or ch'anky'aa iizuu
yats'an yuunjikhe deprived him of it
descenddemonstrate
nahaiishe is descendingyats'al gogwaahch'in
she is demonstratingit to her neiinzhii
she descendedyats1a' gogw~~hchY'a'she demonstrated it to her describe
den ch'a'an nats'aa giyiichy'a'geegwaandakhe described it
desert (place where there areno peOple) dinjii kwaagwa'an, also nan gwinjir
desert
denim tsaiidhah akhayuunyaahe desert~d him, left himbehinddent ch'ilvak
ch'iyilvakhe dented it
design see decorate
desire also see wantdentalium ch'atth'an
dentist ch'agho' nahtsiigeenjit dinjiighitshe desires it
despairdeny
zhy~~ t'igwinyaa nyaa,also danaakwaashe denies it
nashroolii kwaahe despairs
destroydepend angoodlit
it is destroyedyit'injy~~hchY'aahe depends on him anyiltsaii
L L ,
she destroyed itdepression zhak tr'agwahtsiidiaper tr'iinin k'il
40
ninghit or niighit.....--- ~~he is dylng
nindhat or niidhat~.he died
diarrhea zhrak ts'ik dipnet ah
die
different
ch'ijuk t'inchy'aait's different
dipperBig Dipper YahdiiLittle Dipper Yahdii Tsal
difficultgogwantrii, also goodhaiiit's difficu~things aredifficult
direction
digizhik k'ii'anin that direction
gwin'eeit is in that direction
gwik'it t'iindhari kwaahe disapproves of it
dirt luh, also gwajat
•• •• dirty.. .khagwighit or hagwighitshe's digging a hole
didziiit (a thing) is dirty
khagwindhat or hagwindhathe dug a hole
gwiidziiit (a place) is dirty
dimgeeshraih.. ..it is dirty, messy
gat~~ch'agw~~h'eeit is dim (for example,in a room)
disappear
k'igwaanaiihe disapp~.ired
dinner khaa ts'a' ch'ara'aa disappointdip
chuu ich'iikaiihe's dipping water
k'eegwiichy'aa geenjit shoonilii kwaashe'is disappointed aboutsomething
chuu ich'inkaiihe~dipped water
disapprove
41
disbelieve displaygwik'injighit kwaashe disbelieves it k'eiich'ii k'eech'aahtii~..she displayed things
discard disregardyeenjit ninjich'adhat kwaahe disregards him
oo'an yihiilnaii~ .. ~he discarded Itdiscouraged disrobe see undress
deehee'yaa gaandaii kwaashe is discouraged, confused dissatisfied
discover shoo diits'an ahtsii kwaahe makes us dissatisfied
gogwah'aiihe disc~~~red it distance g?hthee
a long distance andhatdiscussa short distance nahgwangeenjit yaa ginkhii
she discusses it with him distantdisease ts'ik ninghit
it is distantdisembarkdistastefultr'ih choo ts'an dahaii
he disembarks, gets outof a boat gitr'ii'ee
it is distasteful to himdish k'ik distressdishpan vizhit k'ik
k'eerahtryaa tr'igwidiishe is distressed
dislike divegitr'ii'eeshe dislikes it chi inzhi i
he divedyitr'ii'eeshe dislikes him chyahkhak
it (a bird) diveddisobey divide
gwik'eegwahthat kwaahe disobeyed him nihk'iyidanlii
she's dividing itdisplace nihk'iyidiinlii
she divided itch'adan niyin'aiihe displaced it"~
42
dizzy luh t'atstiff dough
vaagwanghaa, also naghaahe's dizzy down (on orin the ground)
do yi'eezhakfar down
yeezhakdown the hilloozhakdown (for example, in thecellar, downstairs)
k'iizhakstraight down
jyaa dii'inhe's doing that
jyaa diyah'inhe's doing that to it
zhakdhatfarther down
down (on or to the ground)jyaa dee'ya', also jyaadiizhik "he did that
oozheedown on the ground, down tothe ground"·
jyaa diyah'y~'he did that to it yi'eezhee
way down on the ground (forexample, from a mountaintop)
down there (an area)dock tr'ihchoo tinee'ol
doctor dinjii shrinilii
doctrine jidii geech'aro~~htan yeezhokdown there, below but notstraight downdog laii or laiin
" " "vilikhis dog
dog salmon khii or shii
oozhokin the area down there
down river
door gehdeiinvyaa, gehdeiintin oodi', also yeedi'downriver--
dot gohogwat down toward the river from thedoubt land" yeekit
lik'injyaa'eeshe is in doubt
down a steep slope drindii
down beyond the bend yeeneeditdough luh niltraa downhill from here yeetthan
down the hillluh niich'itwet dough, batter
43
ood~~, also yeed?edown the hill from above
neehotl'~!she dressed
down feathers ch'ikheetsin neeyitl'uushe is dressing him
draftneeyaa.tl'~~she dressed himgeediintr'aii
there is a draft drieddrag jidii gaih,
something driedyeelilhe's dragging it drift
zhah khadaak'ata snowdrift
driftwood (on the water)teelyaa
driftwood (on shore) daa'oldrink
yiiniihe is'drinking it
dragonfly tly'ah tr'andrawer vizhit goodlii
drawers ch'iyehzhak thaIdrawstring tIy'ah gwizhit
haat'aii,,
dread
g??jatshe dreads it
dream ch'iinii.,he is drinking (liquor)
gineiinlyaa or gininlyaahe is dreaming, also heis a shaman
yeeni'he d~ank it
dress ik ch'eeni'he drank (liquor)
dress, get dresseddrive
neetl' uushe is dressing gwanaY?~hkit
he drove it (a nail) in
44
car neehahkhal.she is driving a car
vanleet'eeyaan~!!she dropped it (a livingthing)
drop of liquid dil'illaii neehaazhik" ....she is driving dogs
drip drowndaa'ilit is dripping
teeniiniihe's drowningteenahoniihe drowned
drum (for music) sh~hdrum (for gas, oil)
ch'ityah choo. ---~~c:9dil'ilit dripped once
drillgogwaa'eethey are drilling,practicinggwanaatiihe's drilling a holegwanaatuuh~ drilled·'a hole drumstick (leg of a bird)
neet'ee dhoovaa giitiia drill drunk
drizzle ts'in zhroo ch'anahoni'drool he is drunk
vizhrik daa'ilhe is drooling
dry
dropdhagaiiit (~~"object) is dry
vanleeyaanaiishe droppedLit (anything,especially a round thing)
goog<t~~it (the weather) is dryyahgaiishe i~"drying itvanleeyinghaa
she dropped it (a stick) yilgaiishe dried itvanleeyiindak
she dropped it (clothobject)
45
dry fish luk gaih••half-dried dry fishvizhit alii
lukeagle ch'izhin or ch'izhin
choo, also tth'ak or tth'aktr'aatsan
split dry fish luknihtr' ee t'uu
ear
duck dats'anduckling dats'an gii, also
ch'izhuu tsoodull
tr'iigwatit is dull (not sharp) vidzee
his eardump earache
neeyanjaahe's dumping it vidzii gwilts'ik
she has an earacheneeyaanjaahe dumped it earwax
during gwiizhik vidzii t'oohis· earwax
dust luh, also gwajat earlydwarf dinjii tsal early in the morning vanh
dai'..dwelling tr'igwich'ttdynamite aatal early, ahead of other people
juu n?t! tthak ehk~~
E earn
eachkhanaandaiihe's earning a living
earth, land naneach, one by one ch'ihlakts'a' earth, dirt luheach, everyoneYiteegwaachy'aa
\. ~ ... \.
earthquake
eagernan daatratthere is an earthquake
geenjit dinjiighithe is eager, willing
ease
khalchi'he is ~ager, in a hurry
shragwaadhanhe is at e.ase , comfortable
46
east gach'aha'ak ts'aii... ... ...shrii eek'~'edge of a knife
Easter Christ ninilkhin drin,also nineegwaalii drin effort
easy dat'aii haa gwik'eegwandaiihe makes an effort.
vagwantrii kwaait's easy (to do) egg
eat
(bird) egg ch'aghoo
daghooit's laying eggs
eeghooit laid eggs
(fish) eggs, roe luk ky'~'
egg yolk ch'aghoo zhit atsoo
ya'aashe's eating it
yin'alshe ate it
yaajyaahe's eating them eight nihk'iidoo....yaajilhe ate them
ojak naajyaahe's eating berries
jak naajilhe ate berries
eclipseoecho dideezhuu diitth'ak
shree gwat'a'akthere is an eclipse
eddy k'inehdlaii.........elastic
edgenaadooit is elastic, stretchy
gwidikat the edge
elbow
veelinaround its edge
vats'ahhis elbow
47
enemy gwats'a' gwil'aii.. \. \.
elder, older person ch'anjaa encourage
gwats'a' yah'eehe encourages her
end
ndaa gwaa'ai'.,it ends, also the endendure
khaiinji' ch'iidhat gaanihk'it ahaahe endures, suffers butcontinues on
embarrassed
oozhii dhidlitshe is embarrassed energetic
emerge goodiindaiishe's energetic
khaiinzhiihe emerged, came up and out enjoyable
empty shoo yats'an ahtsiiit's enjoyable to him
vizhit gwihiljiiit's empty enough
neeyanjaa or neeyiinjaahe's emptying it
leiiplenty, enough
neeyaanjaahe emptied it
shrii t 'aachy' aait is enough, 'plenty
enragedenable
gadhan yahtsiishe enables her to do it
vik'ii gwanliihe is enraged'
enterenclosure
gwineetthal dhi'eeenclosure, enclosed area
nihdeiinzhiishe entered
gwizhit dha'aiienclosure, something in it
entire see whole
encompassentrance nihdeegwiidii
\. \.
envygwineegoo'eeit encompasses it yeenjit gwahtr'ii
he envies her \.\.48
equipment evening khaa
naraazhrii gwadalhunting equipment
ever, always khik
eraseevery datthak
everything jidii datthakgineegwahjiihe's erasing everyone juu datthak
gineegw{lhjikhe erased
everywhere ijin datthak,also nijin datthak
gineeyahjiihe's erasing it
every way nats'ahts'a'datthak
vaa gineegwarahjiian eraser
everyone of themgooteegw~~hchY'{l~
evil tr'agwaanduu
gineeY{lhjikhe erased it
ermine aviiiizuu.. ..he's evil
escape examine
gwidiinzhiishe excaped
yik'ahaanjiihe's examining it
Eskimo Ch'eekwaii yik'ihiljik or yikihilnjikhe examined it
excessvandaa t'agwaachy'aa
" ~ ~ L ~he has an excess, too many
exchangeniht'ii yihiliishe's"~xchanging them
nihk'it t'igiizhikthey're even vat'aii kwaa goodlit
she is exhausted
niht'tt yahaaliishe exchanged them
excrement trycc'
even excuse
googaa or goog~~, alsogoogaa reeeven though, even so
yeenjit oo'an gwahaadliihe excused him, pardoned him
exhausted
49
exhort neeyiiltthaashe ~~tinguished itch'ats'a' t'igwinyaa haa
gwik'it t'ii'in yahtsiihe exhorts him, scolds himto get him to do it
vaa neech'araahkyaa or~... -vaa neech'araahchyaaa fire exting~isher '
exit chigweedii.. , extractexpect khayingygll
he extracted itgeegooliishe is expecting it (tohappen) eye
geegonli'she expected itgeeyuuliishe is expecting her vindee
his eye, his eyesgeeyunlishe expected her eyebrow vineedooghai'
expensive eyelashes vineedooghai'daatl'ooit is expensive
eyeglasses ndee zhii
eyewitness dinjii gwaah'in~ ..geegwaandakexplain
yats'a' gach'agahliihe's explaining it to him Fyats'a' gich'igilliihe explained it to him
explode fable zhy~~ gwandak tr'ahtsiifaceadoo
it's exploding vinin, also vinya'his fac-e--
ildooit explodedyildoohe exploded it
fade
vich'izhriiit is fading
exterior, outside coveringgwa'oo~,
vich'inzhriiit faded
extinguish faintneey~~hkyaa or neey~~hchyaashe's extinguishing it
vizhii k'igwaanaiishe fainted ",
50
fair (acts justly, rightly) false teeth ch'agho ilts~~~falter.ya ts 'a' n izii....he's fair with him gatr'oaanyaa
she falters~ hesitates tospeakfair (light-skinned)
jidii dagaii......someone fair family
fair (good-looking) vizhehk'aa or vizheegwich'inhis familygwinz!! vigweech'in or
gw!!z!i ~igweech'inshe's ~alr famine datsan
Fairbanks Tanan fancy
faith nidiilgwaii or nidiiltsi'it's fancy
gwik'injighithe has faith far ninghit
fall (season) khaiits'a' orkhaiints'~'
ninghit heefar away
fall farewell gwinz!t naagoo'e'
neet'aanaiihe fell ......___ G:>l_V_
--=--e:. 5:.-::---naanaii.. " ..it (anything, expecially around object) fellneiinghaait (a stick) fellneiindakit (piece of cloth, a skin)fell farther, farther on
naatl'itit (granular substance, likesand or flour) fell
oondaaa little fartheryeendaafarther (in sight)teet'aanaii
he fell overboard yi'eendaamuch farthertaat'aanaii
he fell over something fast, quickly khankh~vaayidiiln~!!he fell asleep
fast (go without food)
false oots'itadaraagc:t!she's fasting
51
diyilchaahe's fastening it
gwintl'oo ch'ara'aa gwahtsiihe has a feast, holds afeast
idiriilgaii,..she fasted feast, old-time feast gwitil,also lavasdaa
fasten
feather tsuhfat, stout
down feathers ch'akheetsuu
February Ahtr'aii Shree Tsal,also Veegwaadhat
ak'ii, also vatthai' gwanliishe's f~ •. ~. feeble
fat ch'ik'eh vat'aii kwaahe is feeble
fatherfeed
viti'his or her father yiyah'aa
she feeds herfatigue
feelcheendakhe's fatigued yak'aandaii
he feels itfaucet ch~~ vizhit ninlaii
L L. " yik'eeljik or yik'eelnjikhe felt itfavorite
ts'?t~ yildiishe is his favorite
feel
fawn, calfveenjit gwinziihe feels good'"
(caribou) calf ch'igii,also daatsoo, also vadzaihgii tsal, ~iso-ch'izhuu tsoo
veenjit gwiizuuhe feels bad ....
(moose) calf ditsikveenjit gwiilalhe feels rotten
fear najatfeasible
female tr'ik, also ditr'ikshoh tr' ikfemale bear
gogwadhanit is feasible fence tthal
52
ferment deediyiinjaashe filled it
jak ch~' ahjat ilii .the wine Is fermenting ·filth see dirt
ferocious fin
yinjii'tthe is ferocious, has courage
vaghakits fin
fetch finally gohch'it, alsogohch'it dee
yinkeehaazhiishe fetched it find
fever ts'ik nindhaa yigw~h'at!he found it
fine, good
gwinzttit is fine
finger
fewvanleetth'akhis finger
nitsy?'they are few vanleets'ih vak
his little fingerfight
yaahkhw?:!-the is fighting with him
vanleedrilhis fingers (all four)
yaahkhwai' .h~'fought with him
vanchoohis thumb
fingernail
deediyinjaashe's filling it
g~hdaa tr'iinjikshe finished
nich'itsyahthathe is fighting
vanleegaii" '" L •his fingernall
nich'itsilthathe fought finish
niligiighanthey are fighting (orkilling each other)
yiinjiishe is finishing it
file, rasp gwik'ihyiinjikshe finished it
fillg~hdaa tr'iinjiishe is finishing
53
ndaa naahjik, also.... --giinjik, alsogwikiilee goo'aiishe is finished;'done
fist ts'ihgwatfit
fire k?'viYtlhtsiiit fits him, is big enoughfor him
fire, shootfive chihloonli or
ch'ihloanli'ch'ahahk'eehe is firing, shooting fixch'ihilk'eehe fired (once) shreeyilii
he's fixing itch'ahdoohe is shooting (again andagain)
shreeyinlikhe fixed it
firebrand, burning piece ofwood dachan tak daak'a'..
flame kwankyaaflank
fireside, around the firek?' eeghaii, also kQ' ts'a' vitsehk'aa
its flankfirmament, heaven gwanoiinjik
flashfirst tr'ookit or tr'ohkit
or tr'oochit aadrii haadhakit (a light) is flashingfish luk
fish camp luk tr'ahgtl~~deek'it
aadrii hiilnaiiit (a light)'fiashed once
fish drying rack drah vehgoo gwihiilnaii... L .........it flashed by hlm
fish eggs, roe luk ky'~' flatfish hole jal k'it ts'idiity'a'
it is flat'fisherman luk kee'infish hook jal jidii ts'ity'a'
something flatfish net chihvyaa flattenfish spear ch'eedaih.. .. ts'idiity'~' yahtsii
he flattens itfish trap neegw~~ts~t~fish wheel tr'il flatter
fishing pole J'al tai'.... oots'it haa deeyihiil'eeshe flatters her (praisesher deceitfully)
54
flee fold
geeleehilgikhe fled from them
lant'eeyantanshe's folding it
flesh lant'eeyaatinshe folded it
vat thai '."his flesh, its flesh follow
flimsydadlarit's flimsy, wobbly
flint tly'ah
yik'th ahaa, alsoyineehandikhe's following him
fondleyeezhuu t'iichy'aa, also
float yeedidizhinshe fondles italaait's floating food shih
floodfool dinjii nahkhii
niteeniheethere is a flood, it'sflooding
fool aroundyaa nigwii'aiihe's fooling around with it
floor chanchyah, alsodachan chyah
flour luh
footvakwai'his foot
flower gwanzhi' nidiilts'i' footprintfly (insect) daii, also
• L L
ch'itrin daii• L L
vik'thhis footprint
fly for eenjitneet'aait is flying
veenjitfor him
fly eggs ts'ahL geenjit
for it, in order for itto happenfoam gwagho'
fog ch'atr'al forearmfoggy
neech'agwith'eeit is foggy
viky'aahis forearm
55
forever khikvadhah kak azhraii tsal, ......ch'ahsakhe has freckles
forehead
vants'at·his forehead
fragile
dadhaiiit is fragile
foreman gwitr'it gwats'a'k'eegwaadhat
frame dachan gwik'it teedha'ee
forest, in the woodsdachan tee
freckles
forget freezeganaandeehe forgets
datanit is freezing
ginildee or ginilndeehe forgot-
ahotanit is frozen
forgive
yee oo'an gwahaadliishe forgave her
yah tanhe is freezing it
fork ch'iitsii gwal orch'iitsii gwal
yiltanhe froze it
forkedidluu .he is freezing
jilgooit (a'stick) is forked
former, formerly chy'??Fort Yukon Gwichyaa Zhee
freezer shih vizhit tr'ahtan
freight k'eiich'ii kwaii vaaneerahaazhik
frequently nihkhan
fortunate fresh alii
vigwil'inhe's fortunate
Friday ch'ihloonli' drin ordrin ch'ihloonli'
forward ndaa ts'a' fried bread luhchy'aa
four doo......sweet fried bread khwaiiluhchy'aa
fowl neehiniidal friend
arctic fox chiky'aafox neeg~Q valak, also vijyaa
his friend
friendly
56
zhuu t'iichy'aashe's friendly
fringe vitl'in tthakfrog neeghaiifrom ts'an
gwats'anfrom there
from, separating from -eelee
frownch'iilts'ik, also ch'~~ghwanshe'is frowning--
frozenahotan, also adhatanit is frozen
giveeleeseparating from them, awayfrom them
jidii tansomething frozenneedeedzeeit is half frozen
from the north yeenaa,, frustratedfrom up there yeed~~
frontgwaahkwaa t'ishi'in nyaahe'is frustrated, says it'sno use
gavehndaain front, at the head of the frylinegavehdokalong side of themgwad~ttin front of a building
front of the bodyvavathis front
yahchy'aashe's frying it
frost shroo yilchy'aashe fried it
frostygwilzhrooit is frosty
dhichy'aait's fried
frying pan friibanfrostbite
fugitivevakalky'\:l\:lhe has frostbite trIal inzhii
he is a fugitivefroth (on a liquid) dik
gwaghoh fulfill
gwaghoh vighik tr'aahtuuhe is frothing at the mouth
gwikiilee goo'aiishe fulfilled if'
57
fungus (on birch)or ch'idiichii
ch'idiikii
full
deedaa'ai'it is full
daats'eehe is gaping
garbage, trash oo'an rihiliifumes of smoke lat tsin
fun
shroonchy'aait's fun
furrydazhooit's furry
garden gwanzhth deek'it
futuregarment, outer garment
gwiyehdak naraatsuu
yeendaa ji'in the future
garter (for holding upstockings) dreechaa
Ggarter (for holding up sleeves)
gin nidiizhii
gas (fuel) ch~~ daak'a'
gag gas (in stomach)
neevat gwihijuuhe is gagging
vitsin ahtr'aiihe has gas in his stomach
nee vat gwahaajuuhe gagged
gall bladder
gash
yatthaii zhit gwahat'aahe gashes it
vatl'ooits gall bladder
gasp
game (something to play)vaa tseerii'in
nehshrit dazhakshe is gasping for breath
game (large animal)ch'atthaii
\. \. \.
gate, entrance nihdeegwiidii\. \.
gathergame warden tseedhah k'aahtii
\. \. lachan yihiliihe is gathering itlachan yahaadliihe gathered it
gap, crack nihk'it gwaanaii\. \. \.
gape, stare
5 8
gay, happyshragw~~hchylaashe is gay
gift ch1oozhii, also eehinjiiyats1a1 ch100zhii ahtsiishe gives him a gift
gauze, thin woven materialohotl1ii dri1
" "
giggle
ch1eiizhriishe" is gen~rous
tsuu naad10kshe1s giggling
girl nich'it tsa1generous
germ ts1ik tr1aah1in kwaa" "
ch1intsai1 kwaahe is g~~erous, not stingy
get see catch and gatherget up
dak nin1J11he is getting up (fromsitting)dak nidhikhinhe got up (from sitting) girlfriend
khakii1aiihe is getting up (fromlying)
va'oodeehis girlfriend
givekhakee1aiihe got ~p'(from lying) yintl'eeya'aii
he's giving it to herghost ch1anky1aagiant zhee choo, also dinjii
choo
yintl'eeyin'aii.. "he gave it to hergizzard ch1atr1ooglacier gitglad
shoo ni1iishe's gl~d
glass (as in a window)vinjyaa1yaa
glasses, eyeglasses ndee zhiired sun glasses to prevent
59
glimpseahaaone person is going, walking
snowblindness dachanneeghin k'ik or dachanneezhin ch'ik-
go
yaa gyuuhiljilhe caught a glimpse of it
haazhiione person went
glitter gee'altwo people are walking
ch'ahdit or ch'ahnditit glitters, it'is bright
gahaa'ootwo people went
vakak shree haadhakit glitters in the sunlight
geedaathree or more people arewalking
globe nan kak gwineegoo'ee gahaajilthree or more people wentgloomy
nichiintsii.. ,it is gloomy
NOTE: There are many verb formswh ich come from the se bas icverbs meaning one, two, ormore than two people going orwalking.glorify
deeyihiil'eehe glorifies him
go
glory, brightness ch'agw~hditor ch'agwahndit- ,
go out (a fire)
glove, gloves dzirhnikyaathe fire is going outnaatthaa
glow the fire went outch'agw~hdit or ch'agw~hnditit glows gone, absent
glue vaa lagwarahdzii hiljiihe is gone, absent
glutton gobbledavathe's a glutton
gnat k'iijol or ch'ihjol
yihiltoohe gobbled it up
gnawGod Vit'eegwaahchy'aa or~, -Vit'eegwijy~ahchY'aa
or Vit'eegwiJyahchY'aa-. ~yeegwiighooshe's gnawing on it godfather
yeegwaajilshe gnawed on it
ch¥¥ vats'an rahtsii dai.,viti'
60
his godfather, father atbaptism
gold laraa daatsik
good
nizii~~he is good
gwinzii~ ~it (abstract) is good
hil'ee kwaahe is no goodan dhidlitit is no good, worn out,broken
Good Friday Jesus giriltsakdrin
goodbye gwinzii naa goo'e'~~
goose khaih, also gwigeh, alsodeechy'ah
gospel gwandak nizii• L
gossip
ch'eeginkhiishe is gossiping
ch'eeginhe'she gossiped
yeeginkhiishe's gossiping about her
government diikt~ k'eegwaadhatgrab
Yilhtsithe grabbed it
gracious
zhuu t'iichy'aashe is gracious
gradual, slow
neenjikit is gradual
grandchild
vitseii or vicheiiher grandchild (woman'sgrandchild only)
vikyuii or vichuiihis grandchild (man'sgrandchild only)
grandfather
vitsiihis grandfather
grandmothervitsuuhis grandmother
grass tl'OO
short soft grass tl'oots'uu~.
grasshopper ch'ahahsak61
grateful greetmahsi' yindhanshe's grateful for it yanaazhii
she greets himgriefgrave, burial place tth'an
k' itgravel needdhak tr'igwidii
he is grievedgravel bar in river kih chyah
or chih chyah grind
gray teeyangh<;?<;?she is grinding it
aveeit is gray teey?-?-ghQQ
she ground itgray hair grizZly bear shih tthoo
vikii gaii~~~his gray hairgroan
gray wood, weatherbeaten woodlaavii
khaiitreehe groaned
grayling shriijaagroin
vidiviigraze his groin
yatak tr'iinzhiihe grazed him, brushedagainst him
ground, earth, land nan kakground hog, marmot ts'ee
grease khwaii ground squirrel tthaa ortthahgreasy
group liiljilaghwaii~ ......it is greasy grouse, spruce grouse d~fh
grebe teekwai' ruffed grouse treegwathorned grebe noktsik or
nootsik sharp-tailed grousech'ahtal
greedy chiinahthan growgreen dats'an tl'oo (literally
'duck's gall bladder')nahsh~~she's growing
green wood dachan daalii nilshiishe grew
62
yaahshiishe's growing it (a plant)
Yiilshii... Ii. .....
she grew itgush
chuu kheezhaawat~r is gushing outgrowl, growling noise, it is
growling ch'ooghwan
grudgegust giintr'aii
gut, intestinegwintl'eeya'aii gitr'ii'eehe grudges it vits'ik
its gutsyit'injyah'eehe has a grudge against him
grumble
gutter gweelah
guzzle
gwiyeezhak ginkhiihe grumbles, talks back
yihilgwarhe is guzzling it, gUlpingit down
guarantee k'eiich'ii 11ZUUj~' gwit'!t neegwahahtsyaa(If a thing is bad, it willbe returned) H
guard khach'oaa'ya' habit nats'aa gwaa'ii'" "
yeech'oaah'ya'he is gt~rding it
gwaa'iihe's in the habit of doingit
guardian gwak'aahtii (one whois taking ca~~ of something)
habitable, good to live in
guestgwakak tr'igwich'iigeenjit gwinzii v"
it is habitabledinjii yaa neech'a'aahis guest hail ch'anluh
guide ch'anluh haa ahtsinit's hailinggwee'aa
\,. ..y~E2'aahe's guiding himyiin'akhe guided him
small hail-like condensationappearing on clear morningsch'its'ik, also nahtryaht'igwii'in --
gull, seagull vyuh or vy~h
gum, pitch dzih
hair kiighai'
vikiighai'his hair
gun dink'ee yiki' khat'iishe's cutting his hairgunpowder dink'ee kwan
gunsmith dink'ee ahtsii yiki' khaiint'uushe cut his hair
63
hairbrush vaa diiki'tr'ahshruk
ndaa t'inchy'aahe's handsome
hairpin diiki' t'in'ee handy (see adept)half teetl'an nilee t'ah'in
she's handy, skillfulhalf dollar hoovit
half-heartedhang
deeyiltsuushe hung it (a cloth)gatr'agwaahlii
she's doi~g ithalf-heartedly yighyee ch'ahchaa
he hangs himhammer lavashrduu
happengwanaY{i{ihkithe hammered it in jyaa digwii'in
it happens like thathandjyaa digwiizhikit happened like that
happy
vanli'his hand
hand's-breadth
vanleechyahhis hand's-breadth
shoo niliihe's happy
hand-me-down (clothes)eeyihilii, also ndaaliyeelyaa
hard
dach'atit (something flexible)is hardhandkerchief k'ooneiit'aii
handle diLu 'it (a surface) is hard
hard to do see difficultvatai'.~its handle
yineehahdak or yineehahndakhe is handling it ..
hard time
handsomevaa gwiizuu or vaagogwantriishe's having-a hard time
64
hardship gogwantrii
hay tl'oo
hazard gogw~~jathe adan
hardly, barely nehshrit orneeshrit
harness .l~~t tly'aa, laiintly'aa head
hare, rabbit geh viki'his head
harmheadache
giinjiihe harms it viki' ilts'ik
she has a headacheharmony
healyinjih ch'ihlakin harmony, of one mind neegwahshii
he heals his wound,he heals,it gets betterhasten
khalcht'he is hastening
neegwahshi'he he~led: got better
hat ts'eh neeyahshiihe heals him
vizhit teiits'iihe has heartburn
hate
gitr' ii leehate
neeyahshi'. .he healed him
hearyitr'ii'eehe hates him ch'iitth'ak
he hears, he can hearhaul
yeelilshe is hauling it
gwiitth'akhe hears something
haveyiitth'akhe hears it
yii'iihe has it
hearsay, what people aresaying akQQ digwinyaa~also jyaa digwinyaa «, (
hawk ch'akwaii chan ts'ik,also ch'azhralts'it, alsoch'iitr'an, also ch'ikee orch'ichee, also dzii ch~~ or.. '-'- --tSll choo or chii choo
heartvidriihis heart
heartburn
65
heathen k'eegwaadhat haandaiikwaa naii~~~
vihdee ch'aatth'akshe has the hiccups
heat gwadhah
neeY~{l-hkhyaashe's heating it
gatr'oaanyaahe hesitates to speak
.hiccup
heaven zhee kak or zhee kat hide (a skin) ch'adhah
heavy hide, concealnidiihe is heavy goh'it ch'aa'ii
h~'s hiding ~.heel
vakwaihtalhis heel
goh'it ch'aa'i'. .he hid
hell yeezhak ts'aii~ '- '-
g<;?h'itya'aiihe's hiding it
help goh'it yiin'aiih~ hid it ,•.
yits'inyaashe's helping him
high
yits'iinya'she helped him
high up (in the air)yeedak, also dakdhat
hem high up (on something)yeedee, also dehthat
needeeyadankaiishe's hemming it hill taih, .
hemorrhage
vizhit dahhe's hemorrhaging
her adan
here
right here dzaa or dzaa.. him adan
around here gwee,an hire
here and there anihlikyigooheekwat eenjit yah'eeshe hires her
hermit dinjii than gwandaii hit
hero dinjii yinjiintl'oo y i I kha ahe hit him (with a club or astick)hesitate
66
yi1gwathe hit him (with his fist)
dizheh gwak'at t'inchy'aashe's homesick
yaat'oohe's hitting it (with astick)
honestoots'it kwaa, also 1i'didliihe's honestyiilt'oo
he hit it once (with astick) honey ch'~~dzit sung~tt, also
ch'ineedzit sung?iihoarse honey-bucket try~' ty~h
hook, fish hook ja1daadi', also vighik kiigwaniiishe is·hoarse
holdyunta'he's'holding it, clutchingit
hoop neelvii... ...holehop
veeyiichy'a'it has a hole in it ch'ahtry~'
she's hoppinghole in ice, to fish through
ja1 k'itholiday ninjigwadhat drin
hopegwinkeedinjiighithe hopes.
hollow·horrible
vizhit khach'aado', alsovizhit gwihiljii: alSO--vizhit ch'akwaait's hollow
tr'agwaandyuuit's horrible
horse laii choo,... ...vighyaait (wood, tree) is hollow horsefly, big fly tl'uu
holy hose (stockings) sadooginshroodiinyaa• <it is holy
chuu vizhit......hose (water hose)neiinlaii
... ... L
home hospital i1ts'ik zhehvizhehhis home hot
homesick nindhaa or niidhaait's hot--(a pail of'water)
67
ninghyaa or niighyaait got hot .•
nindhaa or niidhaahe's hot-,-he'feels hot
hotel tr'ilch~~ zheh
hug
hound laii• • l
yee t'inchy' aashe hugs him(affectionately)
huge
house zheh or zhee
nitsiiit's huge
humble
khazhak t'iichy'aa, alsokhazhak diliihe is humble'khazhak t'eechy'a'he was humble
hunchback ch'aghanhungry
vizhit gwilts'ik, alsodintsinshe's hungry
hunt
naazhriihe's huntingnilzhriihe hunted
hunter dinjii naazhrii, alsoch'atthaii kee'in
l l ,
hurriedly_ khan gwichiihurry
khalchi'l
she's hurrying
68
skin house niivyaa zhehsod house kwanh
overnight house niihaa zhehhousefly daii, ..household zheh k'aa
how, in what way nats'aa, alsonats'ahts'a'
how long deegwilkhyuk ordeegwahkhyuk
however aii googaa
however, no matter how muchdeegw<tht1'oo
hoW much? deegw~htsii, alsodeegw~htl'oo
how many? daachy'aa'" ~ "'" "'"
howl
dak neenii'akit's howling
hurtts'iidhak, also ts'iindaiiit hurtsts'idiindhathe got hurt
vigwiinjikhe got hurt accidentally
husband
vakai'.-her husbandhush
khai' gwaachy'aathere is a hushkhai' aachy'aahe is hushed
hymn ch'ilik
IIshii .-ice luu
rotten ice luu ir
ice jam luu ladahojik
ice pick luu dzyah
ice skates ch'iit~iikwaiitryah
icicle ch~~ neehanhaii datan
idletr'agoodiinjikhe's idle
idol ch'ik'it tiltsi'
if ji' (follows verbs)
ignorantgaandaii ~waashe's ignorant
ignoreyadr~tt ch'aha'aii kwaahe's ignoring him
yadr~~~ ch'ahaa'aii kwaahe ignored him .~. .
illegitimate child nihloonjiikwaa gii naii~'" .
impatientvizhit gwihiichiihe's impatient
importantgwintsii veegoo'aiishe's important ..,-
in, inside, into a containeror similar object
vizhitin it
in a certain season hee,also dai'••
69
khaii heein winter, during winter inhabitant gwich'in
inhalekhaii dai'in wint~~, when it waswinter yaa haazhee
he inhaledincapable inherit
gad han kwaahe's incapable vats'an yaadlit
she inheritedincrease yats'an goonjik
she inherited it from herleii ilii......they are increasing injure
indeed Iyaa or I~~ or Ii' haa vigwiinjikhe is injured
individual (person) dinjiiteegw~~chy'~~ yiinjik
he injured himIndian, native dinjii zhuu
or dinjii zhuh inland, away from the riveroondak, also yeendakinlandyi'eendakfar inland
-inmate zheh gwaazhraii gwizhitgwich'ii ..'-,..L
inn (guesthouse) aakin eenjitzhehinsane
indicate see show nahkhii naanall, alsonaghaa daana.U:L
she is insane'"infant tr'iinin tsalinfected insect nan gwatl'ak
gwakat ch'iintratit is infected
inside
inflate see blow gwizhitinside, the inside of it
inhabit vizhitinside him, inside itgogwich'tt
they inhabit (an area) inside a long object
70
vazhakinside it (a long object)
intoxicated
inside outch'iniiniihe's getting intoxicated
an neeyid~~ht'anhe has it on inside out
ch'anahoni'..he is intoxicatedneeyid~~hkhyuuhe turned it inside out
intractable
needanahot'anit's inside out
viki' dach'atshe is intractable, stubborn
invisibleinsist vigweech'in kwaa
it is invisiblegwats'a' yanzhokshe insists that he do it invite
insole (worn inside on bottomof shoes) kwaiitl'eerilzhii
yankeeginkhiihe invites her (sends forher) .:~i., '
felt insole, foot wrappingtah aan~tt yahnyaa
he invites her (tells her tocome)instructor geech'oaahtan....
insulation, chinkingvaa tr'igwinya'..
inward parts, innards
intelligentvizhithis inward parts, hisinnards
vigwizh~ gwanliihe is intelligent iron (metal) ch'iitsii
intend iron (for ironing clothes)vaa ch'ikiri'ee
akoo dindhan.. ..she intends to do it irritate
interior of something gwizhit yik'ii gwahtsii, alsoshoo yahtsii kwaa----she irritates her, annoysherinterpret
lihteedeelyaahe is interpreting island njuu or juu
lihteediinliihe interpreted
itch
intestinesaghw?-'the itches
vits'ikhis intestines
inghw~'2-he itched
71
thok dha'aiiit (a round~object or bodyof water) is sitting byitself
gwahtr'iish~'s jealous
itself
Jesus, Our LordDiik'eegwaadhat
job gwitr'it
J join
jabbergooteiinzhiihe joined them, came up tothem
ninjich'adhat kwaa ts'a'ginkhii <
he's jabbering, talkingwithout thinking
joint (between bones)vatth'an k'it
jokejacket gwiyehdak naraatsuu dloo didlii
she's jokingdloo diinli'she joked
journey khaihtak
joy shroonchy'aajudge gadoohaadri'juice ch'ich\.l'
berry juice, wine jak chu'jail zheh gwaazhraii, also
ch' agwanzhih zhe!1i' --~jump
jam J'ak sungaii haa tr'ilvir, ~ c
hiltleehe jumped (once)
janitor zheh gwizhitshreegwilik haatlak
he's jumping (repeatedly)January tr'ookit shree nan,
also ahtr'aii shree choo,also ch'anjaa
June vanan ch'iighoojust
jawvihtth'anhis jaw
ky'aa'eehe is just, honest
jealous
72
Kkayak ch'eekwaii tr'iikeep
ts'an yaa'ii~.she's keeping ityak'{l{lhtiishe kept it
keg dachan tY{lh tsalherosene ch~~ daak'~'kettle tY{lh vizhit ch~~
tr'aahthal••key lid Iii.,
kickyikwiildhaiihe kicked it
kidneyvatr'oohis kidney
killyaahkhwaii.~,he's killing it (one thing)yiilkhwaiihe kill~d'it (one thing)yaghanhe's killing them (severalthings)yinghan
he killed them (severalthings)
kindzhuu t'iichy'aashe is kind
kind, sortjyaa dinch'iiit's that kind
kindling lirh dzikking k'eegwaadhat choo kitkingdom gook'eegwaadhatking salmon luk chaokin
valak naii, also yuahshii.'. -- ..naii.. ~,hlS kin, relativeskiss
Yc:{lts'u'he's kissing her
~\
yttlts'u'he kissed her
kitchen vakahchy'aa zhehkitten ninjii zhuu
73
kneadyaalandaiishe's kneading ityaalidhinjik or yaalaanjikshe kneaded it
kneevagwathis knee
kneelnikiigwah'eehe's kn~eling
knife shrii
table knife shrii veeghantr'iigwat
knit
ch'itl'uushe's knittingch'aatl'iishe knittedyitl'uushe's knitting ityaatl'ii
\. \.she knitted itvaa ch'iritl'uuknitting needle
knockganlaanaiihe's knockingganleeldhaiihe knocked
dak neeyiilnaiihe knocked it'~ver
knot (in rope) sh¥h or shuhknot (in wood) thoochanknow
gaandaiishe knows
knucklesvanleegwathis knuckles
Llabel k'eiich'ii kak gahochaalace gwach'aa ch'itseezh~'
gwich'inlace fat, caul fat
ch'itseezhu'lack
vaa ch'akwaa, also gehdant'iichy'aa ----he lacks, does not haveanything
ladder vizhit khwaadliiladle luu k'ik tail
\. ..large wooden ladle used toget snow and ice out ofmuskrat house fUU klik
lady, woman of high standinggwiyeh'at
lake vano
---=~::::::::=-- -
74
lame vik'iighai' girinkhiihis larynx
last khaiikoo'" .. '" ""khaltth'anshe's lame
lamp khwaii daak'~' ty~h late
land nan ninghyuk gaandaiihe's staying up late
land lately nahgwan gwanaa dai'• 4
needaanaiiit (pla~e; bird) landed later yeendaa ji'
laughlanding strip, airportnineech'iniidal dehk'it adlaa
he's laughingindlaahe laughed
language ginjihviginjikhis language
languish yeedlaahe's laughing at him
tr'iizhii yaahkhwaiishe is languishing;~lonelY yindlaa
he laughed at him
lantern vizhit khwaii daak'a' law jii nan kak tr'ad~~tl'oOvinjik gweedhaa (going bythe writings of the country)
lay see ~lay eggs see ~lazy
lapvantl'eehis lap
lard khwaiitr1agoodiinjikshe's lazy
large lead (metal) k'eiich'iiniigh99
nitsiiit's large lead
larynx YEC~'aahe's leading him75
leader gW~~'aa kit vatth'anhis leg
yin'akhe led him leg
leading, at the headkih, also kii. -_ .. legend gwandak ndaa Iireelyaa
leaf ch'at'an legging ch'idree thaIlendleak
vats'an ch'aa'ilit's leaking
geeyilhik or geeyilnjikhe lent it-,-loaned it
lean length agwahjyaa, also~ -dahjyaa•
git'eenaachii or gat'aahchii..... - "'t "''-she's leaning against It Lent Adaraagaii Zhit...
lean (skinny) lesson yeech'o~~htan
vatthai' kwaa...he's leanlest gwits'i' (follows verbs)let
leap
zhee haa tl akhe leaped
zhY{l? diy?hthanhe let it be
learnyiintrathe let it go
giky'anjiishe's learning
- letter d~htIY'aa
giky'anjikshe learned
least gwik'ee'itleather ch'adhahleave
hahaiihe's leaving
level
akhayuunY?{lhe left him, abondoned him
k'it dahotai'• •the land is levellice zhi'
left side tl'ohts'aii" ... ~ '"left-handed lick
tIohts'aii gwii'iiL '" ~ ~ ~ ~she's left-handed
yaht'okshe's licking it
76
yilt'okshe licked it
lid ty~h didiin'~t!lie (tell a lie)
oots'ithe's lying, telling a lie
lie (lie down)k'ilt'aiishe's lying downk'aat'aiishe laid .down
life gwandaiilift
zhee yahaa'aiihe's lifting itzhee yaha'~t!he lifted lt
light (shining)adriiit 1s lit, also a light
light (in weight)nidzikit's light, not heavyjidii dziksomething light
lighten, make light in weightnidzik yahtsiihe's lightening it, takingweight off
lighten, make lighter in colorat'oo yahtsii, alsoyich'ahshriishe's lightening it, makingit lighter in color
lightning nehtan kon, alsonehtan needoohaadhak----
likeyeet'iindhanhe likes it, himgeet'iindhanhe likes to do itshriyu~i-hchy'aahe likes him, as a friendyeet'inghya'he liked it, liked him
like, similar to k'itvik 'itlike himgwik'itlike thatgwik'it t'inchy'aahe's like that
limpneekhwaaha'akshe's limping
line, rope tly'ahling cod chehluklinger
khalchi' kwaa. ~he llngers, does not hurry
77
videevyaahis lips
vadhathis liver
lip
loadliquid chuu.. k'eiich'ii yakak dehlii
she's loading things on itliquorlisten
kwanchu'.loan
ch'oolk'iishe's listeningch'oaahk'i'she listened
geeyiljik or geeyilnjikhe loaned it to him
locate, find
yuulk'iishe's ilstening to him
yagw?h'?~~he located, found it
lock
yuaahk'i'•she listened to him gihdee ch'idiintinshe locked the door
litadriiit's lit, shining
loft oodak dachan chyahhaa gwilts~!!
log dachanlittle lonely
natsalit's little tr'iniinjik
he's lonely
jidii tsalsomething littlegwintsal or gwiitsal- ..a little bit
long
l~~! kwaaa little bit, not many
live (be alive)
jidii jyah or jidii njyahsomething long (an object)gwinjyaha long areaninjyaait (object) is long
gwandaiihe lives, is alive gwiinjyaa
it (area) is long
live, dwell (in a certainplace)
gwich'ii.. .he lives (at a certainplace)
d?hjyaahow long is it? (an object)deegw~hjyaahow long is it? (an area)
liver dahkhyuk•how long does it take?78
ninghit dai, also deenaa d?t'long ago ....
ninghyuk hee or n~~ghyuk heefor a long time
lookgwaah'inshe~s lookinggw??h'ya'she lookedyaah'inshe's looking at it
y??h'ya'she looked at it
loon daadzaii or deedzaii..... - .....
loosedahochaa kwaait is loose, not tiedneeya'athe looses it, unties it
lopsidedk'ah dha'aiiit~s lopsided
loseyaa tr'agw?hdaiishe lost it
lots gwintl'oo, also l~ttloud
gwintl'oo haahchikit is loud
louse zhi'love
yeet'indhan, alsoyeet'inchY'aa--she loves him
lowr:eeditithgwanIt (for example, a ceiling)is low
lowbush cranberry natl'atlucky
gwinzii vanzhit nagwaadhakhe's luckyvidivee gwiizuuhe's unlucky"
lumber, boards dachan chyahor dachan chyaa
lunch drin tl'an ch'ara'aalung
vidrihdokhis lung
lush, burbot chehluklust see wantlynx ninjii
79
men dinjii naii.. , .. match (for lighting fire) ko'..
M manner
mad (angry)jyaa t'igwi i 'inin this manner
vik'ii gwanlf!he's mad, angry
mansion zheh gwachoo
yik'ii gwahtsiihe's making him mad
mantle for gas lamplat ts'ih ohtsuu.
many leii.....maggot ts'ah, also gyuu
naahthal' ---- •. many times gwinl~!! or gwilinmap nan d~htlY'aaMarch Ch'izhin Zhrii or
Ch'izhin Zhrii.. .magic nagwahtsi', also shan
mailman d~htlY'aa neehaazhikmake mark
yahtsiihe's making it (one thing) yigwiilkii...
she marked it (a thing)yilts~!!he made it (one thing)yaghanhe's making them (severalthings)
gogwiilkt!she marked it (an area)
marmot ts'ee
marrow grease ch'izhee ghwai'yinghanhe made them (severalthings)
~ marry
yahahtsyaahe will make it
nilagoonjikthey got married
yeeheeghaahe will make them
nileegavahchii..he marries them (forexample, a preacher)
male (human) dinjiiyuunjikhe married her
male (animal) ch'izhir marten tsukmallardneet'ak choo marvel geech'i'inmama ch'ahan mask diinin k'it tiltsi'man dinjii mat chyah
manhood dinjii dink'indhat
80
match, be alike
nihk'it t'igiichy'aa, alsoligwigwiich'inthey match
mattress t'eiitin
May Gwiluu Zhr~t or GwiluuZhrii
maybe duulee, also shrooL L
me shiiL L
me too shant'ee
meal tr'a'aa
meanjyaa nyaathat is what he means
deiinyaa t'iinyaa?what do you mean?
mean, wicked see cruel
meat nilii, ~
dried meat, jerkygaih
L L
niliil L
raw meat nilii ch'ih\. , ,
medicine
Ill ...!:' 61Ji: -e'~.
.,e._ 'il:.v~ ~ ... _
4tova.c. -.- _
.. """'- .-
medicine man, shaman dazhan,also dinjii dazhan, alsogininlyaa
·meek
khazhak diliihe is meek
meetyadaazhii, also vadadoiizhiishe met her--
meeting (on purpose), to meet
yadat haazhiihe walked to meet him
meeting (accidentally)yak'at deedhizhii or yak'atdeenahokaiihe met him unexpectedly,ran into him
melt
• b
o
6
b
o
•
D
naaghwanit melted, it's thawed
neeyahkhwaiihe's melting it, thawing it
neey~hkhwanhe melted it, thawed it
yahtsuuhe's melting it (snow orgrease)
81
yuuzhriihe mentions him
yiltsuuhe melted it (snow orgrease)
viyinji'his mind
niigh<?<?it (metal) melted
mine shats'anminister ginkhii
y??hkh<?<?he's melting it (metal) mink chihdzuu
oaalitit melted away
mirage
memory see remembergineezhee gwaatthaka mirage is forming on thehorizon (from heat or cold)
mend
k'ineeyaahkaiishe's mending it
mirror vizhit needaraa'in orL Lvizhit needaraa'in
mention
yuunzhri'he mentioned him
mess
tr'agwaanjik, also tth~~ftr'agwaanjikit's a mess, it's messytthaii tr'agwaanjikgWiltsaii
L , ,she made a mess
mischievousvagwantiihe's mischievous
missmessenger neehii'ak yeeyahk'ee
he missed it (with his gun)midday, noon drin tl'an
yatl'anin the middle of it
yeey?hdak or yeey?hndakhe missed it (with an arrow)yeeyinkithe missed it (when he threwsomething at it)
middle tl'an
teetl'anin the middle yaa tr'agw?hdaii or yaa
tr'agw~hndaiihe missed it (something helost)milk t'ok, also rna'
Milky Way Sa' r r or Sa' IIL , yak'at t'inchy'aa
he misses hermind
82
mistaketehk'aa t'ii'inshe's making a mistaketehk'aa t'ee'ya'..she made a mistake
mite, little tiny thingk'eiich'ii natsal
mite (insect) zhi'
mitten dzirh
mixnihteeyinjyaahe's mixing it
nihteeyiinjaahe mixed it
moankhat'idiinyaashe's moaning
khat'idiinya'she moaned (once)
moccasins kwaiitryah
vakwaiitryaahis moccasins
.moccasin sole vakwaiitl'eeor kwaa'kaii'~..
moccasin top vakwaiichan
moccasin strings kwaiitryahtly'ah
mockyeetsigoolii or
yeetsuugooliihe is mocking him
modern juk gweedhaa
moistilzhrooit is moist
mold tsuh
iitsuuit's moldytsuh iliiit's getting moldy
Monday Orin Tl'~~, alsoOrin Ch'ihlak, alsoOrin Ts'an Ch'iEIaK
money laraamonth shree nanhmoon too oozhrii, also shree~~
moonlight tQQ oozhriich'ahdrii, also tQQ oozhrii
moose dinjikbull moose ch'izhir
83
tr'igwidiishe is mourning
cow moose dizhuu mountain ddhah
calf moose dazhoo tsoo mourn
mouse daatsoo..
yearling ditsik
mop vaa gach'arahtthaii
more than mouthch' andaamore than others (usedas an adverb)gwandaamore (used as an adverbor a noun)
vighikhis mouth
move see ~
more tth'aiineehidiindikhe's moving around (walking,or sitting and makingmovements)
morning vanhvanh dai'in the'~orning
much gwintl'oovery much gwiyeendaa
mortar and pestle ch'iitsiiteech'angh??
mud luh ch'ant'at
mosquito k'ii or ch'ihmultitude (many people) .dinjii
leii, also (a crowd) dinjiiIB.iji-l--
mosquito net k'ii dhahmumble
moss ny?-'needidzyahlaiihe's mumbling·moth gwatthat
mother murder
vahanhis mother
dinjii dilkhwaiihe murdered theLman
motion yats'a' gwik'itteegwahtsi'
mush
mound ilk'at, also khaak'atYEfEfzhaahe is mushing dogs
84
neeyahanzhokhe is mushing dogs around
yanayahkithe's nailing it to it
zhat niyiinzhithe mushed dogs to there
mushroom ch'iveedzee orch'ooveedzee
nail (finger or toe)
vanleeg~t~ or vag~tthis fingernail
music ch'iridlii his toenail vakwaiigaiiI. I. I.
muskrat dzan naked tsee'ehdan
muskrat house dzan kwan name
muskrat house near edge oflake nyuhkwan
voozhri'his nameyuuzhriishe calls him by name
yunzhri'she called him by name
oaazhriihe is named after
nap
N oozhok teeyihiilnaiiI. I. I.
he took a nap
nail (to hammer) gwatsaknapkin d~htlY'aa vaa diinanli'
ach'arahjii
gwanayahkithe's nailing it in
narrownits'ikit (an object) is narrowgwanay~hkit
he nailed it in gwints'ikit (an area) is narrow
85
nasal branch with needles ahdantsih zhit ginkhiishe is nasal in her speech,talks through her nose
native dinjii zhuu or dinjiizhuh
navel
vajoh k'ithis navel Negro Dinjii Zhraii
, < L
near neighbornahgwannearby vinee'ok
his neighbornear something neither one, none of them
ch'ihl~~ gaa kwaayeeghaiinear him nephew
(area) near geh'at vyuu, also vakhooher sister's sonnearly, almost khaiinjii
neck vitseii or vicheiiher brother's child
vak'ohhis neck vizh i'
his brother's sonnecklace (of beads)
diik'oh nidiinliinaagaii
L L L nervous
need daatratshe's nervous
yat'aahchy'aa, ... .he needs It nest, bird's nest ch'at'oh
gwat'~~hchY'aahe is in need
neeshraahchy'aahe is needy, poor
needte". tthah tsal.2£. tah tsalsmooth sewing needle.tthah.tsal oolaii
needle case tthah tsal dhah net .,sh~hvyaa;",'
neVerlyaa akwaa ,." \_,
86,",".~; . . -~ .-,
nevertheless aii gwiizhik,also googaa
new k 'eejit
nine vanchoo nak'aa zhakdhitin also vanchoo nak'aakwaa, also vanchoo ch'ihlakkwaa
New Year's Day Orin Choo nipple-[
next vat'ok ki'her nipple
aii gwats'aii.....the next one no akwaa
next year yeendaa neegwiidhat noise deegwintsai'.. .nibble noisy
teeya'aahe's nibbling on it
deegwintsai'it's noisy'
teeyin'alhe nibbled on it
none
nicegwihiljiithere is none, thereare none
niziiit's'nice noon drin tl'an
niece north
vitseii or vicheiiher brother's child
up north yeendak ts'aii.... ,
vyuu, also vakhooher sister's child
from the northyeenaa ts'aii~~ ~~~
vijuuhis brother's daughter
north wind yeenahjyaa ahtr'aii.. ..
northern lights yakaih oryak~th, also zheek~th
night too.. .. nose
vants~hhis nose
nostrilvantsih zhit, also vinjikhis nostril
last night k'ehd~t' khaaor k "ehdai' too" "" '" '-
not kwaa
nimble do not! shr9'
didrikshe's nimble, quick
notch (in a log) khagwaakil
87
nasaldantsih zhit ginkhiishe is nasal in her speech,talks through her nose
native dinjii zhuu or dinjiizhuh
navelvajoh k'ithis navel
nearnahgwannearby
near somethingyeeghaiinear him
(area) near geh'atnearly, almost khaiinjiineck
vak'ohhis neck
necklace (of beads) naag~ttdiik'oh nidiinlii
need
yat'aahchy'aa, ... .he needs Itgwat'~~hchY'aahe is in needneeshraahchy'aahe is needy, poor
needJ-e tthah tsalor tah tsal' '-,
smooth sewing, needle,tthah .,tsalooIa ii..
needle case tthah tsal dnahneedle of spruce tre'~"ah~gat
branch with needles ah
Negro Din]'ii Zhraii, , L
neighborvinee'okhis neighbor
neither one, none of themch'ihlee gaa kwaa
L ...
nephewvyuu, also vakhooher sister's sonvitseii or vicheiiher brother's childvizh i 'his brother's son
nervousdaatratshe's nervous
nest, bird's nest ch'at'oh
ne t ,ch:i:hvyaanever 'lyaa akwaa
r" , .." \
86, ',,"','
nevertheless aii gwiizhik,also googaa
new k 'eejit
nine vanchoo nak'aa zhakdhitin also vanchoo nak'aakwaa, also vanchoo ch'ihlakkwaa
New Year's Day Orin Choo nipple
next vat'ok ki'her nipple
aii gwats'aiithe next one' no akwaa
next year yeendaa neegwiidhat noise deegwintsai'...nibble noisy
teeya' aahe's nibbling on it
deegwintsai'it's noisy'
teeyin' alhe nibbled on it
none
nicegwihiljiithere is none, thereare none
niziiit's'nice noon drin tl'an
niece northvitseii or vicheiiher brother's child
up north yeendak ts'aii.. ,.from the northyeenaa ts'aii
L L L L ~vyuu, also vakhooher sister's child north wind yeen~hjyaa ahtr'aii
northern lights yakaih oryak~th, also zheek~th
vijuuhis brother's daughter
night too.. , nosevants;ihhis nose
nostrilvantsih zhit, also vinjikhis nostril
last night k'ehd?~' khaaor k "ehdai' too
" "" '" '"not kwaa
nimble do not! shr<;>,
didrikshe's nimble, quick
notch (in a log) khagwaakil
87
{
gwihiljii, also ch'akwaathere's nothing
it is obscure to him, hedoes not understand it
nothing
obscure (hard to see)November Divii Zhrii or
Divii Zhrii., gwinZ!f gwik'it teeyahchy'a'kwaait is obscure to him, hecan't see it wellnow (at the time or place
referred to previously)it'ee or t'ee, also akoo- ,. thah zhit dha'aii....it is obscure, barely
visiblenow (today, at the presenttime) jukjuk drinnow, these days
observe
juk gweendaanowadays
gwik'aahtiihe is'observing it
nude tsee'ehdanyak'aahtii••he is observing him
numb obtain see ~
ahkhiiit's numb
occur see happenoccupy
number ch'eechyah gwidehk'it dhidiishe is occupying a placenurse ilts'ik k'aahtii•• ocean chuu choo......
o ochre tsaih
oak dachan lirOctober Vadzaih Zhrii or
Vadzaih Zhr;i.;i.
oar taa'aii.. \. \.
odor see smell
oatmeal, mush ch'atloo odorlessvagwaatsan kwaaobedient it is odorless
gwik'ee gwahthathe is obedient,' he obeysgwik'ee gwilthathe was obedient, he obeyed
often nihkhanoffering
obscure (hard to understand)yintl'ee y~hjii oryintl'ee y~hnjii--she offers it to him
gwinzff gwik'it teedziiil'ee kwaa yintl'ee yahjik or
yintl'ee y~hnjik--she offered it to him88
oil, lubricating greasekhwaii vaa tr'agwahtlee
ch'ihlee••one person
yahtleehe's oiling it
ch'ihlak nilii tslal. ."one at a tIme
yiltleehe oiled it
khehlanin one place
old ch'ank'aa or ch'ank'ah.. -one side, one of a pairch'ajatit (a thing) is old dakwai' ch'ank'aa
one of his own f~etjidii jatsomething old
nishin y??hchtthe is very old, elderly
onion tl'oo drik
shin yaahkhwittthe is getting old
old man dyit?hch'i' or dthch'i'
only zhrii or zhrii, also~ ,spelled rii or rii, ,
open
gich'idiintinthe door is open or sheopened the doorold woman shaaghan or
shyaaghan yideekat ch'idiin'aiishe opened it (a c~~)_on, upon, on top of kak
or kat yideekat ch'idiin'atshe opened it (a sack)dak yuunjikshe's opening it (a window)
open place in river teeddhaa
teekaton the (surface of) thewaternan kat or nan kakon the ground, on the landgwakakon top of a pile
opening in forest gwahshrii,also geeyi ichy I a I •
once ch'ihlok opening in building geegwiidiiL "
one opposegwadadaa'ee• •he opposes itch I ihlak
one thing 89
outside, outdoors chiitaii,~.
yadad{l{l'eehe opposes him
other side, far sidenduhts'aii
... ~ \. \.
opposite, across and facinggoots'ii goots'a' gwaa'ee. ,,0pposlte them, facing them
other side, reverse sidech'angw{lhts'?~t
otter tryahor ouch ava' or avaa
(one thing) or (another)haa jidii shrit out there, out in an area
Lidii lagahfii haa jidiishrit yindhan?Do you want tea or coffee?
oo'okright out there
(do one thing) or (theother)akoo, '-
yee'okout there, out that way
out in the open, out on water
Chiitaii k'eehindik akoo'- . '-zhee gwizhihindyaa.
Are you going to walkoutside or stay inside?
oondaa, also yeendaaout there
outdoors chiitaii, '- .order (as from a catalog) outhouse trya' zheh,
yinkeeginkhiishe's ordering it
yinkeeginhe'she ordered it
order, give orders
k'eedeegwaadhathe's giving orders outside a container tY{lh
ohts'aii or va'ooL 4. ... 'I. _ ~ '-yats'a' k'eedeegwaadhat
he's giving orders to him ohts'aii or va'oo~utsid~\.i~ ~~order, put in order
gishrii nahjii or gishriinahnjiishe's putting them in order
outside of something, outersurface
gishrii naahnjik, ,she put them in order
va'oo,.its outside
ornament nidiiltsi', .orphan chiitee
chiinzhiishe went outside
outsider oonduk gwich'in90
outside, out in the statesOonduk p
oval, egg-shaped ch'aghoo k'itteedha'ee pack
over see also ~
(passing) overyataaover him, passing over him
over there
khwaha pack, a backpack
yeeghwaahe's packing itneeyihiighokhe's packing it around
paddle, oar taa'aii.~.oo'at, also yee'atover there
akwaahe's paddlingover the edge
yidikover its edge aadraa
he's paddling very fast,paddling hardover yonder gehdit
overflow pail tyah vizhit chuu. , ...teeraazhik
gwak'at tanhaiithe water is overflowing
gwak'at taahaii\,... ~~"the water overflowed
pain
vashraan'eeshe has a pain
owe paint vaa gwiivan
yits'a' gaandaiihe owes it to him
gwavanhe's painting
owl, great horned owlvi'iidzee
gwaavanhe painted it
ownyavanhe's painting it
vats'anhis own yaavan
he painted itowner dinjii gwats'a'
k'eegwaadhat, alsodinjii vats'an-chTinlii....
pair neekwaii nihk'itt'iichY'~ac
pale
naat'ooshe is pale
91
{
palm of onefs hand yehgoo haazhiishe passed her
vintl'ee, also vanleeghyahthe palm of his hand pass (in mountains) nihtak
pan k' ik past
pancake saloojik, alsoshaghan tr'ildha-a---
geetaa goodhatit is in the past
panic gweedhaa gwanaa, alsoch'adai' gwanaathe pastkhan vizhit najat aanaii
~ " "he panics
pant, be short of breath pasture ch'atthaii ch'a'aadehk' it' ,,khahozhiishe's panting
pat
pants, trousers thaIgwakathe's patting
gwinkathe pattedyakathe's patting ityinkathe patted it
patchpaper, book d~htlY'aa yeekat ch'aahkaii, also
yeekaa ch'aahkaiishe's patching itpardon
yee oo'an gwahaadliihe pardoned him yeekat ch'aahkai', also
L L \. Lyeekaa ch'aahkai'she patched"it'"parent yehghan
viyehghanhis parents
path gwin'ee, also taii orta iin\. ~~
part gwalat pattern gwik'it tilt'uu
partner pay
vijyaahis partner
gookwathe's paying
party shroonchy'aa gwaatsii goonkwathe paid
pass yuukwathe's paying it
92
yuunkwathe paid it
peace tsin ehdantsin ehdan ginliithey are at pea~~
tsin ehdan goo'aiiit is peaceful '"
peak zhee t'in'ee
peekgikhyaatthaiishe's peekinggikhiltthaiishe peekedyikhyaatthaiishe's peeking at her
yikhiltthaiishe peeked at her
peel
yadhah geelee hiliihe's peeling it (pulling thepeeling off)yadhah geelee haadliihe peeled it (pulled thepeeling off)yinee thaht'iihe's peeling it (cutting thepeeling off)
yinee thalt'uuhe peeled it (cut thepeeling off)
pelt nin dhah
pencil d~htlY'aa t~f'
pencil sharpener d~htlY'aatail tsii vaa neegwarahtsii
\. t. '" l.
people d in j i I naii,~.pepper lageevir
perfect
gwit'igwin'ee kwaait's perfect
perfume leef~~ or tleefaa
peril see danger
person dinjiiperspire
zhyaaghyaahe is perspiring
zhttlghyaahe perspired
pick ch'aghwarh
pick
ch'aahtsii..she's picking berries
ch'iiltsaiishe'picked'berries
piece
valata piece of it
93
pierceyeech'inzhaahe pierced it (once)yinanch'atthaiihe is piercing it repeatedlyyinanch'aatthaiihe pierced it repeatedlyyeey~hkaiihe pierced, stabbed himwith it
pig lagohshroo or lagohshr??
pike iltinpillow tsuhpilot bread lUhg~~~pimples khach'aagitpinch
yaats'akshe pinched heryuuts'iishe's pinching heryuunts'akshe's holding it pinched
pink thah zhit dahotsikpipe (for smoking)
ki' ts'eet'it
pipe (for water)lidhi'ee chuu eenjit, ,
pistol nilee dink'ee, alsodink'ee tsal
pit gwiiltin.. ~
pitch, spruce gum dzihpitcher chuu vizhit dhak~itpitiful
tr'agwaanduu viyiichy'a'also gwiizu~ viyiichy'a'ne-Tooks pitiful
pity
yeenjit zhuut'iichy'aashe has pity on her
place -k'it, also deek'itdeek'it, also gwideek'itits placeahk' ita butchering place
place
zhat niyin'aiihe placed it'there (onething)zhat niinliihe placed them there(several things)
plain (flat land) nan chyahplain (straight, true)
k'igwaa'eeit is straight
94
plainly gwanlii• Lit is plentiful, they are
plentifulgwizhr~~ ginkhiihe speaks plainly
pliers ch'iitsii vaa tr'on'alplan
gwik~h d~!' yinjigwahtsikshe's making a plan
pluck
yanjoohe's plucking it
gwik~h d~~' yinjigwilts~t~she made a plan yaanjoo
he plucked itplane (for planing wood, or
hides) vaa gwiighw~?yaghwaahe's planing it
pocket tseet'it
point (of land) gwitsttpoint (of an object)
yinghw??he planed it vitsii
its pointplane (that flies) see
airplane point with finger
plank dachan chyah yats'a' tth'eehil'eehe pointed at him
gwanzhih~plantgwats'a' tth'eehil'eehe pointed at it (a place)plastic, transparent plastic
ch'idril vinju' gweech'in
plate k' ik
play
tsee'inhe's playing
tsee'ya'he played
yaa geegwaazhiihe is playing with it
poison nin ch'oondaiipleat poke with a stick
yahkyukshe's pleating it yagwat
he's poking ity?hkyukshe pleated it yuugit
he's poking at itplentiful
95
yaagwathe poked it
valata portion of it
pole dachan njyah positive
policeman, marshal ch'izhir lyaa gaandaiihe is positive, knows forcertainpolite
adaa neenjihiidhakshe is polite
possible
pollutegogwadhanit is possible
tth~!t tr'agwaanjiktr'agwahtsiihe's polluting it
post dachan gwinin riitthaiipot ty~h
pond teeltinpotato, also Indian potato
trihpoor
neeshraachy'aashe's poor
potlatch lavasdaa
neeshraahchy'aa gwil~i.tpoor thing
vikeech'ahchy'aahe's having a potlatch
popcorn ch'agahaatsuupouch for tabacco ts'eet'it
dhah
porch gwad~tt zheh pour
porcupine ts'it neeyiinjaahe's pouring it out
..~
neeyaanjaahe poured it out
poverty gehdan t'oonchy'aa
powder, gunpowder dink'ee kwanpraise
deeyihiil'eeshe is praising him
prayporcupine quill ts'it ch'oo khagidiinjii
he is prayingporridge, mush loh tloo
portage theetaa khagideedi'he prayed
portion
96
preachginkhii gwaandakhe is preaching
zhyaa t'ii'inshe\s pretending
zhyaa gwik'it t'ii'inadaa~ii
< <
she pretendedginkhii gwildakhe preached pretty
precious ndaa t'inchy'aa, alsozu' nilii, ' '-she's prettydaatl'oo
it is precious
pregnant jidii z'2-'nil~~something pretty
tr'iinin haa ahaashe is pregnant prevent
tr'injaa vizhit tr'iinina pregnant woman
gwits'i' gok'aahtiihe prevents it'
prepare previously gwehkt~ d~t,also gwats'a' dai'-- '-'
shrigwiliihe is preparing pride khashreel'aii.. , ,
shrigwinlikhe prepared priest ginkhii
shriyiliihe's preparing it
principal geech'oaahtan kitgwikit nilii ","
shriyinlikhe prepared it
prison zheh gwaazhraii, alsoch'agwanzht~ deek~it
present, at this place private
dzaa t'inchy'aa, alsozhat t'inchy'aahe is present
nan kak dinjii geeroaah'y~'private property
present, gift eehinjiiprobably, maybe
duuleedohlii or.. ..
probably, I think shrgg
probationzhee gwaazhr~tt heedyaagwits'i' vik'eer~~htiihe is on probation
profit
pretendgwats'an gaayii gwahtsiishe profited from it
97
promise punishkheenideech'idee'aii
L l lhe promised yagw~~hsh!i-she is punishing her
promote YigwiilshiiI,. It. L. ,
she punished herndaa gineeyihilchiishe promoted him II pup laii tsal
L l l
prompt
oohilzhii, ,he is prompt, always ready
promptly, quickly khan
protect
yak'anyaal ,
he is protecting himpupil (student) geero~~htanyak'aiiny~'
he protected him pupil (of eye)
vindee azhraiithe pupil oi"~is eye
proudkhadak dilii
l lshe is proud of herself purchaseyashoo ah1t!she is proud of him yuukwat
he is purchasing itkhashreel'aii
l , l
she is proud, conceited yuunkwathe purchased it
provoke pure see sacred, holyzhiy~?hts'iihe is provoking him shroodiiny?f'
he, she, it is purezhiyaahts'ii or zhiY~!lts'iihe p~ovoked hIm vitee gwihiljii
it is pure, has noimpurities in itptarmigan daag?? or daaky'~?
~• pus khah
pushL
I..C-I..c-
an yaahjik or an yaahnjikshe p~shed her (slowly)an y~?htratshe pushed her (quickly)
98
put ch'oaahkathe's asking a question
zhat niyin'aiihe put it (one thing) there yuaahkat
he's asking her a questionzhat niyintinhe put it (a stick) there yuC(-C(-hkat
he asked her a questionzhat niyaahtinhe put i~'(a bag) there quick khan, also juk zhat
zhat niyinkaiihe put it (something in acontainer) there
quick-tempered person ch'agaii......quickly khan
niyinliihe put them (severalobjects) there
quietkhai' gwaachy'aait is quiet
Q khai' aachy'aa, alsohaahchii kwaahe is quiet
qualify quill ts'it ch'oo
gadhanshe qualifies, she can do it
uit
quarrelakhagoonyaashe quit ••
ch'ats'a' t'iny~C(-he is quarreling
quiver
ch'ats'a' tiyahnyC(-C(-he's quarreling with him
daatrathe is quivering, tremblingdiltrathe quiveredch'ats'a' t'iinyC(-'
he quarreled quiver (case for arrows)k'i' dhahch'ats'a' t'iyeiinya'
he quarreled with himquarrelsome
dak t I inchy' aashe is quarrelsome
quarter, twenty-five centstuuvit
queen gwiyeh'at chooquestion
99
Rrabbit geh
rabbit trail geh ta", t~·rackgwakak dagoodliiradiant
ch'ahdit or ch'ahnditit is radiant ...
rag gwach'aa ch'aaragged
vak'at dach'aach'aahe is ragged
rain tsinahtsinit's raining
{lhtsinit rained
rainbow shreevyaa
circular rainbow around sunshree neech'iilt'aii orshree neech'iit'aii, alsozhee v~~ neech'{l~khyu-u---
raincoat tsin ik
raise
dink'iyahkhitshe's raising him (a child)
dink'iyahthatshe rai~ed him
dak n't~hjikshe raised her hand
zheeyahaa''t~~she raised it (one object)
raisin jak g?~h
ram shizhrin, also vijii'ee,also datsok, also datsoktsal
rancid
tr'aakaii• ~ L l •It's rancId, tastes badahjat~ .It's rancid, rotten
rare (not fully cooked)gwintsal ach'iiit's rare (meat)
rare (hard to find)
vagwantrii, also khikvagwanlii kwaa-it's ra~e
raspberry ts'eenach'ok, alsodeenakal
raven deetrya'...
100
raw, not cooked aii geh'an< < ,for that reason
ach'ii~~it is raw recall
razor dinghaii shrii ganaandaiishe recalls it
reach, get to a placeganaanjikshe recalled itk'idik
he reached it (by walking,by air or other) receive
reach, with hand yuunjikhe received it
yuuhaanjikhe reached for it recently nahgwan dai'
~ L
k'iiljik or k'iilnjikhe reachea-out his hand
recipe vikeerahchy'aa geenjitdanahotl'oo
read recite
d~htIY'aa kak ginkhiishe is reading
gwik'it teech'igikhiishe is reciting it
d~htIY'aa yakak ginkhiishe is reading it
gwik'it teech'aqaaheeshe recited it
readyrecollect see recall
recommendtr'iileeit's ready yeenjit gwinzt! ginkhii
he recommends himtr'iilee idiIjik or tr'iileeidiInjik ,~he is ready rectum
Yehkii t'iichy'aa, ,he's ready for it
vatthalhis rectum
redreally Iyaa or Ii' haa or Iaa
daatsikrear it is red
gwit'ttthe rear of it
refrigerator shih vizhitnink'oo
gehjit or gehnjittowards~he'rear
refuse
reasonakwaa nyaashe refuses
nats'aa geh'anfor what reason?
13.kwaayahnyaashe refuses him
101
regard shragwaadhanshe is relievedgeenjit ninjich'adhat
he regards it, thinksabout it release
yinjihil'eehe has a high regard for him
yiinjikhe released him
reliableregret
jaghaii shi'in gwintl'ooyindhanshe regrets it
lyaa vit'injir??hchy'aanizii
< <he is reliable
reindeer vadzaih veerely
gWit'injy??hchy'aahe relies on it
remain
zhat t'inchy'aahe is remaining thereakhai' dooch' ithe is remaining there(permanently)
remainder ants'a'tr'ooniindhat
rejoice remedy shrineegwilii, alsoch'oondaii shreegwilii
shragw??hchy'aahe rejoices remember
shragw??hchy'a'he rejoiced
ganaandaiishe remembers it
relativeganaanjikshe remembered it
yuahshtthis relative
yanaandaiishe rememb~r~ him
valakhis relative or friend
yanaanjikshe remembered it
relieve remind
ch'ihl~~ neeyahshiishe relieves her, takesher place at a job
gineeyahdaii or<gineeyahndaii
he rem~nds him of it
gineey~hjik or gineeyahnjikhe reminded him of it<
102
removegeelee yahaa'aii...she removed it (one thing)
geelee yihighitshe is removing it (dirt)
geelee yahaadhatshe removed it (dirt)geelee yahaadlii or geeleehaadliishe removed them (severalthings)
renew
k'eejit neegwahtsiihe is renewing it
geenjit doozhri' needaatl'oohe is renewing it (a sub-scription)
repair
shreeyiliishe is repairing it
shreeyinlikshe repaired it
repay
gwit'ii neegwahtsii... "he repays it (for example,a favor)
gwit'tt neegwilts~!the repaid it (a favor)
neegookwathe repays it (pays it back)
neegwankwathe repaid it (paid it back)
repeatchan akoo dinyaa or changwik'it'teenich'igijiishe repeated it
repentgwats'an k'ineenjidiighithe repents of it, is sorryfor itgwats'an k'ineenjidahodhathe repented of it
replygwidii ginkhiishe i~ replying
yidii ginkhii,.she is replying to him
report
geegwaandakhe is reporting
yeegwaandakhe is reporting it
request
yinkeeginkhiishe is requesting it
yinkeeginhe'she requested it
rescue see save
resembleyik'it t'inchy'aait resembles it, is like it
yik'it vigweech'init resembles it, also heresembles him, looks likehim
reserve
103
dehk'it gwil'aii, ,,she reserves a seat
reward
reside gwit'ii veeneegaholit, ,he gets his reward
gwich'iihe resides
rhubarb, wild rhubarbts'iigyuu
gwinch'i'he resided rib
resolve vitsikhis rib
shrideegwiiliishe resolves it (a conflict) rice daatsoo trin, ~
respect rich, wealthy
yeeyinjihil'eehe respects him
hil'eeshe is rich
respond see reply rich, greasy (food)
rest aghwaii, , ,it is rich, it is greasy
naazhiishe is resting riddle gwizhii ideeridlii
restaurant ch'ara'aa zheh orch'a'ah zhee or ch'a'aa zheh
yats'a' gwizhii ididliihe's telling him a riddle
return yats'a' gwizhii idiinli'he told him a riddle
k'inidikhe returned ride
gwintl'ineeyin'aii,, ,he returned it, gave it backtr'ihchoo neeyihahchikhe's riding in a boat
revenge If!t neeyihahchikhe's riding on a dogsledairplane neeyihahchikhe's riding in an airplane
gwit'tt neegwiltsaiihe took revenge, avenged it
reverse ridge geek'ii. '.lihts'eediyaa'aiishe reverses'it;Lturns itover
ridgepole kik haa'eerifle dink'ee choo, also
dink'eech'angw'C-hts''C-~.:bthe reverse side right, correct
revolver dink'ee tsal, alsonilee dink'ee nizii t'inchy'aa
it's'right104
right side shreets' aiiL L L
ch~¥ dak t'ii'in, alsodak liteehaa
... to.. ••the water 1S r1s1ng
\,
right away gogwahkhan
right-handed
gach'ahaa'aiithe sun is rising
shreets'~~~ gwii'~~she's right-handed
gahaa'~~~the sun rose
rind, peelvadhahits rind
rival dinjii ghai'gwahtsii
naa'ai'L L
river hanring (for finger) nileetth'ak
road taii gwichyaaL L L
roar
ch'and~ii didliiit is roaring
roastring (as a bell),
daalaiiit's ringing
gwit'eh yahchy'aashe's roasting it
dillaiiit rang
gwit'eh yilchy'aashe roasted it
ripgwit'eh k'ika roasting pan
leeyilch'aashe ripped it (in one place)
roasting stick jOl
robnihtr'iyingYll¥she ripped it apart yats'an ch'an'tt or
yeech'an'tthe's robbing himripe
diniizhrt'it is ripe
yats'an ch'~~'~~ oryeech'~?-'tthe robbed him
rise robe ik gwiyehdak naraatsuu
nidhikhinhe rose (from sitting)
robin shruh
rock, stone kii or chiikhakee'aiihe roseLl~rom lying down) rock, move back and forthnaatuu, also deed~~tuuit (bread)lS rising .
tly' ah ch' ahv aL:it's rocking back and forth
105
roll ..~ oJ •
vak'at tl'eedii kak tly'ahch'arahvala rocking chair
root
roe, fish eggs luk ky'~'•
daadhalit (a small thing) isrollingzhat naanaiiit rolledLi:here vaghaii
its rootneehaadhakit's rolling around ts'ivii ghaii or ts'iivii
ghaiispruce rootyaahthal
he's rolling it along rope tly'ahneeyahaahthakhe's rolling it aroundzhat niy??hn~~~he rolled it thereneedineetalit (a large thing or person)is rolling over, or rollingaroundzhat naatuuit rolled there
heavy rope tl'oo chohtl y' ah
neediil tuuL Lhe rolled over (in his
sleep)yahtalhe's rolling it (a largething) along
rose khoh kak ch'at'an orkhoh t'an
rotahjatit is rotting
zhat niyaahtuuhe rolledLit there
ithjatit rotted, it is rotten
neeyahaahtaahe's rolling it around
yahjatshe is rotting it, lettingit rot
roof zheh gwikii t'ik y?hjatshe rot ted itroom zheh an nagohdtt
videhk'it goo'aiithere is room ~~~ him
rotten ice luu ch'aarotten fish niitsil
106
rotate' yakak gandaiishe is rubbing him withlinimentnihdeek'it neegaazhik
they rotate them, cha~gethem around ruff needi' noo'eenihdeek'it nineegiidalthey rotate, change places
rug see mat
rule vinjik gweedhaaneedaadhal,,it rotates, goes around rule, command
yats'a' k'eegwaadhathe rules him, also aruler
rough, coarse
gwiitr'uuit (an area) is rough
ditr'uuit (a thing) is rough
rough, uneven
gwiighwarit (an area) is rough
daghwarit (a thing) is rough
ruler, straightedge vaagoohiidri'
rumble
gwadC(C(dt'it is rumbling
rumor ginjih lideediidaa
run
round ghoo aagalhe is running
ch' iighooit is round neehaagak
he is running aroundjidii ghoosomething round zhat naagik
he ran thererow a boat
dat '00he is rowing
eetthalit (an animal) is runningheadlong, galloping
int' 00he rowed
nagaadratthey are running it (arabbit) down
row, linerust tsuh
nihghai' gihid~tlzhiithey are in a row
rub
yaa landaiishe is rubbing it
yaa laanjikshe rubbed it
107
Tsalvation ch'eegwahshiisand needdhak, also khih
or sheihsack <?htsuusacred shroodiinyaa
sap dachan ch~'Satan Gwats'a' Gwil'aii
L , •sadsatisfy
shoo nilii kwaa, alsovizhit t~~ideegoiichY'aahe is sad
shoo yats'an ahtsiiit satisfies him
sail tr'ihchoo kak ninvyaa Saturday Orin Ts'a', also OrinNihk'iitik or Orin TS'anNihk'iitiksail, throw
yihiiltr'ilL ,
he sent it (a flat object)sailing
saucer chuntyah tl'ee dhitinL
savesalmonberry nakal yahshii
he's saving himsalmon
yahshiihe saved himyeendaa geenjit thokniyin'aiihe saved'it for later
savior dinjii ahshiiking salmon luk chao saw dachan veiit'iisilver salmon, dog salmonkhii or shii
gwit'iihe's sawing
winter silver salmonnehdlii gwint'uu
he sawedsalt lisil or nisil yit'ii
he's sawing itsalt shaker lisil ty?h ornisil ty?h yint'uu
he sawed itsawdust traa ddhak or dachan
dalsay
ahnyaahe says
108
jyaa nyc:~he says that
scarf, long mufflerkhin neiit'aii
yahny~~he says to him
yeiiny~'he said to him
diyahny~c:himhe says to him or about
diyeiinyc:'himhe said to him or about
varahny~~we say, so they say
scab lit
scale (of fish) luk gyuuyahgyuuhe is scaling it, takingthe scales off it
scarf, head scarf kifneiit'aii
yilgyuuhe scaled it
scatter
scalpshrihteeyaadliishe scattered it
vikiidhahhis scalp
school geech'aro~~htan zhehscissors ~h'iitsii da'al
scar shat scoldscarce ch'ats'a' t'iyahnyaa
he's scolding himleii kwaa, also gwi'itg~~handak --they are scarce, alsoit is scarce
scorngeetsigooliishe scorns itscare
naajathe's scared
yeetsigooliishe scorns her
Yit~jathe's scared of it
scrape
Yc:ithjathe's scaring him
yadhoohe's scraping it (witha metal or rock scraper)
yihilkhaahe scared him
yindhoohe scraped it (with a metalor rock scraper)
109 ~
yaghw??he's scraping it (with ascraper made from a file)
gwik'it yiindoohe screwed it in
yinghwaahe scraped it (with ascraper made from a file)
vaa gwik'it gwarandooa screwdriver
scrub
yahdziihe's scraping it (with acaribou leg bone scraper)
chanchyah k'eech'ahtryaashe's scrubbing the floor
y?hdziihe scraped it (with acaribou leg bone scraper)
chanchyah k'eech'iltryaashe scrubbed the floor
sea chuu choo.,
yahtthaiihe's scraping it, fleshingit (with a moose leg bonescraper)
seagull vyuh or vyuh
seal, stick together
liyahdziishe is sealing ityahtthaii
he scraped it, fleshed it(with a moose leg bones c r a pe r )
liyildziishe sealed it
sCLatch seam k'eekaihnjik
seat vakak daraadii orvakak raadii
se cr e t
nagwaah'iihe h~s a'~ecret
sl:?eyatr'athe's scratching ityaatr'athe scratched it
Yi:0h'inshe.sees it
']waah'insh~'sees, she is seeing, sheis lookinggwahantr'ak
he makes a scratch on itwith his fingernails yaah'ya'
she saw itscream
hiitl'uushe's screaming
se~ds ch'andii, ,seek, search for
screw yankantii, alsoyankeegwaah'Inhe is se~king him·gwi k 'it yandoo
he's screwing it in110
yankeiinti', alsoyankeegw??h'y~he sought for hIm
seem see resemble
seize
y~htsitshe seized it
sell.
ch'ookwat yahtsiihe's selling it
ch'ookwat yiltsaiihe sold it ,,\
send
yahah'eeshe is Bending heryihil Ie'she sent her
sense
gikY'anjik·he sensed it
yiky'anjikhe sensed him
separate, separatelynih'an
separate, put apart
nihts'an tr'iyahchy'aahe separated them
September Dinjik Zhrii orDinjik Zhrii
\. ,servant
vitsyaa, also ch'ak'eiindakor ch'ak'aiindakhis servant, a servant
serve
yeenjit gwitr'it t'agwah'inshe serves her
nahkhai' deech'antsit orkhee deech'antsitserve y6urself!
set also see put, place
neech'a'aiithe sun is setting
neech'in'aiithe sun set'
settle
k'iizhak niinzhiihe settled down
zhat akhai' dooch'ithe settled there, stayedthere to live
settlement kwaiik'it
seven ch'its'iheets'iineekwaii or ch'its'iteets'iineekw~il. L"
\ .. \
sew. . .
k'eeyaahkaii·she's sewing it
k'eeyiilkai'she sewed'it
sewing machine ch'iitsiik'aahkaii
shadeshree gwant'thin the shade
1 11
shadowvagwank' oh .his shadow
shake
yaahthakhe's shaking it
shallow
t~~hgwan, also chuu nitsya'the water is shallow ~
shaman dazhan, also dinjiidazhan, also gininlyaapowerful shaman dazhantl'oo
shame oozhii
shameless oozhii ehdanshare
yalat yantl'~htsitshe shared (food) with her
sharp
jiininit's sharp
shave
dideezhoo khat'iihe's shaving
dideezhoo khaiint'uuhe shaved
shavings, wood shavingsaazhruk
shawl narooljik or naroolnjik,also lishil or-rishyal
she adan
sheath for knife shrii dhah
shed, lose hairkhajiiit is sheddingkhaiinjikit shed
shed, small buildinggwitr'it t'igwii'in zheh
sheefish shryah
sheep divii
shelf gwakak dagoodlii
shell, empty shotgun shellvihtr'ii
shell, eggshell ch'aghohtth'an
shell, parka shell parkie dhah
shelter gwizhit tr'igwich'~~
shelter of a tree ts'iviichan or ts'iivii chan
shepherd divii k'aahtii~ L
112
shield dinjii vigwiheendalgwits'i' dakak t'iy?hthan
shin
ch'ahahk'eehe's shooting
yahahk'eehe's shooting it
vidreetth'an
shineyiilk'eehe shot it
ch'~hdit or ch'ahndit, alsoch'ahdok or ch'ahndok~ - ...it shines
yu??hk'eehe shot at it
gishreen'?!!the sun is shining
ship tr'ih choo choo
ch'ahdoohe is shooting (repeatedly)
ch'ahdooLhe shot (repeatedly)
shirt ch'azhak ik shoot (with bow and arrow)
ch'ahahdakhe's shooting
yahahdakhe's shooting it
yildakhe shot it
shiver yuahjiihe's shooting at it
diinyaahe's shivering yuaahdak
.. Lhe shot at itshoe dachan kwaiitryah or
kwaiitryah shore teev~~, alsoteeghaii
shoestring kwaiitryah tly'ah short
shop, place where one makesthings k'eiich'ii rahtsiizheh
nagwanit (a thing or an area)is short
shoot (with natsalhe (a person) is short
shortening, lard khwaiishoulder
vaghwahgwathis shoulder
113
shoutazhralshe's shoutingkhaiinzhraashe shouted
shove see pushshow
gwik'eech'aahtiihe's showing itgwik'eech'iiltiihe showed it LL
gwik'eeY~{ihtiihe's showing it to himgwik'eeYi-i-1ti-i-he showed it to him
shrew ligweetthaa ordloogweetthaa ordloo'eetthaa
shrill
gWllnin ts'a' ginkhiishe talks in a shrill voice
shrinknatsal yahtsiihe's shrinking itnoolghwanit shrank
shrivelnavaghwan aan~t-tit shriveled updhatr'alit shriveled up from heatyiltr'alhe made it shrivel, scorchedit
shy
oozhii niliiL Lshe is shy
sick
ilts'ikhe's sick
sickness ts'ikside
njuh ts'aiion this ~idenduh ts'aii
L L Lon the other sidevank'aahis sidevits'ii
L Lon the other side of himsieve vinju' ch'irinjyaasift
gwinju' yihinjyaashe's sifting itgwinju' yahaanjaashe sifted it
sighhaazheehe sighs
sight tr'agwaah'inL L
sign vaa garagwaahkiisilent
deegwaahnY{i{iit is silent
11 4
ch'ahtry?'she's skipping
silk seelik six nihk'iitik or nik'iitik
silver salmon khii or shii size
tr'agwaanduu gwahtsiishe is sinning
vahtsii~it's her size, it's bigenough for her
sin tr'agwaanduu
sinew k'ihskates, ice skates ch'iitsii
kwaiitryah
sing skeleton dinjii tth'an
ch'idlii or ch'iiliihe's singing
skillful see adept
ch'iinli'he sang
nilee t'ah'inshe is skillful (used onlyfor women and girls)
singe skin ch'adhah, also dhah
yikhyaashe's singeing it
tanned skin ch'adhah inghii
yaakhyuushe singed it
untanned skin, rawhidech'adhah Iii
sinkskin house, old-time tenthouse niivyaa zheh
chalakit's sinking
skin, take skin off
chiinlitit sank
yineethalch'aahe skinned it (an animal)
sinker chehkiiskin scraper deeddhoo, also
nehtthaa, also ch'iky'aa,also ch'anghwah
sisterveejiihis older sister
skin stretcher ch'izhitteii'ee
skinny, small aroundvijuuhis younger sister
dhidiihe's sitting
vatthai' kwaa, also ak'ii~~ --kwaa, also dhagaiihe (a person) is'skinnysitnits'ikit (a pole or rope) isskinny
skip, hop
11 5
skip, pass over
yataa gwihiilnaiihe skipped it <',
skip, skim a rock
yahaahtr'ilhe's'skipping it (a rock)yihiiltr'ilhe skipped it (a rock)
skirt tl'ehthaa
skull
vikii tth'anhis skull
sky zhee
zhee kakin the sky
slant
khagw?~hty,:'it is slanted
slap
yant'anshe's slapping hery??h t'anshe slapped her
slave ch'ik'eiindak orch'ik'aiindak
-:sled kh a j
sled brake vaa tr'agw~}tr'aasleep
dhich 'i~he's sleeping
incht'he slept
sleeping bag ts'atvizheeri i '00
sleepy
vah tr'iyuulchi'she's sleepy ..
sleet da'antloo
sleeve ch'ivit
vivitits sleeve, his sleeve
slender see skinnyslice
didril ts'a' gadant'iihe's slicing it
didril ts1a' gidiint'uuhe sliced it
slick
goojaiiit's slick
slide
aajalhe's sliding
naadzikhe slid there
slimy
gootl'uuit's slimy
11 6
sling, gun sling dink'eetly'aa
natsalit is small
slingshot kii tly'ah
slip
jidii tsalsomething small
small (in stature) zhuugiljaiihe slipped geh zhuu
small rabbitganaajakhe keeps slipping smash
slipper kwaiitryah khadiyaahkhiihe's s~ashing it to pieces
slippery khadiyaahnaii.... L ... L I".he smashed it to piecesgoojaii
it's slippery yihtree ch'agw~~ht'anhe's smashing it flat, orhe smashed it flat
sliver gwat'ach'aatr~t!slobber
vighik shrik tr'iniihaiihe slobbers
yihtree ch'igwiilt'anhe smashed them flat
smearslop pail chuu iizuu vizhit
neeriinjaa gwakak neeyahaatl'akshe's smearing it on it
slope khagwaahtya'~~ , smellon top of a slope khagohd~t
yahtsanhe's smelling itslough ch'iti'ih nitil'ee...
slow y~htsanhe smelled it
khalchi' kwaashe's slow vagwaatsan
it smellsslowly khai' ts'a', also
neenjik smile
slurp adlaashe's smiling
ch' ihi Lukhe slurps indlaa
she smiledsly
smoke latninjigwaazhiishe is sly
small tsalvalatits smoke
1 1 7
smokehole thah zhit khaiitr'iisrokehouse (for smoking s~ins)
ch'iitthoo zhehsmokehouse (for drying)
ch'agccth zhehsmother
lat yaahkhwcctthe smothered, was overcomeby smoke
smooth, evengoolaii or oolaiiit is smooth, it is even
smooth, soft to the touchnitl'uuit (a thing) is smoothgwintl'uuit (an area) is smooth
smooth, resolveshrideegwinlikhe smoothed things over
snack shih tsalsnake gy~\.lsnare gyahsnarl
ch'ooghwanit's snarling
sneakch'aa'yaa."-he's sneakingnee ch 'ahaa' ikhe's sne~king around
sneerch'ccccghwanhe sneers
118
sneeze
yah'ooshe's sneezingyil'ooshe sneezed
sniff, snifflehitsikhe's sniffling
snipe teeghaiits'il, alsozheezhyah, also deenjyaa,also dil
snorech'ahkhokhe's snoringch'ahkhok•he snored
snout ch'antsihsnow zhah ..' .~'".' . '. . . t : .' ....,
... t·.··· '#
hard, crusted snow tsilloose ice-crystal snow,"corn snow" tsaih ghyaa ortsaih zhyaa
fine powdery snow zhah t'ator chat t'at
nichigwiilzhiihe sobs
hard ice snow gwiluu sober
wet snow da'antloo gaaniindaiishe is sober
new snow chat sod tl'oo nan haa nihteesoft fluffy snow zhah tsuudrifted snow zhahkhadaak'at....
sod house kwanhsoft and light (like down)
blowing snow tsil haatlit
snowblindditsuuit's soft
neeghin yaahkhwaiihe's snowblind .....
soft, pliable (like a skin)
nitl'uuit's soft
snow bunting, snowbirdgwigeh zhuu soil nan
snowflake zhah tsuu soldier nivee t'ah'insnowshoe aih sole
place where foot rests onsnowshoe ch'akwaih Iaii..... ..
vakwaii tl'ee....the sole of his foot
ch'akwaih yalaii.. L."he is lacing snowshoes solid, sturdy
ch'akwaih yaalaiihe laced snowsh~es
datai'it,~"'solid, it's sturdy
soaksolid, tightly woven
neeyahtraashe's soaking it
Iatth~t~ niichy'aait's solid (for example,tightly woven cloth)
neeyiltraashe soaked it solid, not rotten
soap daatlih vizhit d~hjat kwaait (wood) is solid
face soap vaa neech'araaJ'ii.. L. some lat
soar valatsome of itneedeedhaa
it (a bird) is soaring something k'eiich'ii ork'aiich'ii
sob1 19
sometimes geetak
somewhere, some place t'ohlii. .. .. to
son
vigii tsyaahis son or her son
vidinji'his son (man's son only)vizhuuher son (woman's son only)
son-in-law
veedeenyaaher son-in-law (woman'sonly)
vichiikai' or vikiikai'.~ - .,his son-in-law (man's only)song ch'ilik
soon nahgwansoot lat ts'ih
sore gwil ts I. Lk (also see hurt)sorrow tr'igwidiisoul
vanky'<t<this soul
sound ch'iihaahchiksoup sl)ih.tloosour
tr'aakaii.,.it's sour
space
dehk'it tr'agoonadhakthere is a space for it
spank
120
yahtriihe is spanking himyahtriih~ span~ed him
sparkko' ch'ahahsaks~arks are flying out (froma fire)
sparkle
ch'ahdit or ch'ahnditit ~parkles •
sparrow neek'ik or neech'ikspatter, splatter
chuu ch'ahshoo......she spatters water
speak (also see ~)
yats'a' ginkhiihe speaks to her
yats'a' ginhe'he spoke to her
spear toh
fish spear ch'eedaih.,speech girinkhii, also
ginjiriitrakginkhiihe is making a speechginjiitrakhe makes a speech, so loudthat people around thecamp can hear him in theirtents
.spider gwiteedrii orgwideedrii
spiderweb gwiteedrii vyaa it is spotted, has spots onit
spill spot, suddenly seeneeyaanjaashe spilled it niyiil1in
he spotted itspine ch1anan spouse see husband, wife
vananhis spine sprain
spiritdakwaiichan khahkathe sprained his ankle
vanky1aahis spirit spread
spityahtleehe spreads it with oil
hizhreehe1s spitting
haazhreehe spat
yiltleehe spread it with oil
dhatsathe has his legs spread apart
splash
chl.ll.lch1ahshooshe1s splashing water
splint dachan dril gaatl1iic ..
dna k t a i 'he has his legs spread andheld up
spring (season) shreenyaaor shreeny??-
splinter see sliver
splitspring (coiled metal)
ch1iitsii neelv~i
nihtr1eeyahkyaahe1s splitting it
spring (where water comes out)k1ahjik tr1idiinlaii ork1ahnjik tr1idiinlali--
... l,.. ......
nihtr1eeyilkilhe split it
spoil
spring, reboundk1it teech1ilchukit sprang back
iizuu dhidlitit spoiled, went bad
k1it teech1aachukit sprang back (repeatedly)
spoon saban
spoon, old-time wooden spoonluu k1ik
spruce tree ts1ivii orts1iivii
spruce hen daih.. ..spot also see place spruce roots khaii
nidiilg~aii121
yaagwat hilghaahe stabbed him he was startled, gave a
start
square, carpenter's squarevaa goohiidri'
squeeze
yihtrandak or yihtrindakshe's squeezing ityihtreiinjikshe squeezed it
squirrel
tree squirrel dlak
ground squirrel tthaa ortthah
stab
staff, walking stick tohstagger
vineech'ahaakakshe staggers
stain
vakak ch'ii'eh eegoho'aiiit has a stain on it LLL
stairs dagohdttstake
danan kak dachan gwanandatthaiihe's staking his land
stalk
vachanits stalk, its trunk
stand
nadhathe is standingnigiilzhiithey are standing
122
tr'agwahdaiiL L L
he can't stand itstar sa' or sa'L
stareyinich'idiintiishe's staring'at her
start
neeyihiltuuhe started ix (a machine)
startle
yihilkhaahe startled him
starve
vihdigiihe's starvingvihdeiingaiihe starved"
stay
zhat t'inchy'aashe's staying there
steal
ch'an'iiL Lhe's stealing
ch'aa'iihe ~toie
stearn teedhahzhraa, alsochuu diit'eerakak
\.. \..
steambath kiidhah zhee
steel ch'iitsiisteep
gwiidlanit's steep
steer still, yet tth'aii, alsonihk'it
triih ak'ahdak or. _.tr'ih akahndakhe's steering the canoe
stinggwiik'akit (an insect) stings
stingystem
vachanits st-em ch'intsai' or ch'eiintsai'~. - .'he's stIngy
stepstink
daa'alshe's stepping ~lonq(slowly)
gwiiz~~ vagwaatsanit stinks
yakak cieena~'<1ashe is stepping on it stir
oondaa hiil 'yUllshe took <1 st0P
Y<1a leech'~~dhaanhe'n stirring it
yakak dii l'yulJshe stepped on it (once)
y~u Icech'oocihaanho stirr.ed'it
stern tr'ih t t " i 'ntitch also see sew
stew nilii gwanzhJh h~och'atloh
tthaa hatthak or. tthaahichikhe took a stitch in it
stick gal stomach also see bellystick, make it adhere vavat
his stomachgiyaht'anhe's sticking it on vazhrak
his stomach (belly)giyilt'anhe stuck it on vitri I
his large stomach (belly)giJt'anit's sticking to it stomachache
stiff vazhrak ilts'ikshe has a stomachachek' idohotcli'
it is stiff stone kiiiIk'ooit (a co rp se ) iss t iff stop
still, quiet hehdikh~ stopped (walking)
hindii kwaashe is still
123
akhagoony~~he stopped (what he wasdoing)
cook-stove, with oveavizhit vikeech'ichy'aa
ginkhii kwaa!stop talking!
khoiindik, alsok'eehidhindikstop it!
store ch'ookwat zhehstormy
dryaahtsai'\-- "" -.. c..it IS stormy
stovepipe ch'iitsiighikstow
khehlan niyiiliihe's stowing them awaykhehlan niyinliihe stowed them away
straight
story gwandak k'igwaa'eeit's straight
gwaandakshe's telling a story k'ii'an or ch'ii'an
straight-ro thereyaa gwaandakshe's telling her a story strain
geegwaandakshe's telling a story aboutit
cheedaandakhe strained himself
stoutdant'it gwiht!lgaahe strained his back
nikiiit is stout
stranger aakin
straw tl '00
jidii kiisomething stout stream k'ahjik or k'ahnjik
dahkii,how stout is it?
strength
stovevat'aiihis strength
cast-iron stove ch'iitsii stretch
124
nindaiiit (a'~ope) is stretchedtight
haats'itit stretches
geedoodaatan,~he's studying
hilts'itit stretched
geedoodiiltin< <he studied
stretch stuff
kheegwiitikshe stuffed herself
yahahts'it or yahaahts'itshe stretches it (forexample, clothing)
yizhit ch'ahky'uuhe stuffed ityihilts'it or yihiilts'it
- «she stretched ityizhit teech'atthaiihe's stretching it (a skin)
stuffyvinjik ch'adaagwathe has a stu~~y nose
yizhit teech'intthaiihe stretched it
stumble
strikeneehadaahtalshe is·stumbling around
yinleeldhaiihe struck him
stump
'"
string tly'ah
string, put on a string
ch'an'yuushe's stringing beads stump 'on ground ch'achanch'aa'yuushe'strung beads (uprooted) stump ch'aghat
strips of hide tthak sturdy
strong datai'it 15 sturdy
nint'aii, also vagw~~ht?~'he is stro~ stupid
datai', ,.it is strong, hard to break
vigwizhi' kwaahe is stupid
stubborn stutter
viki' dach'atshe's stubborn
ch'aganjikshe stutters
student geero~~htan suck
study yaht'okhe is sucking on it
125
suddenly khan, alsodiirahtee
tr'int'uushe had surgery
suddenly, unexpectedlyvarahtee
yit'iishe is performing surgery onher
suds daatlih t'at yint'uushe performed surgery on hersugar sungaii
'- '- '-
surprise veegwii'yaa
surveyor nan gwak'aahtii, l
suspect
yats'a' nagooliihe suspects him
yats'a' nagwinli'he suspected him
suspenders deeghat diit'aiisummer shin swallow (bird) khy~htsoo or
shy~htsooswallow
sun drin oozhrii, alsoshree
Sunday Drin Zhit, alsoNeegwaazhii Drin~Neeraazhii Drin
yahahjii or yahahnjiishe~s swaIIowing it
sunglasses ndeezhii yihildak or yihilndak,also yihiITleeshe swallowed it
sunglasses to prevent snow-blindness dachan neeghink'ik or dachan neezhin ch'ik
swamp gweelah
supper khaa ch'ara'aaswan daazhraii
l , L
sweatkhaa ch'a'aahe's eating supperkhaa ch'a'alhe ate supper
zhy?-~ghyaahe's sweatingzht~lghyaahe sweated
surface ohts'aii\. L l \. sweep
surface of water gwidikgeelee ch'iitan
surgery she's sweepingtr'it'iishe is having surgery
geelee ch'aahtinshe swept
126
yeelee ch'iitanshe's sweeping it
avalit's swinging
yeelee ch'aahtinshe swept it
tly'ah val k'ita swing
sweet swollen
akaii,,,it is sweet
ilzhalit is swollen
swell syrup k'ii ch\:l'
azhalit's swelling up Tilzhalit swelled up
swift also see fast, quicktable vakaa'aaor vakaii'aa,
also vakak ch~ra'aa orvakak ch'ii'aa
chuu nint'aiithe'water, current is swift
swim
ivyaahe (a person) is swimming
tail~
----'~~-~-- ."-~-vitsi' or vitsi',its tail
neehiivikhe is swimming around take
zhat niinvii or zhat niiviihe swam there- ,.,.".cyuunj iihe's taking it
neehiileeit (a fish) is swimmingaround
yuunjikhe took it
zhat niinlii or zhat niiliic ,it swam there
zhyaa yits'i' ch'oonjiihe t~ok it from him (withoutasking or paying)
tale gwandakswing
yahv aL: .she is swinging it
talk
ginkhiishe's talkingy{ihval
she swung -i ~""" yaa ginkhiishe's talking with her
127
ginhe'she talked
tarry
yaa ginhe'she talked with her
zhat t'inchy'aahe tarries there, lingers
task gwitr'itgwiyeezhak ginkhiihe's talking back, beingimpudent
tassel gwitsii dhidlii
tastetall
nitsiihe is tall, it is tall
yalaiishe's tasting it
tallowyaalaiishe tasted it
ch'ik'eh ghwai' vik'it vagwaandaiiit tastes like ittamegwinzii vagwaandaiiit tastes goodgiyagwah'ee
she is taming itgiyagwah'i'she talned'it
gwiiz~~ vagwaandaii ortr'aakaiiit tastes bad
tan tattooyahkhiihe's tanning it yadaahtoo
he's'tattooing his faceyidiiltoohe tattooed his face
y~hkhiihe tanned it
tangle tea lidii or lidii, ,nadanohochaait is tangled teach
nidiyaahchaashe t~~gles it
geeyuaahtanshe's'teaching her
nidiyiilchaashe t~~gled it
yeeyuaahtanshe's'teaching her about itgeeyuultinshe taught her
datth'akit is tangledjidii tth'aksomething tangled
yeeyuultinshe taught her about it
tar dzih zhraiil. \. l..
teacher qeech'oaahtan- L ,
tarpaulin, tarp gwakakhaat'aii
teapot lidii tyah,
128
tear temporarily (for example, whiletraveling) khaihtak
leeyahch'aahe's tearing it ten ch'ihloaatin
leeyilch'aahe tore it
tend
tearsyak'aahtiishe'~'tending it
vineetreechu',his tears, teardrops
yik I eel.tiishe t~nded it
tent zheh gwadhah
~ ------>:tease
zhiyaahts'iishe's teasing her
terrifyvizhit najat aanallhe's terrifiedteeth
vagho'his teeth
test
tellthank you mahsi'
yak'ahaanjiishe's testing it, examiningit
yik'ihiljik or yik'ihilnjikshe tested it
thankfulyaa gwaandakhe's telling him (a story) mahsi' yindhan
he is thankfulyahnyaahe's telling him, he tellshim (anything)
mahsi' yinghya'he was thankf~l
temple Thanksgiving h~~' gwintl'andeerii'aii drin or khai', ,gwintl'eegwada'aiivintl'eek'aa or vanleek'aa
his temples' (side of head)
129
zhikthat J11 naii., ,
these people
thataii or allthat-one:Ctnat occurrence
thermometer (oral)diiyeerah'ee, also ts'iknindhaa'vaa k'arahaanjii
these
yaagha' or yaaghatthat ~ne-,-someone (alreadyreferred to) jii kwaii
these thingsthaw they, them geedan
naaghwaiiit is thawing thick (large through the
middle)naaghwanit thawed
di itiiit's'thick
neeyahkhwaiishe's thawing it
jidii ditt'something thick
neey~hkhwanshe thawed it thick (dense, tangled)
theater nagwaatsi' zheh ornagwarahtsi' zheh
trial tth'akthick brush
there also see up, down, over,around
thief ch'an'ttthigh
zhatthere (a place referred tobefore)
vitsyaahis back thigh muscle
zhat gwats'a'to there
vits~hk'iihis front thigh muscle
zhat gwats'anfrom there
thighbone, femur
izhik zhatright there
vadhahghwaahis thighbone
thimble nileetth'aii'eeoonjitover there vanleetth'aii'ee
her thimbleizhik or zhikright there
thin also see skinny
thermometer (for outsidetemperature) ch'ak'oh vaak'araandal
didrilit's very thinjidii drilsomething thin (like a pieceof paper)
130
think vihdaiihis throat
ninjich'adhathe's thinking vihdaii gwilts'ik~, \.he has a sore throatninjich'aadhathe was thinking throb
gininjich'ahthathe's thinking about it
vizhit kich'ii'akit is throbbing (with pain)
gininjich'ahthathe was thi~king about it
through
jyaa yuunyaathat's what'he was thinkingabout him
gwinju'through an opening, alsothrough something trans-parent
yindhanhe thought (something)
thirsty
gwankatthrough something solid,for example a wall
throwchuu dahliishe's thirsty gwach'aa oo'an hiljil
she threw away the clothesthis jii yahatthak
she's throwing it (aprojectile)yahaakitshe threw it (projectile)
thorn khoh
those
aii nallthose'people yihiiln~t~
she threw it (a small thing,like a rock)aii kwaii
those things
thrash t'eeyihiilnaiishe threw it~(a livingthing)yihilkhaashe threw it (a stick)
khadiyaahkhaa,,he's thrashing it, alsohe thrashed it
thread khaiindoo or khaiindoo~ l.. I~ ~ L l.- I.. .. yihiljil
she threw them (severalthings)
thud
threaten
y~~hjatshe threatens her, alsoshe threatened her gich'iildo'
it made a'thudthree tikthroat
131
thumb oozhii niliishe's timid: bashfulvanchoo
his thumb gatr'oaanyaashe's timid, afraid to askthunder nahtan
tinglenagwahtan.it is thundering vakak tr'agoots'ii k'it
t'igwii'inhe's tinglingThursday Drin Doo, also Drin
\ \Ts'an Drin Doo,. \
thus jyaa tip
tick vitsii, \its tIpshree kaahchy'aa ndaaleekwalthe watch is ticking
tip, fall overkhataanaanaii
L , ,
it tipped overtickleyahjokhe's tickling him
khataaneey~~hn~tthe tipped it over
tiptoeyahjokLhe tickled him neech'ahaa'ik
she's tiptoeingticklishajokshe's ticklish
zhat nich'iil'ttshe tiptoed there and back
tide chuu choo titL ..
tired
tie cheendakhe's tired
diyahchaahe's tying itdiyilchaahe tied it
yiiltaiiL L ..
he's tired of eating it(the same thing)
to ts'a'tight
yats'a'to him, toward himiltl'at
it's tight (a tight fit)tilt
gwats'a'to there, to here
k'ah niyin'aiihe L til ted ie'
k'iinaastraight to
timid yintl'eeto him (when givingsomething to him)
132
tobacco ts'eet'ittoboggan dach~~val or dachan
valor dachaaval
toevakwaiits'athis toe vagho'
his toothvakwaiidrilhis toes (all five) toothachevakwaiits'at choohis big toe vagho' ilts' ik
she has a toothachetoenail toothpick diigho' deetak vaa
nich'iridiitthaiivakwaiigaii~ ~"his toenail toptoday juk drin khagohdii
on top of a slopetogether (in a group) khehlok
together (in one place)khehlan
vakakon top of it (a thing)
toilet trya' zheh.. gwakakon top of it (an area)
toilet paper tsit tormenttomorrow nihkaa kh~ttjich'iyahtthattongue he is tormenting him
vikyaa or vichyaahis tongue
khaiijich'iyiltthathe'-tormented him
toss also see throwtonight juk khaa, also juk t??
tonsil lihk'eeyahaahthakshe's tossing it back andforth (with someone else)zheeyahaahthakshe's tossing it up in theair
vihdaii koohis t~nsil
too, also chan
too much tr'ikhit zheeyihiilnaiishe tossed it"up in the airtool vaa gwitr'it t'igwii'in
touchtooth
yidiiniihe touched him
133
towyeelilshe's towing the boatneeyihiluu·she's towing it aroundzhat niyinluushe towed it there
toward see totowel dohshrootoy tr'iinin yaa geegwaazhii
traceyik'it teech'adhathe is tracing ityik'it teech'aadhathe traced it
trackvik'thhis tracksyahkaahe's tracking itniY't'thkw<ttthe tracked it thereniyahkeehe'~ tracking it along
tradenihlach'agookwatthey are trading
134
nihligiyuukwatthey are trading ityich'ookwathe's trading with himyiyuukwathe's trading it with himyit'ii yahaa'aii
~ ~ ~ ~ Lhe traded it with himyilanjee niinzhiihe traded places with him
trader ch'ookwattrail, path taii or taiinL L ,
toboggan trail chuuluu orchuuluh
trail, track see tracktransfer
ch'adan gwats'a' niyaahchiihe transferred him LL 'L
translatelihteedeelyaashe's translatinglihteediinliishe translated
transparentnahdrinit is transparent, it istranslucent
trap khyahl
deadfall trap dehtinfish trap gwatral, alsoda'andlee
trap
yildroohe caught it in a trap
y?-hdroohe trapped it
tript'oohlii niheehe~~ t~king a tripkhyah dhidlii, also khyah
t'ah'in ~he's trapping
travel
t'oohlii noozhiihe~took"'a trip
khaihtak neehidik, alsonihky'aa neehidikhe's traveling
trip, stumble
yit'akwaanaii.. ~she tripped over it
traveler khaihtak gwahtsii
tree dachantrot (animal)
aatlaait's trotting along
neehaatlakit's trotting around
birch tree aat'oo
cottonwood tree t'aa
spruce tree ts'ivii orts'iivii
zhat nantleeit trotted there
trout neerehjik or neerahnjikor neetrrahnji~
truelyaa t'igwinyaait's truelit didliihe's true (keeps his word)
truly lyaa, also lit haa, alsolaa~.
alder k'oh trunk (of a tree)willow k'aii vachan
tremble its trunktrust
daatratshe is trembling yit'injy~~hchY'aa
she trusts himtrial ch'aroaahkat
trytrim
yeeshreegwaht'iihe's trimming it
gwik'eegwandaiihe's trying
yeeshreegwaht'uu.he trimmed~it
gwik'eegoonjikhe tried
135
yik'eegwandaiihe's trying it lihts'eeyadankhyuu
he is turning it inside outyik'eegoonjikhe tried it y??hkyaa
he's turning it off (fire)yiiltthaa
l "he turned it offtub daatlih tyah..
lihts'eeyadan'aiihe's turning it overlihts'eeyadaa'aiihe turned it~o~~~
tusk ch'atth~~f choo gho'Tuesday Drin Neekwaii, also
Drin Ts'an Drin Neekwaii~ '- c
tussock on tundra, "nigger-head" tl'oo hanshyah
tug-of-war twenty neekwat daatin orneekwaii daatin orneekwaatintly'ah haa nihts'ii gahandak
• '- t.they're havIng a tug-of-wartwice neekwat
tundra ts'ivii kwaa orts'iivii kwaa twine chihvyaa tthal
tunnel nan t'eh gwizhitgweedii
l l
twins naach'intwist
turkey dath chooturn also see roll yahantii
she's twisting ityahantiihe's turning it (a knob) yahaatuu
sheltwisted ityah'2-?tuuhe turned it (a knob)
two neekwaiil ~ ~
neeyadan'aiihe's turning it around uneeyadaa'aiihe tur~edlit around uglynaanaii
l l l
he turned into (some-thing else)
tSY't~hchY'aait's ugly
unbelievableshah naanaiiit became'~lbear gwik'injirighit kwaa
it's unbelievablelihts'eeyad??khyuuhe turned it inside out
136
uncle also di'ik neetr'iltsuushe's undressing
vee'iihis/her uncle (mother'sbrother)
dagwach'aa neetr'ilzhii ordagwach'aa nilzhii, alsodi'ik neetr'iltsuushe undressedvitii
his/her uncle (father'sbrother) uneasy
unclear shragwaadhan kwaahe's uneasy
gwinzii gaandaii kwaait's ~~clear to her unexpectedly geegwaroolii kwaa
uncomfortable unexpectedly to himvarahtee
gwinzii tthaii naadlii kwaahe's ~ncomfortable unhappy
undecided shoo nilii kwaa, alsoshragwaah~hY'aa kwaa
C C
she is unhappylihk'injyaa'eeshe's undecided
unharnessunder
gwit~ee or gwit'ehunderneath
laii tly'ah ts'an tr'ahchiihe's unharnessing the dog
vit'ehunder it
l~ii tly'ah ts'an tr'aahchiihe unharnessed the do~c C'
unimportantchuu zhit.. ..under water gwat'agw~~hchY'aa kwaa
it's unimportantunderpants _ ch'iyehzhak thal,
also ch'aghohchan thal (longbloomers)
unintelligent
undershirt gwit'eh naraatsuuvigwizh~' kwaashe's unintelligent
understand also see hear uniquevik'it t'inch'ii gwanliiC ...kwaait is unique
gwik'it teedzii'il'eehe understandsyiihtth'akhe understands him unison
underwear ch'iyehzhak gwach'aa nihlaain unison, all at one time
undress universe nan kak zhee kakhaa datt::.hakdagwaach'aa neetr'aazhii,
137
unknowingly khadeetak...... up (in sight, but not withinreach)unload
gwizhit tr'igwiliihe's unloading
oodeeright up there
gwizhit tr'igwiinl'iihe unloaded
yeedeeup, upstairs, where it canbe reached by walking
unmanageable dehtthatupward, up that wayvagwantrii kwaa·
it is unmanageable yi'eedee or yeeneedeefarther upunoccupied
gwizhit tr'igwich'f~ kwaait (a place) is unoccupied
up (higher in elevation, insight)
unravel oodakhigher up, on the ground
neeya' atshe's unraveling it yeedak
straight up, also north ofhereneeyin'at
she unravelled it yi'eedakfar up, up in the air
up in the sky zhee zhitk'iizhak gwich't~ kwaa, alsogwiriz~t nagwaak'it kwaahe is unsettled
unsteady
vadlarh daadhalit is unsteady ~,e...---........-
~.::-/::,:::--~;----=--~~
--=-=--~--V~untiedeeyan'atshe's untying it
up from the riverdeeyiin'atshe untied it oonjit
up there, away from theriverdeeneendak
it came untieddahochaa kwaait is untied, loose
yeeneenjitway up that way, from theriver
unwary uphill, toward speakerkhach'oaa'ya' kwaa,he is unwary
k'iikyaapointi~g straight uphill
138
upriver yat'~~hchY'aahe is using it
oonji' or han nji'upriver used, accustomed
(from) upriver yeenii ts'aii'- '- l-
yagwaa'i' or yigwaa'~'he is used to it (person oranimal), he learned ituppermost dak gwaa'ai'
....... l.. '-
upright gogwaa'eehe is used to it
k'iidak dha'aii'- < ~it is upright
k'iidak dhidiihe is sitting upright
usual
gohju'as usual
uproot utensils, cooking equipmentjidii vaa vikeerahchy'aadatthakgwanzh~h khahch'aa
she uprooted the plantuterus
upside down
ch t i j uk dha'aii'- l- l-
it is upside down
vats'ather uterus
lihts'eeyid~~'~~~he turned it upside down vupstream see upriver
upward k'iidak vacation
(moving or extending) upwardk'iizhaa
'- ..gwitr'it ts'an naazhiihe's taking a vacation
urge vain see also proud
gwats'a' yah'eeshe urges her to do it
in vain, there is no needfor it gw~~hkwaa
urinatein vain, for nothing zhy~~
alarhe is urinating
in vain, without successkhy¥'
valley nihtakdhalarhe urinated valuable, useful
urine larh vaghaii gweedhaait is valuable, useful
us diikhwan
use139
Venetie Viihtaii01. (,. L 1,.. \,. w
valuable, expensivedaatl'ooit is valuable, expensive
videezhuu ts'ikhis high-pitched voice
vanishvideezhuu kiihis deep, hoarse voice
vanity khadak dilii~ L
haahchikhe is using his voice,making sounds with histhroat
k'igwaanaii..,she vanished
vapor teedhahzhraa vomit
vegetable gwanzhih tr'a'aal
neekwaiihe's vomiting
veinvits'uuhis vein
neehokwaiihe vomited
ventilator vizhit khaiitr'iivest ik vivit kwaa, also
ch'idreeghaa ikwade
village kwaiik 'ithandeehaahe's wading along
villagers gwich'in naii• , l
visiblevigweech'inhe is visible
visityeeniheeshe is visiting her
neehanhidikhe's wading around
yeenoozhiishe visited her
wager
vocal cordsnihts'a' naga'oothey're making a wager
vachaahis vocal cords
yits'a' nahaiihe's making a wager
voice wagon ch'iitsii khalwailvideezhuu
his voice gwintl'oo itreeshe's wailing
140
waist walrus ahvyaa, also ch~~ch'atthaii~~~
vadhaa k' ithis waist
wait
nagol'inhe's waiting
nagwaa'y~'he waited
niyul'inhe's waiting for him
want
niyuaa'y~'he waited for him
yiyindhanshe wants it
wakeyiyiinghyit'he wanted it
khakii'aiishe's waking up
war ch'aghan or ch'eeghan
ch'eeghan gahtsiithey are making warkhakee'aii~ , ,
she woke upwarehouse gwadal zheh
walk also see ~warm
ahaahe's walking along nindhaa
he is warm, also it is warm(a thing, or-a-person)
gwiindhaait is warm (weather)
warnyideegwaah'ee
L L
she's warning her
yideegwaah'e'L L
she warned her
warrior niveh t'ah'inneehidikhe's walking around wart shyah
washzhat niinzhiihe walked there ch'ik'eech'ahtryaa
he's washing clotheswall zheh gwikhy~~
141
yik'eech'ahtryaahe's washing it
we diikhwanweak
ch'ik'eech'ahtryaahe washed clothes vat'aii kwaa
she is weakwash basin vizhit
neech'araajii, alsodaatlih k~ik
vagwaahtai' kwaal' ..she IS weak, feeble
wealthywashboard vakakch'ik'eerahtryaa, alsovakak ch'agar~hdair--- valaraa gwanlt!, also hil'ee
he is wealthywashtub daatlih tyah, weaponwatch, wristwatch shree
kaahchyaa vakheeghanhis weapon
watch weargwak'~~htiishe's watching
. -. ~.'-niyaazhiihe's wearing it (any kindof clothing)gwik'eeltt~
she watched niyaatsuuhe's wearing it (a coat,shirt, et c ,)yak'aahtii
she'~"watching ityik'eeltt!she watched it
yizhoo'yuuhe's wearing it (pants,socks, shoes, etc.)
khayuaa'Y?-'she is watching out for him yizhiiljik or yizhiilnjik
he's wearing-them (gloves)water ch1!1J
niyaa'aiihe's wearing it (hat, cap)waterfall neeteiinlaii.... ~~
waterhole chuu k'it.. ~ niyuuljik or niyuulnjik,also nooljik or noolnjikhe's wearing it (a scarfor shawl)
water pail chuu tyah- ~ ,
wave. titwave
an iliiit's wearing outan dhidlitit wore out, it is worn out
zhee dahdaii or zheedahndaiihe's waving his hand
weasel avii, also charzhee diljik or zhee dilnjikhe waved his hand weave see knit
142
web, spiderweb gwiteedrii vyaaor gwideedrii vyaa
what jidii
wedijiinow what?, what next?
goonjii.he weds wheeze
yuunjiihe weds her
daadloohe's wheezing
wedge dachan vaanihtr'eerahkyaa
when nijinni j in dai I
~ t,when (in the past)old-time wedge, stone wedgenjah nijin ji'
when (in the future)Wednesday Orin Ts'~n orin Tikalso Orin Tik whenever nijin d?~' gaa
week drin deetit where nijinweep nijin gwats1an
from where ..itreeshe is weeping nijuk
to whereintriishe wept where it goes (its location)
videek'it or videhk'itweighyik'eech'agwahdiihe's weighing it
whetstone, sharpener tly'ah
which one? jidii shrityik'eech'igwildiihe weighed it which way ni]uk ts I aii
.... L
west neech'a'ak ts'aii, also.. L "-
yeed i I
while gwiizhik
wetaii gwiizhikwhile that (was happening)
iltraa or niltraait's wet
whimperidizhit itreeit's whimperingnilk'al, also chuu'ir-- ..it's soaking wet whip
whale ahvyaa, also ch~~ch'atthaii
'" \. t
yahtriihe's whipping it
wharf tl'eedik y?htriihe whipped it
143
laii viitriia'dog whip white hair kii gaii,,,
whirlpool viki' daagaiishe has whlt~ hair
strong whirlpool ch~¥ iljat white man vaanoodlitweak whirlpool k'inehdlaii
, L Lwhittle
whirlwind ahtr'aii vii gwahjyaahe's whittlingwhiskers
vidinghai'his whiskers
yahjyaahe's whittling it
who juuwhisper
who? juu dee?daadzitshe's whispering whole
whistle datthak dilii, ,it is wholeyahshuu
he's whistling why jaghaiiy?hshuuhe whistled
wide
yuuzhuua whistle
nichyaait (a thing) is widegwiinchyaait (an area) is widewhite
dagaiisom~thing white
jidii chyahsomething wide
daagaiiit's'~hite dahchyaa?
how wide is it?whitefish luk daagaii
L L L widow tr'injaa vakai' nindhatL ,
lake whitefish neeghan wife
cisco whitefish chihshoo va'athis wife
round whitefish khaltai'L. L kiighai'wig naraa'aiiL. , ,small whitefish ch'ootsik,
also treeluk wigglewhite fox ch'iky'aa idiljik kwaa or khehlan
idil nj ik kwaa-she is wiggling, restless
144
wild neech'ahantr'alhe's winking (repeatedly)
oo'ok dachan tee gwandaiiit is wild
wilderness trial zhit, alsonan gwinjir
wild rhubarb ts'iigyuu
willing -gwik'it t'iindhanhe's willing to do it
neech'ahaatr'alhe winked C
willow k'aii winter khaii
dried willows k'il midwinter khaii tl'an
win wipe
gaayii ch'ahtsii, also ilwinshe wins
yach'ahjii or yach'ahnjiishe's wipingit
wind ahtr'aii yach'ahjik or yach'ahnjikshe wiped i~ ~
north wind yeenahjyaaahtr I ai i or y'eenahnjyaaahtr'aii -
giyahjii or giyahnjiishe's wipIng it off it
east wind yeenihjyaaahtr'aii or yeenihnjyaaahtr'aii
giy~hjik or giy?hnjikshe wiped it off it
wire ch'iitsii gyahwest wind yeedihjyaaahtr'aii or yeedihnjyaaahtr'aii -
wisdom gwizhih
vigwizhi'his wisdomsouth wind, Chinook wind
yeenihjyaa ahtr'aii dhaa oryeenihnjyaa ahtr'aii dhaa- wise
window vinjyaa'yaa vigwizhi' gwanliihe is wise cc
wine jak chu ' wishwing ch'ats'an geenjit dinjiighit
she wishes (for somethingto happen)vats'an
its wing
wink yats'a' dinjiighitshe wishes for him
with haa
145
vaawith him gwitr'it t'agwah'in
he's workingjidii haawi th what gwitr'it t'agw~h'y~'
he workeddiihaawith us khai' aachy'aa
he's not workingwithered
dhagaiiL ....it is withered
neiilii kwaahe's hard-working
world nan kak or nan katwobbly worm gy~tI
dadlarit is wobbly
wolf zhoh c=--)~--~wolverine nahtryah or nahtryaa
or nehtryaawoman tr'injaa wornwomb
vats'ather womb
an dhidlitit is worn out
worrywonderful
geech'igwi'init's wonderful
ginjyaahchii. ~... .he 1S worry1ngworse
wood traa, also dachan
piece of firewood traadeet'uu
gwandaa 11ZUUit is worse
worshiprotten wood ch'iitthoo deeyihiil'ee
he worships himdry fibrous rotten woodzhoh trin deeyahaah'e'
he wor~hipped himwoodpecker dachan kyaa ordachan chyaa wound
word ginjih
viginjikhis words
yiinjikshe wounded it
work gwitr'itvigwiinjikshe is wounded
146
woven also see weave ch'adantl'oohe's writing
ohotl'ii~,it is woven ch'adaatl'oo,,
he wrotewrap
yatl'an dach'ahchaahe's wrapping it
yadantl'oohe's writing it
yadaatl'oohe ~~ote ityatl'an dich'ilchaa
he wrapped itwriter ch'adantl'oo
wrestle wrongyaa t'aii t'ah'inhe's wrestling with him
tehk'aa, gwit'igwin'eeit's wrong, there is some-thing wrong
wring. ,
vit'igwin'eehe's wrong, there's some-thing wrong with him
yang??, also neeyang??she's wringing it
y~~g??, also neey~~g?Qhe wrung it
wrinkle ych'ildralit's wrinkled yarn ohotl'ii zhok, ,ch'iyahdralhe's wrinkling it,curling it
yawn
ch'iyildralhe wrinkled it
wrist, forearm
viky'aahis wrist
wristwatch shree kaahchyaa orshree kaahchyaa tsal vah iilts'ee
she is yawningwrite
year neegwiidhat orneegwadadhata year ago neegwadadhatch'ihlak dai' orneegwadadh~t chlihlakgweedhaa gwan~~
147
year before last hee dai'.. vigiihis/its youngyell
azhralhe's yelling
geh giia young rabbit
inzhralhe yelled
Yukon River Yukon Gwinjik
yellow
atsooit's yellow
yellow jacket, hornetch'eedzit ts'ik••
yes aaha'.
yesterday k'ehdai'..yet tth'aii hee
yoke vaa chuu teeraazhik'- .
yolk, egg yolk ch'aghoo zhitatsoo
yonder yeendaa ninghit kwaa
you (one person) nan or nanh
you (more than one person), youguys nakhwan
young also see offspring
jidii k'eejitsomething young
148
•
~al IJ.* .,o.~~... ~;; -- PflaI Materials Development Center
Rural Education AffairsUniversity of Alaska2223 Spenard RoadAnchorage, Alaska
........ Aleut • • ...... Aleut • D_'I... • Gwtcll'ln • Inuplal • Lo_ Korullon • S111et1an Yup'lk • .~ • Upper KueIlollwllll • u.... T_
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