Jeff Arnold
USDA-ARS
Temple, Texas
Current State of SWAT and Future Developments
New Code Developments
Great Lakes Applications
CEAP 8-digit
CEAP 12-digit
WLEB NHD+
Three Tier Approach with
Web Interface
Soil and Water Assessment Tool
2013 Soil and Water
Assessment Tool Model Developer’s Workshop
July 11-12, 2013
Paul Sabatier Université, Toulouse, France
Sabine and Jose
TOPICS:
(1) Landscape Processes (riparian, floodplain, overland routing and sediment)
(2) River/landscape Continuum AND In-Stream processes, Flood plains, riparian,
stream aquifers (spatial, flow sediments, nutrients and biology) + emergent
contaminants (antibiotics, hormones, metals, pesticides)).
(3) Plant Growth, competition, crop management
(4) New technology (web based/training, Super computers, GIS, sensitivity,
autocalibration, optimization, uncertainty analysis).
• Two papers (Arnold et al., 2010, Bosch et al., 2010) published on landscape routing (Riesel (TX) and Gibbs farm (GA)
• Landscape routing still under development
• Nadia Bonuma (Bonuma et al., 2013) included sediment transport capacity approach and used landscape routing (Brazil)
• Hendrik Rathjens, Martin Volk,
Jeff Arnold develop grid version
that include landscape routing
(Little River Basin (GA))
Recent Development
(1) Landscape processes
• Improved channel sediment routing (Balaji and
Peter Allen)
• More realistic bed and bank erosion, bed and wash
load, and improved flood plain deposition
• Improved BOD and dissolved oxygen (still using the
modified QUAL2E approach
• Biofilm module – Sabine and Jose
Recent Development
(2) Channel processes
• C-FARM (Kemanian et al., 2010) and CENTURY
(Zhang et al., 2013) included in SWAT for carbon
dynamics
• Improved soil phosphorus routines
• Improved and validated tile nitrate routines
• Bacteria – refined and validated, in-stream
component developed
Recent Development
(3) Nutrients, carbon and bacteria
• Plant growth – parameterized forest and energy
plants – Jim Kiniry is leading
• Plant competition (water, light, and nutrients)
• Modified plant growth algorithm for the tropics
(Michael Strauch and Martin Volk)
• Reworked management operation scheduling –
minor mgt file changes but more robust
• Real time soil moisture and plant status – Jaehak
Jeong
Recent Development
(4) Plant Growth
• Version control – Nancy uses on daily basis
1) Backup versions and notes
2) Filemerge
3) CoLab-access trunk and other versions
• Modular code – JRW Data and Process Libraries
Efficient platform for development
Provide spatial and temporal framework
Facilitate parallelization
Recent Development
(5) Version control and modular systems
Recent Development
Easier to develop and maintain
1. Input Data File Structure – One file for each data
type. Each spatial object points to data in file.
2. Spatial Object Modules – hru, swat-deg, export
coefficient, aquifer, subbasin, reach, reservoir,
recalls. Only data passed between modules is a
hydrograph data structure. Time and climate
modules are also passed between objects.
3. Spatial Connectivity – no more fig file. Each spatial
object points to receiving object(s), swat stores
dependencies, and determines order of objects
routing. Multiple hydrographs from each object.
Modular Restructuring of SWAT
• ArcSWAT and MapWindows continued development
• Web-based interfaces – HAWQS, eRAMS, BASHYT
• Web-based spatial BMP tools
• SWAT-CUP – calib,
and uncertainty analysis
• SWAT Check – use
“hard” and “soft” data for
calibration
Recent Development
(6) Tools (GIS, climate interpolation, crop
generator, autocalibration & uncertainty)
• Soluble phosphorus in tile – Kevin King has data
suggesting that 40% from tile – moving through
cracks.
• Soluble phosphorus from surface inlet risers – from
depressional storage.
• Plans for controlled drainage, 2 stage ditches and
other improvements
Recent Development
Developments Related to the Great Lakes
Environmental Response
Measuring the Environmental
Benefits of Conservation
The Conservation Effects
Assessment Project (CEAP)
Why CEAP?
OMB requests for outcome-based reporting
2002 Farm Bill significant increase in
conservation funding
call for better accountability
Assessment to guide design and implementation of conservation programs
$4B in Conservation Payments
USDA Decision Support Technology
Estimation of On-Site Effects
APEX
Non-Cultivated Lands - SWAT
Channel/Flood Plain
Processes - SWAT
Point Sources
APEX Cultivated
Fields
SWAT
12-digit vs. 8-digit Subwatershed Delineations for the UMRB
WLEB SWAT model Setup
HUC 12: 391 subwatersheds Area: 72 sqkm (range: 25 to 191)
NHD plus: 11335 subwatersheds Area: 2.61 sqkm (range: 0.001 to 80)
Data inputs and SWAT model setup – ArcSWAT 2012 interface used
• Rev 593 (latest)
– Watershed characterization – Predefined Subwatersheds and streams
» 30m DEM, 12 digit HUCs, NHD streams – HUC12 setup » 30m DEM, NHD plus watersheds, NHD plus streams - NHD plus setup
• Post processing to get predefined streams and subbasin in SWAT format
– Landuse landcover – 30m Landuse land cover
» crop rotations • 2010 and 2011 CDLs and MODIS
– Soils – STATSGO soils at 1: 250,000 scale
– Weather – Daily temperature and precipitation data from 1960 to 2010
– Tile drains – All agricultural area in flat areas were given tile drain
– Management – Fertilizer application rates : Derived from Agricultural Census Yield and
Fertilizer use data – Tillage: USGS -Conservation Technology Information Center (CTIC) Survey
Data » Conventional, Ridge, Reduced, Mulch, No-Till
– Planting and harvesting, Tillage implements etc.: RUSLE2 Management
Weather
DEM
Subbasins
Landuse
Soils
Streams
Converter Checker
RUSLE2 23,000 Templates
SWAT Format
Calibration Strategy – Calibrate for HUC12 setup and
transfer parameters to NHD plus setup
• Calibration Procedure – Calibrate at multiple locations
• To capture spatio-temporal hydrologic variability within watershed
– Compare with calibration at outlet
• Calibration Flow Chart
Sufi2; Yen auto tool
Sreamflow Water quality
St. Joseph Maumee outlet
Raisin
Sandusky
Auiguize St. Mary
NHD+ Calibration Issues
• Run time – not feasible to make hundreds
or thousands of calibration runs
• Parameters are non-linear and 12-digit
calibration parameters do not scale
• Addition of soluble phosphorus in
subsurface tile and surface inlet risers
• (Connectivity issues with NHD+)
Calibration/Validation
Potential Collaboration
1. Three Tier Approach to a Common Great Lakes
Decision Support System
2. Calibrated and Validated System
3. Web Interface for Scenario Analysis
Future
Three Tier Approach
SWAT
1. SWAT HRU – full water, sediment, nutrient balances
with all management capabilities
2. SWAT Lite – simplified balances and simplified
management
3. Export Coefficient / Delivery Ratio – pull from a pre-
built set of research data and model runs
4. All of these are now included in the modular version
of SWAT
Modular SWAT
Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX
HAWQS Hydrologic and Water Quality System
Project Sponsored by US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water
R. Srinivasan Texas AgriLife Research Texas A&M University
J. Arnold USDA-Agricultural Research Service Grassland, Soil and Water Research Lab
What is HAWQS? A national watershed and water quality
assessment system
Capable of supporting a wide variety of national-, regional-, and local-scale economic, policy and impact analyses:
Sediments Biological oxygen demand
Pathogens Dissolved oxygen
Nutrients Pesticides
EPA National Assessment
Specifically … HAWQS: Server/client modeling system that uses
web-based and desktop interfaces to access datasets for modeling
Uses the latest nationally available federal government database at three spatial resolutions (HUC8, HUC10, NHD+)
Uses the latest SWAT model
Uses NHD+ stream network
EPA National Assessment
User Inputs A GIS interactive map - users can
find watershed Information
Datasets
a.) NHDPlus
b.) HUC 8
c.) HUC 10
Options:
Starting and ending stream ids
Starting stream id only
Ending stream id only
Web Interface
Future Collaboration
3-Tier set up, calibrated for the Great Lakes – at 12-digit and NHD+ scales
SWAT at 12-digit – CEAP
Export Coefficient and SWAT-LITE at NHD+
Web interface for scenario analysis
HAWQS type interface
USDA CIG or EPA grant to support – logical extension of USDA and EPA programs
USDA and EPA Programs
Thank You
Recent SWAT Developments and Future Directions
7 8-digit HUCs
252 12-digit HUCs
6,739 NHD+ HUCs
20,000 HRU’s
Maumee River at Waterville, OH
R2 NS Median
Sim
Median
Obs Pbias
Daily 0.407818 0.361834 136.7 70.085 -11.1793
Monthly 0.743722 0.727435 187.1122 109.7366 -11.0142
Yearly 0.977738 0.781863 198.9934 186.2651 -11.182
RMSE RSR
Daily 204.0821 0.798743
Monthly 77.65704 0.519898
Yearly 20.19299 0.443084
Compare Range
DateMin 1/1/1990
DateMax 12/31/1999
Calibration/Validation
River Raisin near Monroe, IN
R2 NS Median
Sim
Median
Obs Pbias
Daily 0.2044 -0.55692 20.35 14.155 -19.3647
Monthly 0.676108 0.601832 27.42168 19.16681 -19.1411
Yearly 0.76187 -0.53726 26.50057 23.68159 -19.3588
RMSE RSR
Daily 34.92111 1.247596
Monthly 11.82946 0.628371
Yearly 5.526248 1.176238
Compare Range
DateMin 1/1/1990
DateMax 12/31/1999
Calibration/Validation
Preliminary Results • HUC 12 setup
– Overall Hydrology 1990 - 1999 time period Default (mm) default_tile (mm) Calib_tile (mm)
PRECIP 916.4 916.4 916.4
SNOW FALL 98.32 98.32 98.32
SNOW MELT 98.93 96.01 98.05
SUBLIMATION 0.78 4.21 1.95
SURFACE RUNOFF Q 198.48 47.84 78.05
LATERAL SOIL Q 1.59 3.51 9.27
TILE Q 0 257.01 145.18
GROUNDWATER (SHAL AQ) Q 78.6 118.39 41.37
GROUNDWATER (DEEP AQ) Q 0 0 0
REVAP (SHAL AQ 7.22 5.26 17.1
DEEP AQ RECHARGE 4.52 6.51 1.97
TOTAL AQ RECHARGE 90.34 130.3 44.79
TOTAL WATER YLD 278.75 426.77 274
PERCOLATION OUT OF SOIL 90.34 130.55 44.74
ET 629.7 474.3 638.1
PET 1002 995.6 1001.2
Surface runoff 71% 11% 28%
Tile flow 0% 60% 53%
ground water 28% 28% 15%
lateral 1% 1% 3%
Outlet calibration Regional calibration
NSE Values
• NSE values ranges from – infinity to 1 • Close to 1 means good fit between observed and predicted • NSE above 0.5 : very good model prediction
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