Japanese Syntax
Outline Review of typological characteristics of JL Syntactic Structures
Syntactic Constituency Phrase Structures Phrase Structure Rules Notion of the Head Subcategorization Structural Relations
1. Taroo ga Hanako ni hon o yatta.
2. sono san-nin no ookina otoko
3. Taroo no hon
1. Taroo ga katta hon
2. Taroo ojisan
3. hijooni hayaku hashiru
1. ikenai
2. Taroo yori kashikoi
3. Taroo ga kita. Taroo wa kita ka.
4. Taroo ga hon o katta. Taroo ga nani o katta ka shiranai.
Syntactic Structures Syntactic Constituency
combination of words that are considered meaningful eg. Toshokan de fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon-wo yomu. Constituents:
fukuzatsu na nihongo, fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon, fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon wo yomu, hon wo yomu, nihongo no hon wo yomu
Syntactic Structures fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon
a. fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon b. fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon
hon
fukuzatsu na nihongo no
fukuzatsu na
nihongo no hon
a. book about complicated Japanese
b. a complicatedJapanese book
Syntactic Structures Phrase Structures
lexical categories, phrasal categories
NP
NP N
AP N
A
fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon
NP
AP NP
A NP N
N
fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon
Syntactic Structures Phrase Structures
PP
NP P
N
toshokan de
VP
NP V
N
hon-o yomu
VP
PP V
NP P
N
toshokan de yomu
Syntactic Structures Phrase Structures
S
NP VP
N PP NP V
NP P AP NP
N A NP N
N
Watashi wa toshokan de fukuzatsu na nihongo no hon wo yomu
Syntactic Structures Phrase Structure Rules
a. Ane ga hon wo katta. S NP VP NP N VP NP V
a. Ane ga katta hon wo yonda. S NP VP NP1 0 VP NP V NP2 S N
b. Watashi wa sono hon wa takai to omotta. S NP VP VP (S’) VP S’ S COMP
Syntactic Structures Phrase Structure Rules
generate unlimited number of grammatical sentences and phrases
a. S NP VP b. NP (S) (NP) (AP) N c. VP (S’) (PP) (NP) V d. AP (Adv) A e. PP NP P
Syntactic Structures Phrase Structure Rules
a. S
NP VP
S N V
NP VP
N NP V
N
Ane-ga [ ] katta hon-wo yonda
Syntactic Structures Head
obligatory meaning associated with the head is always associate
d with the phrase Subcategorization
specifies the constituents that appears with the verb Intransitive verbs: [___] Transitive verbs: [NP ___] [PP ___] Di-transitive verbs: [NP NP ___]
Syntactic Structures Structural Relations
Domination – downward path from a node at one level to a node at another level
Immediate Domination – a node dominates another node and they are apart by one hierarchical level
Sister Relation – two nodes sharing the same node that immediately dominates them
C-command – (i) A and B do not dominate each other, (ii) the first branching node dominating A also dominates B
Syntactic Structures Structural Relations
A
B C
D E F G
A dominates B, C, D, E, F, GB dominates D, EC dominates F, G
A immediately dominates B, CB immediately dominates D, EC immediately dominates F, G
B and C are sistersD and E are sistersF and G are sisters
B c-commands C, F, GC c-commands B, D, E
Syntactic Structures Exercises: Illustrate the PS rules that generates t
he sentences below. a. Iji-ga Kaye-ni hana-wo ageta. b. Pete-ga Jeva-ni okane wo karita. c. Divine-ga Mona-ga katta hon-wo Jhay-ni kashita. d. April-ga Mona-ga takai hon wo katta to itta.
Iji-ga Kaye-ni hana-wo ageta. Pete-ga Jeva-ni okane wo karita.
1. SNP VP 2. NP N3. VP NP NP V
Divine-ga Mona-ga katta hon-wo Jhay-ni kashita.
1. SNP VP 2. NP (S) N3. VP NP NP V
Divine-ga Mona-ga katta hon-wo Jhay-ni kashita.
April-ga Mona-ga takai hon wo katta to itta.
1. SNP VP2. NP (Adj) N3. VP(S’) V4. S’ S Comp
Transformations D-structure, S-structure
Yes-No questions, WH-movement
Scrambling – reordering of pre-verbal major constituents; but the verb must not move from sentence-final position. Kita yo. Taroo ga.
Scrambling Taroo ga Hanako ni sono hon wo yatta.
a. Hanako ni Taroo ga sono hon wo yatta.b. Sono hon wo Taroo ga Hanako ni yatta.c. Hanako ni sono hon wo Taroo ga yatta.d. Sono hon wo Hanako ni Taroo ga yatta.e. Taroo ga sono hon wo Hanako ni yatta.
O, De, Ni NP-o
covering the entire dimension NP-ni
NP is the goal NP-de
location
Made, Made ni, Made de Made
continuously/until X Made ni
limit of a domain, X being the end/limit Made de
doing something continuously and then stopping at X
Wa and Ga Thematic wa
Old information Anaphoric vs. Definite
Contrastive wa
Wa and Ga Descriptive ga
subject of action verbs, existential verbs, adjectives/nominal adjectives that represent changing states
Exhaustive-listing ga
Objective ga object of stative verbals (transitive verbs, adjectives, n
ominal adjectives)
Wa and Ga in MNN 私は マイク・ミラーです。 桜は きれいです。 私は イタリア料理が 好きです。 机の 上に 写真が あります。 日本は物価が高い。 明日雨が降ると思います。 これはミラーさんが作ったケーキです。 図書館で本を借りるとき、カードが要ります。 山の上から町が見えます。 窓が閉まっています。
Passive constructions E-ga doroboo-ni nusumareta. Hanako ga tonari no gakusei ni piano wo asa ma
de hikareta. Taroo-ga dooryoo ni yotte hihansareta.
Direct Passives Indirect Passives/ Adversative Passives Ni-yotte passives
Causative constructions Hanako-ga aruita. Taroo-ga Hanako-wo arukaseta. Taroo-ga Hanako-ni arukaseta.
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