1
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
10th -12th November 2016: Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Johann Gnadlinger
Brazilian Rainwater Catchment and Management Association
(ABCMAC)
Regional Institute For Appropriate Small-Scale Agriculture (IRPAA)
The Role of Rainwater Harvesting for Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Brazil
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Outline
� Introduction and background
� Approach
The right livelihood is to live in harmony with the semiarid
climate
Five steps of water supply and rainwater harvesting
� Results
Outlook and conclusion
Lessons from the drought - Towards a policy of
sustainable livelihood in SAB
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Semi-arid Brazil
�has 969,599 km2
�1,135 municipalities�and is inhabited by 22 million people �8.5 million of them living in the rural area.
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Scenario 1: Original Semiarid
Region
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
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Climates of LA (Koeppen)
!"#$%& " '( )%*+,% )-( . /0' "1 /( # 2)((' "-1 /--' &( "&2 /3)% . "# $ &"' 1(1 )-.( 4' /" 3&-1' "0)( /&- /52% /3)( /&-1+6'1' )"347"( /3%'+ 8 3/' -3'+ 8'2( 9:+9;< =
2
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Study of irregular
rainfall in SAB
during IRPAA
Workshop for
Peasants, in
Juazeiro, Bahia
State
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Monthly Distribution of Rainfall in Juazeiro, SAB
0,0
109,5
57,515,5
101,355,1 66,4
0,0 2, 1 4,1 0,0 0,00,0
100,0
200,0
300,0
400,0
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuva em Jua ze iro ,BA20 14 / 2015
41 2 mm
mm
M ês IRPAA, seg .da do s da EMBRAPA
2 18, 3
118,4
34,9 35, 6 41
180,4
2,2 119,1 4,3 5,2
0
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Ch uva e m Juazei ro, BA2013 / 2014
462 m m
mm
Mês IRPAA,s eg. da dos d a EMBRAPA
15,6 0,6 7,7
271,6
13,5 6 3 0 1 0 0 00
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuv a em Ju azeiro , BA2015 / 2016
319 mm
mm
Mês IRPAA, seg .d ad os da EMBRAPA
0, 024,9
3,6
76, 9
044,8
3,5 3,8 4,2 10,3 1, 6 0,40, 0
100, 0
200, 0
300, 0
400, 0
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuv a em Ju azeiro , BA2012 / 2013
174 mm
mm
Mês IRPAA, seg .d ad os da EMBRAPA
10,6 5,8 17,5 13,6
195,9
41,70,3 0 1, 6 0,9 1,7 0
0
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuva em Jua ze iro ,BA20 11 / 2012
29 0 mm
mm
M ês IRPAA, seg .da do s da EMBRAPA
122,7
0
118,2
13, 356,3 75,3
96, 5
0 9,741,1
0 40
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuv a em Ju azeiro , BA2009 / 2010
537 mm
mm
Mês IRPAA, seg .d ad os da EMBRAPA
36,80
174,9
50,7 60, 6 58, 3 66
9,2 0 1,2 4 00
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Ch uva e m Juazei ro, BA2010 / 2011
462 m m
mm
Mês IRPAA,s eg. da dos d a EMBRAPA
0 048,1
72,2
143,3
239,7
172,9
32, 9 23 5,1 3,1 00
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuva em Jua zeiro ,BA20 08 / 2009
74 0 mm
mm
M ês IRPAA, seg .da do s da EMBRAPA
043, 3
17,141,4
147,7
10, 8
98,1
3 5,9 0 0 00
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuva e m Juazei ro, BA2007 / 2008
367 m m
mm
Mês IRPAA,s eg. da dos d a EMBRAPA
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Annual Rainfall in SAB, Juazeiro, Bahia State (mm/year)
459
549
175
487
570
388
727
243
377
587519504
343
930
464405
526
367
740
537
462
290
174
462412
319
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
mm
Year
Maximum: 930 mm (2004) Minimum: 174 mm (2013) IRPAA, according data of EMBRAPA
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Annual Rainfall in SAB, Juazeiro, Bahia State (mm/year)
Maximum: 930 mm (2004) Minimum: 174 mm (2013) IRPAA, according data of EMBRAPA
459
549
175
487
570
388
727
243
377
587
519504
343
930
464405
526
367
740
537
462
290
174
462412
319
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
mm
Year
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
OC
O
EA
NO
Â
L
A
T
NT
IC
CearáMaranhão
Piauí
Rio Grande do Norte
Alagoas
Sergipe
Pernambuco
Paraíba
Juazeiro
Petrolina
Bahia
Aqui chove mais que 1000 mm por ano
Aqui chove ent re 600 mm e 800 mm por ano
Aqui chove entre 800 mm e 1000 mm por ano
Aqui chove menos que 600 mm por anoDelimitação do Semiárido
MinasGerais
From the Drought
Polygon to the New
Delimitation of
Semiarid Brazil (SAB):
SAB has:
- less than 800 mm
annual rainfall,
- an aridity index less
than 0.5 (I = R/PET) and
- more than 60 % water
deficit during the year,
calculated between 1970
and 1990.
Region of Calamity
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Scenario 2: Mismanagement of
Semiarid Region
3
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
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223
4545
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
São FranciscoRiver Dam,Sobradinho-BA
Oct 30, 2014
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
789:; <89:;=8>? @= @ =>ABC8>?D
Foto: jornalistaflavioazevedo
Why is the transposition of water from the São
Francisco River no solution?
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Severe Impacts on Northeastern Water Resources:The "aridification" of the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil
until the end of the 21st century
Relev ant to:NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR
COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF DRY EFFECTS
(PAN-Brazil)
Water Balance in Semiarid Brazil
Greater WaterDeficit in SAB:Vulnerability in
agriculture!
1961196119611961----1990199019901990
2071207120712071----2100210021002100
Fonte: Salati et al., 2007
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Drought in semiarid Brazil 2012
Water
reservoir
with1 m
depth
Full: 20m x 25m x 1m = 500m3 of waterAfter three months without rainfall: 1 m evaporation: 500 m3 - 500 m3 = 0 m3 of water
Photo: Gnadlinger, April 15, 2012
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
15,6 0,6 7,7
271,6
13,5 6 3 0 1 0 0 00
100
200
300
400
O N D J F M A M J J A S
Chuva em Jua ze ir o, BA2 01 5 / 20 16
3 19 mm
mm
Mê s IR PAA , seg. dados d a EM BR APA
Community trench cisternWater for goatsLast rainfall in January 2016Picture taken on Oct 26, 2016
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
1. At the hill top of a property: ecoforestation and reforestation - recaatingamento, planting drought-tolerant plants for soil cover, vegetative barriers for soil
protection w ith natural pasture
2. On the hill side: terracing or contour planting, “in situ” water catchment, planting of fruit trees and vegetables, small dams for infiltration and recharge of groundwater, recovering soil and vegetation from the beginning of the water flow
3. At the hill foot: rainwater catchment technologies as subsoil dams, shallow wells w ith manual pumps, gabion dams or successive dams as silt arrestors at the foot of the
hill
Scenario 3: Management Model of SAB
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
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���� ���� ���� ���� �����
1. Providing �������� ����� ��� �������� ���!�
2. Taking care of "�##����� ����� for washing, bathing and for animals
3. Assuring ����� ��� ����"�!����
4. Supplying ����� ��� �#�����"� �������� in drought years
5. Managing ����� ��� ��� �������#���
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
� 4 Política de captação de água de chuva
� 5 Considerações finais
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
$%'( ) $%*+
The One Million Cissterns Program built588.935 rural cisterns
The Program 1 Piece of Land and 2 Types of Water built88.933 technologies for family use and 1.318 technologies for community
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Use of Rainwater: Decentralization and democratization
of water
Municipalities included in P1MC
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
4 m deep trench-like rock cisters
Observe the well nurtured goats!
Drought in semiarid Brazil 2012
Full: 30m x 4m x 4m = 480m3 of waterAfter three months without rainfall: 1 m evaporation: 480 m3 - 120 m3 = 360 m3 of water
Photo: Gnadlinger, April 15, 2012
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Appropriate machines for digging in hard rock are necessary
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 201628
Rock cistern construted during the drought of 2012by Irpaa em Macurerê, BA
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Cisterns of 52,000 L with catchment area or irrigation of vegetables and fruit trees
Photo: Gnadlinger
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Cisterns for irrigation of vegetables (Embrapa)
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Cisterns for irrigation of fruit trees (Embrapa)
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Cisterns for irrigation of fruit trees (Embrapa)
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016Fotos: Embrapa
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Xylopodios of
umbuzeiro
(Spatodia) as
example for natural
tecnology of
rainwater
harvesting
in a seniarid
climate
Picture: J Gnadlinger
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Photo: Gnadlinger, April15. 2012
Semiarid vegetation providesleaves for animals duringdrought ao 2012
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Drought from 2012 to 2014
The buffel grass has dried out, bur Spatodia has tastful fruits!
Photo: Gnadlinger, April15. 2012Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Rainwater catchment and income
generation
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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
� 4 Política de captação de água de chuva
� 5 Considerações finais
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Mapa da terra e da água
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
WATER DEMAND
For a family of 5 persons in 8 months:
Drinking and cooking
Personnal hygiene and domestic cleaning
Gardening, vegetables and chicken
Water for shep and goats
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
� 1. Guarantee access to water and land in sufficient size to create
and produce in semi-arid conditions.
� 2. Prioritize local rainwater harvesting solutions to provide water
security to households and communities.
� 3. Prevent desertification: avoid raising large livestock unfit for the
SAB such as cattle, deforestation of large areas and planting of
crops that do not support the semiarid climate.
� 4. Preserve, recover and manage the drought-proof bush
vegetation which probably resists also climate change.
� 5 Prioritize raising small and medium sized animals (goats and
sheep) adapted to the climate and storage of water and fodder for
the months without rain.
Conclusion:
Towards a policy of sustainable livelihood in SAB
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
� 6. Store fodder for the months without rain and even longer than for a year,
preserving the richness of the Caatinga vegetation through its rational use for
breeding and extraction.
� 7. Select plants that are able to handle the irregular rainfall in parts of SAB with
micro-climates, where agriculture can be indicated.
� 8. Extract, process and sell at the market of natural fruits such as umbu, passion
fruit and otherswhich has great economic potential and contribute to the
preservation of the biom (inclusion at the local food program at schools)
� 9. Focus efforts on skil ls and capacity building in rainfed agriculture of the
Universities and Technical Schools of Agriculture, because of the great potential
of the Caatinga.
� 10. Treat this points with communities and theis social organizations, in different
forms, networks and coalitions to propose and construct a National Brazilian
Policy on Living in Harmony of Climate in the Semiarid Region at Municipal,
State and Federal levels.
Towards a policy of sustainable livelihood in SAB (cont.)
9
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
The drought of 2012 to 2015 was a challenge and a test to see if the proposal of
l iving in harmony with semiarid conditions is viable.
The infrastructure built in recent years to store water for emergency situations is
sti l l not enough when faced with an extreme situation l ike this, although it is of
great importance in mitigating difficulties. This consolidation will be fully possible
only when the State incorporates drought preparedness and living with drought
conditions as a permanent policy. The opportunities to rethink and plan the SAB
after a major drought should not be lost , especial ly in the context of climate
change, when more severe drought events are predicted for the SAB.
The State Governments of Pernambuco and Bahia promulgated the “Law of Living
in Harmony with the Semiarid Climate.” In this law are included proposals, such as
the five steps of water management. The actions range from building reservoirs,
sustainable Caatinga management, combating desertification and contextualized
education.
Different municipalities elaborate water programs for the rural area and discuss a
Municipal Policy of Living in Harmony with the climate.
Outlook:
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
On November 15, 2015, the Civil Society organized a demonstration
with 20,000 people from all over the Northeast, in Juazeiro and
Petrolina , with the theme: “We want the Semiarid Region Alive with
all its rights preserved!” There were two main reasons for the
demonstration: the awareness that probably another drought is
pending and the financial crisis of the country where the federal
government has threatened to stop the financial support for
the cisterns and other programs in the SAB.
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
10th
Brazilian
Rainwater
Catchment
and
Management
SymposiumCENTAL THEME:
“Unlocking the Potential of Rainwater in Brazil“
PERIOD: November 15 -18, 2016
PLACE: Belém, Pará State, Convention Center Benedito Nunes
Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016
Liv ing in harmony with the climate
Johann Gnadlinger
Brazilian Rainwater Catchment and Management Association (ABCMAC)
Regional Institute for Appropriate Small-Scale Agriculture (IRPAA)[email protected]
All pictures and photographs by IRPAA or J Gnadlinger
Obrigado!Thank you!
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