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Elements of Satellite Technology
Assignment No: 1
Indian Space Research Organization
Bharath Y S
Semester 1
ME, Aerospace Technology
MIT, Chennai.
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Indian Space Research Organization
Introduction:
Indian Space Research Organization, also termed ISRO is the space
agency of India. ISRO is one of the six largest space agencies in the world doing a lot
of progress in both vehicle and satellite technology. ISRO's primary objective is to
advance Space Technology and use its applications for national benefit.
Established in 1969, ISRO superseded Indian National Committee for
Space Research( INCOSPAR ). It is under the supervision of Department of Space,
Government of India.It is headquartered at Bangalore.
ISRO has achieved numerous milestones since its establishment. India's
first satellite, Aryabhata, was built by ISRO and launched by the Soviet Union in 1975.
Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3,
was launched in 1980. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the PolarSatellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for putting satellites into polar orbits and the
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into
geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications
satellites, earth observation satellites, and, in 2008, Chandrayaan-1, India's first
mission to the Moon.
Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for both
Indian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite launch capability is mostly provided by
indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. In 2008, ISRO successfully launched its
first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future plans include indigenous development
of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar exploration, mars exploration and
interplanetary probes. ISRO has several field installations as assets, and cooperates
with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral
agreements.
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Current Chairman of ISRO is Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, a technocrat par
excellence; a dynamic and result-oriented Manager with very fine personal and inter-
personal qualities; an astute Institution-builder with a strategic vision; an able
Administrator with a positive attitude; and an inspiring Leader credited with nurturingleadership skills in the younger generation. He has had a distinguished career adorned
with accomplishments that spans beyond 40 years in space technology, applications
and space program management.
History:
Indian space science dates back to the Vedas written around 2000 B.C.
Though astronomy of that time was based on spiritual belief's, it became more
scientific during the start of first century A.D.Indian astronomers recognized that the
stars are the same as the Sun, only farther away which implies that the night sky is full
of suns, and that when our Sun goes below the horizon, a thousand suns take its
place. This is an incredible scientific leap in thought. The Earth was at this time
considered to be spherical, and various astronomers attempted to measure its
circumference.
In the 5th century, a great Indian astronomer and mathematician namedAryabhatta advanced this heliocentric theory and also discussed his idea that the Sun
is the source of moonlight. He also studied how to forecast eclipses (see photo below).
His books and others were translated into Latin in the 13th century, and profoundly
influenced European mathematicians and astronomers.
Several Indian scientists of the 6th century also were the first to advance
the idea of gravity. They noticed that a special force keeps objects stuck to the earth,
and hypothesized that the same force might be responsible for holding heavenlybodies in their place. The idea pre-dates Newton's conception of gravity by about 1100
years.
Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the activities of
scientist S. K. Mitra who conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of
the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methods in 1920's Calcutta.
Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific
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principles applicable in space sciences. However, it was the period after 1945 which
saw important developments being made in coordinated space research in India.
Organised space research in India was spearheaded by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai
founder of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabadand Homi Bhabha, whohad played a role in the establishment of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in
1945. Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of cosmic radiation,
high altitude and airborne testing of instruments, deep underground experimentation
at the Kolar minesone of the deepest mining sites in the world and studies of the
upper atmosphere. Studies were carried out at research laboratories, universities, and
independent locations.
Government support became visible by 1950 when the Department of
Atomic Energy was founded with Homi Bhabha as secretary. The Department of Atomic
Energy provided funding for space research throughout India.Tests on the Earth's
magnetic fieldstudied in India since the establishment of the observatory at Colaba
in 1823and aspects of meteorology continued to yield valuable information and in
1954, Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the
Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University,
Hyderabad. Both these facilities enjoyed the technical support and scientific
cooperation of the United States of America. Space research was further encouraged
by the technically inclined prime minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru. In 1957, the
Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik and opened up possibilities for the rest of
the world to conduct a space launch.
Space activities in the country started during early 1960s with the
scientific investigation of upper atmosphere and ionosphere over the magnetic
equator that passes over Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram using small soundingrockets. Realizing the immense potential of space technology for national
development, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned that this powerful
technology could play a meaningful role in national development and solving the
problems of common man.
Thus, Indian Space program born in the St Mary's Magdalene church
beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and
developing capability to build and launch communication satellites for television
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broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications; remote sensing
satellites for management of natural resources.
The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its applicationto various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has
successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National
Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)
satellites for management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.
The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the
implementation of the Indian space program to promote the development and
application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the
country. DOS implements these programs through, mainly Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric
Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and
Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a
government owned company, markets the space products and services.
After the setting of Indian National Committee for Space Research
(INCOSPAR) by the Department of Atomic Energy, work on establishing Thumba
Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) began. From then, ISRO has grown into a
big tree frequently sending Rockets and Satellites into the space.
Milestones:
ISRO is both good in Launch Vehicle Technology and Satellite
Technology. Profoundly ISRO has developed its technology with help from Russia and
USA.
India made its first account in space by sending sounding rocket
that was launched from TERLS( Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Site ) in
November 21, 1963.A Sounding Rocket is a research rocket that carries instruments to
perform scientific experiments during the sub-orbital flight.
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In 1965, Space Science & Technology Centre (SSTC) was
established in Thumba.
In 1967, Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station was set up at
Ahmedabad to monitor the satellites of India.
Feb 2, 1968 saw the dedication of TERLS to United Nations.
The independence day, the Aug 15, 1969 saw the dawn of new era
in Indian space Technology with the formation of Indian Space Research Organization
( ISRO ) under the Department of Atomic Energy.
Space Commission and Department of Space was set up (June 1, 1972). ISRO
was brought under DOS.
From 1972-76, ISRO conducted experiments on Air-borne Remote
sensing. After becoming a government organization in April 1, 1975, ISRO launched its
first satellite, Aryabhata named after a famous Mathematician and Astronomer. The
payload was 360kg and was used for scientific experiments. It was launched from
Volgograd Launch Station, Russia. It had an Orbital life of around 17 years.
From 1975-76, experiments were conducted on Satellite
Instructional Television.(SITE).
In 1977, Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project (STEP)was carried out to enhance communication within India.
In 1979, another satellite named Bhaskara-I was launched for the
purpose of Remote Sensing. First experimental launch vehicle, SLV-3 with payload
Rohini satellite was tested. The rocket could'nt place the satellite into orbit. But ISRO
was partially successful.
Rohini Technology Payload was launched again from Indian made
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launch vehicle SLV-3 which was second experimental rocket which was a successful
mission( July 18, 1980 ).
1981 was a boom in ISRO with the launch fully developmental SLV-3 rocket. RD-S1 an experimental satellite was sent into space from Sriharikota using
SLV-3. In June 19,1981 APPLE, a Geostationary satellite was launched to experiment on
communication and networking. In the later part of 1981,Bhaskara II for Remote
Sensing from Volgograd Launch Station.
The Insat-1A was launched by a Delta in April 1982 but was
abandoned in September 1983 when its attitude control propellant was exhausted.
In 1983, second developmental launch of SLV-3 with RD-S2 was
launched which was very successful. When Insat-1B was launched on 30 August 1983,
it almost suffered the same fate as the Insat-1A. It was not until mid-September that
Ford and Indian controllers succeeded in deploying its solar array. By then it had been
stationed at 74E in place of Insat-1A. Full operational capability was achieved in
October 1983. It continued to operate into 1990 with all its 4375 two-way voice or
equivalent circuits in use. Around 36,000 earth images were returned.
In 1984, India and Russia jointly ventured into Indo-Soviet manned
space mission. In 1987, Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle was test fired with
SROSS-1 satellite onboard. But it was a failure as the rocket lacked thrust to place
satellite into orbit.
In 1988, Russia launched the first operational Indian Remote
Sensing Satellite IRS-1A for India which was placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit fromthe launch site Baikanur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan.
In 1990, INSAT-1D was launched with expanded battery and
propellant capacities. In 1991, Second operational Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-1B
from Kazakhstan launch site.
In 1992, INSAT-2A, an indigenously build satellite was place into
orbit. Also SROSS-C was placed into orbit by ASLV.
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In 1993, first developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-1E failed to
place the satellite into orbit. But INSAT-2B was launched from French Guyana. In 1994,ISRO successfully launched PSLV with IRS-P2 onboard into polar synchronous orbit.
Also fourth developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-C2 was done perfectly.
In 1995, IRS-1C and INSAT-2C were placed into orbit for remote
sensing and telecommunication purposes respectively. In 1996 and 1997, PSLV rockets
were used to place IRS-P3 and IRS-1D into orbit.
In 1999, PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT along with korean satellite
KITSAT-3 and German satellite DLR-TUBSAT into orbit from Sriharikota. INSAT-2E was
launched into space by Arian from French Guyana. Also Arian placed INSAT-3B into
space in 2000.
In 2001, ISRO launched PSLV-C3 with satellites TES, BIRD and
PROBA and placed them into correct orbits. In 2002, PSLV-C4 placed KALPANA-1
satellite into orbit. The satellite was named after Indian born American Astronaut Dr.
Kalpana Chawla. The satellite is exclusively for meteorological purposes. Ariane
launched INSAT-3C and INSAT-3A and INSAT-3E into space in 2002 and 2003
respectively.
In 2003, ISRO used PSLV-C5 to place RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) from
Sriharikota. Also GSLV-D2 placed GSAT-2 into orbit which is a heavy payload. From
2004 to 2013, a lot of satellites both Indian and non-Indian were launched using PSLV
and GSLV. Some of the Indian satellites were also launched by Ariane.
Launch Vehicles:
ISRO through lot of experiments and research has created a series
of launch vehicles. Launch vehicle technology of ISRO was proved by SLV-3 which
proved India its capability. It was a solid propellant rocket which can carry 40kg of
payload.
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The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III , is
a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research
Organization. GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in
launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player
in the multimillion dollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multi-
mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits.
GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall
with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. First stage comprises two identical S200 Large
Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that are strapped on to the second
stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryo
stage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a
payload volume of 100 cu m. Realisation of GSLV Mk-III will help ISRO to put heavier
satellites into orbit.
Satellites:
For the past four decades, ISRO has launched 70 satellites forvarious scientific and technological applications like mobile communications, Direct-to-
Home services, meteorological observations, telemedicine, tele-education, disaster
warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and
scientific studies of the space.
ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System
(INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services
which is Geo-Stationary Satellites, and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system
for resources monitoring and management which is Earth Observation Satellites. ISROhas launched many Experimental Satellites which are generally small comparing to
INSAT or IRS, Space Missions to explore the space and Navigation Satellite to provide
accurate position information service to users.
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in
Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems
in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated
a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later.
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INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of which 10 are in service (INSAT-3A,
INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR,GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and
GSAT-10)
The system with a total of 168 transponders in the C, Extended C
and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting,
weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned
with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With eleven satellites in operation, IRS is the
largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries
in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for
several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban development,
mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean
resources and disaster management.
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by
India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India
as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary
service area. IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning
Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) and is expected to provide a position
accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area.
GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): GAGAN is a
Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport
Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-basedNavigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications
and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be
interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation
across regional boundaries. The first GAGAN navigation payload was flown on GSAT-8
which was launched on May 21, 2011 and the second on GSAT-10 launched on Sep 29,
2012.
ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the
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experimental purposes. This experiment include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies,
Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. ANUSAT is one of the satellites
launched in this category.
ANUSAT (Anna University Satellite) is the first satellite built by an
Indian University under the over all guidance of ISRO and will demonstrate the
technologies related to message store and forward operations.
Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like
astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and
theoretical physics. Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based
facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for
atmospheric experiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites
especially to direct celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.
Chandrayaan-1:
Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched
successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The spacecraft wasorbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical,
mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carries 11
scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria.
After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives,
the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009.
Chandrayaan-1, Indias first mission to Moon, was launched with
the prime objective of finding traces of water on the lunar surface besides mapping
minerals and chemicals on the Moon. Towards this, a host of sophisticated instruments
were included in Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, like Moon Impact Probe (MIP) and Hyper-
Spectral Imager (HySI) from ISRO as well as Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) and
Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) through NASA to collect relevant data
from the lunar surface. During the mission, excellent quality of data from all these
instruments has been obtained. While M3 has covered nearly 97% of the lunar surface,
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some of the other instruments have covered more than 90%.
A path-breaking finding has evolved recently from the detailed
analysis of the data obtained from M3, which has clearly indicated the presence of
water molecules on the lunar surface extending from lunar poles to about 60 deg.Latitude. Hydroxyl, a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom,
was also found in the lunar soil. The confirmation of water molecules and hydroxyl
molecule in the moon's polar regions raises new questions about its origin and its
effect on the mineralogy of the moon.
M3 measures the intensity of reflected sunlight from the lunar
surface at infrared wavelengths, splitting the spectral colours of the lunar surface into
small enough bits revealing finer details of the lunar surface composition. This enabled
identification of the presence of various minerals on the lunar surface that have
characteristic spectral signature at specific wavelengths. Since reflection of sunlight
occurs near the moons surface, such studies provide information on the mineral
composition of the top crust of a few millimeters of the lunar surface. The Indian
instrument HySI, that covers the wavelength region 0.4 to 0.9 micron, also provided
additional data in this regard that helped in better understanding of moons mineral
composition.
The findings from M3 onboard Chandrayaan-1 clearly shows a marked signature in the
infrared region of 2.7 to 3.2 micron in the absorption spectrum, which provided a clear
indication of the presence of hydroxyl and water molecules.
The scientific team, after detailed analysis, has come to the
conclusion that there are traces of hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) molecules on the
surface of the moon closer to the polar region. It is also concluded that they are in the
form of a thin layer embedded in rocks and chemical compounds on the surface of the
moon and the quantity is also extremely small of the order of about 700 ppm. These
molecules could have come from the impact of comets or radiation from the sun. Butmost probable source could be low energy hydrogen carried by solar wind impacting
on the minerals on lunar surface. This in turn forms OH or H2O molecules by deriving
the oxygen from metal oxide.
Following these findings, the scientific team revisited the data from
NASAs Deep Impact Mission launched in 2005 which carried an instrument similar to
M3. Deep Impact Probe observed the moon during the period June 2 and 9, 2009. This,
along with some laboratory tests carried out from samples brought from Apollo
missions, has confirmed that the signature is genuine and there is a thin layer of
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and Central government for relief, rehabilitation and planning. The DSC also supports
International Charter on Space and Major Disasters and Sentinel Asia. Under this,
critical support was extended to Myanmar during Nargis(2008) Cyclone; Indonesian
floods(2008) and China earthquake (2008).
NRSC also has very sophisticated infrastructure for analysis of
satellite data: state-of-art Digital image processing and GIS Lab.
Remote sensing data are being used to
map/monitor/survey/manage various natural resources of the country under National
Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) programs. Funded by various user
ministries and ISRO/DOS, these programmes have been generating valuable spatial
data assets and information solutions.
Several areas of application such as Agriculture, Soil, Bio-resources
and Environment, Ocean Resources, Water Resources, Rural Development, Urban
Development, and Disaster Management etc., which are of direct relevance to the
nation are executed by ISRO/DOS centers like National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC),
Space Application Centre (SAC), Regional Remote Sensing Centers (RRSCs), North
Eastern - Space Application Centre (NE - SAC) and State Remote Sensing Centers and
State/Central Agencies.
These centers have sophisticated computer facilities for image
analysis and GIS to cater to the users needs and participate actively in areas like
disaster management, software development, agro-climatic planning, national drinking
water mission, national resources census, large scale mapping, etc, besides taking up
projects for various ministries and departments.
Future Missions:
ISRO has planned a lot of missions for the future. Some of which are are
follows. Some of the forthcoming satellites are as follows:
ASTROSAT: The ASTROSAT project is aimed at design, development,
fabrication and launch of an astronomical observatory for studies of cosmic sources.
ASTROSAT is envisaged to be a National Observatory which will be available for
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astronomical observations to any researcher in India. Although most of the
observation time will be for the use of Indian researchers, a part of the ASTROSAT
observation time will also be made available to International astronomical community
on a competitive basis.
ASTROSAT is planned to be launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV). The life of the satellite has been configured for a minimum period of 5 years.
GSAT Series: 6 GSAT satellites for communication purposes are to be
placed into orbits .
Some of the launch vehicles planned are as follows:
Mars Orbiter Mission is planned to be launched by PSLV-C25 during
October 2013 from Sriharikota.
GSLV-MKIII is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in
launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to
5000 kg. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and
intermediate circular orbits.
Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD): As a
first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a
series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a
Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been
configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies
viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flightusing air breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the
hypersonic flight experiment (HEX).
The Integrated Technical Review (ITR) of RLV-TD by the National Review
Committee in October 2012 has concluded that launch of RLV-TD HEX-01 mission in
September 2013 is feasible.
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Pre Project activities of Human Space Flight Mission Program:The
program is proposed to be implemented in defined phases. Currently, the pre project
activities are progressing with a focus on the development of critical technologies for
subsystems such as Crew Module (CM), Environmental control and Life SupportSystem (ECLSS), Crew Escape System, etc. A study for undertaking human space flight
to carry human beings to low earth orbit and ensure their safe return has been made
by the department. The department has initiated pre-project activities to study
technical and managerial issues related to undertaking manned mission with an aim to
build and demonstrate the countrys capability. The program envisages the
development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carrying 2 or 3 crew members to
about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return.
The objective of Human Spaceflight Program is to undertake a human
spaceflight mission to carry a crew of two to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and return them
safely to a predefined destination on earth.
Space Science Missions
Mars Orbiter Mission: Mars Orbiter Mission is ISROs first interplanetarymission to planet Mars with a spacecraft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of
372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission is Indias next challenging technological
mission out of the Earths gravitational field. The major demands will be critical
mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and
other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary driving technological objective of the
mission is to design and realize a spacecraft with a capability to reach Mars (Martian
transfer Trajectory), then to orbit around Mars (Mars Orbit Insertion) which will take
about nine months time. Yet another technological challenge is to realize related deepspace mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400
million km. The polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV will be used to inject the spacecraft
from SDSC, SHAR in the 250 X 23000 km orbit with an inclination of 17.864 degree. As
the minimum energy transfer opportunity from Earth to Mars occurs once in 26
months, the opportunity in 2013 demands a cumulative incremental velocity of 2.592
km/sec.
This satellite will also carry compact science experiments, totaling a mass
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of 15 kg, as listed in the table below :
PayloadPrimary Objective Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP)Escape
processes of Mars upper atmosphere through Deuterium/HydrogenMethane Sensor forMARS (MSM)Detect presence of MethaneMartian Exospheric Composition Explorer
(MENCA)Study the neutral composition of the Martian upper atmosphereMARS Colour
Camera (MCC)Optical imagingTIR imaging spectrometer (TIS)Map surface composition
and mineralogy
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II): SRE-2 Project was
formed with the main objective of realizing a fully recoverable capsule and to provide
a platform to conduct micro-gravity experiments. SRE capsule has four major
hardware, namely, Aero Thermo-structure (ATS), Spacecraft platform, deceleration and
floatation system and payloads. The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fully
recoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on
Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE-2 is proposed to be launched
onboard PSLV.
Chandrayaan-2: Chandrayaan-2 will be an Indo-Russian Mission. It is an
advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon. ISROs capability to
soft-land on the lunar surface will be demonstrated with this mission.
Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an
Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover
developed by ISRO. Both the modules are interfaced mechanically by an inter module
adapter.
The Orbiter Craft with payloads onboard will orbit around the moon and
perform the objectives of remote sensing the moon. The payloads on the orbiter will
conduct mineralogical and elemental studies of the Moons surface.
The Lander Craft with scientific payloads will soft land on the lunar
surface at a predetermined location on the lunar surface. Payloads for Lander are
under finalization.
The Rover is released by the Lander Craft and has the mission objective of performing
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mobility activities on low gravity and vacuum of Moon surface with Semi-Autonomous
navigation and hazard avoidance capability. The Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscope (LIBS) and Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) payloads onboard
Rover would perform elemental analysis of the lunar surface near the landing site.
Aditya-1: Aditya-1 is a scientific mission designed to study solar corona.
The major scientific objectives of the proposed space solar coronagraph are to achieve
a fundamental understanding of the physical processes that (a) Heat the solar corona
(b) Accelerate the Solar Wind, and (c) Produce Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). The
proposed design of the coronagraph instrument is aimed to understand High
Frequency Intensity Oscillations(~1Hz), Dynamics of Coronal Loops with High Cadence,
Magnetic Field Topology and CMEs close to the Solar Disk. Aditya-1 is planned to be
launched by PSLV into 800 km polar orbit. It will carry an internally occulted solar
coronagraph of mass 130 kg. The 20 cm coronagraph, having a Field of View of corona
from 1.05 R to 3.0 R, uses an off axis parabolic mirror. The payload will have three CCD
detectors system with a capability of simultaneous imaging in 6374 , 5303 and in
5800 for continuum/broadband.
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