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SLONANO 200710-12 October 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia
The Austrian and Styrian activities in nano Surface Engineering:
Development of nanostructured coatings for the design of multifunctional surfaces
Wolfgang Waldhauser
Laser Center Leoben
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Outline
The Austrian NANO Initiative Research Project Cluster NANOCOAT
The Styrian Activities in Nanotechnology nanoSurface Engineering Center Leoben (nSEC)
Research Activities at JOANNEUM RESEARCH Collaboration with Jozef Stefan Institute
Conclusions
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Austrian NANO Initiative
A multi-annual funding programme for Nanoscale Sciences and Nanotechnologies in Austria
Coordination of NANO measures on the national and regional levels
Supported by several Ministries, Federal provinces and Funding institutions
The programme is managed by FFG (Austrian Research Promotion Agency) on behalf of the BMVIT (Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology)
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Objectives of the Austrian NANO Initiative 1/2
Orientation and the structure have been developed jointly with scientists, entrepreneurs and intermediaries
Strengthening and networking the Austrian NANO players in science and industry
Building critical masses for positioning the Austrian NANO players in international competition
Supported by several Ministries, Federal provinces and Funding institutions
Using NANO for industry and society by developing research results further and implementing them
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Objectives of the Austrian NANO Initiative 2/2
Providing a sufficient number of qualified employees through education and training
Building and expanding infrastructure as well as building centres in basic research and in application-oriented special fields
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Austrian NANO Initiative
Target GroupsNANO players from University and non-University research, as well as enterprises located in Austria
International partners are welcome to participate in all Programme Action Lines
Public BudgetFor 2004 to 2006: 35 MEuro
For 2007: 12 MEuro
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Programme Action Lines
PL1 Research and Technology Development Project Clusters
PL2 Networks and Confidence Building
PL3 Training and Education Measures
PL4 Accompanying Measures
Transnational Projects
Individual Projects
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Partners of the Austrian NANO Initiative Austria Business Service GmbH (aws)
Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)
Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture (BMBWK)
Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT)
Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour (BMWA)
Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
Office of the Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development
Federal Province of Carinthia
Federal Province of Lower Austria
Federal Province of Upper Austria
Federal Province of Salzburg
Federal Province of Styria
Federal Province of Tyrol
Federal Province of Vorarlberg
City of Vienna
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PL1 RTD project clusters
NaDiNe “Nano Diamond Network”
NANO-HEALTH “Nanostructured Material for Drug Targeting, Release and Imaging”
ISOTEC “Integrated Organic Sensor and Optoelectronics Technologies”
NANOCOAT “Development of Nanostuctured Coatings for the Design of Multifunctional Surfaces”
NSI "Nanostructured Surfaces and Interfaces"
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PL2 Networks
The Austrian NANO Forum is the information- and communication platform for all Austrian NANO Experts
The existing Austrian NANO Networks: NANONET-STYRIA
MNA Micro@Nano-Fabrication-Austria Networking
w-Inn West Austrian Initiative for NANO Networking
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Transnational RTD Projects
MNT ERA-Net Call 2007 (Call is closed now!) The European Network MNT ERA-Net opened its second call for transnational,
product oriented research projects in the field of Micro and Nano Technologies (MNT)
ERA-SPOT Call 2007 (Deadline for pre-proposal 26th November 2007) The European Network ERA-SPOT "Strengthening Photonics and Optical
Technologies for Europe" is a multi-annual initiative comprising representatives of photonic and optical technologies related funding programmes in six EU Member States
RPC NANOCOAT
RPC NANOCOATDevelopment of Nanostructured Coatings
for the
Design of Multifunctional Surfaces
2005 20122007 2009 201120102006 2008
Call 1RPC Start
Call 2BI
project added
Call 3BI, BII projects
prolonged,BII projects
added
RPC NANOCOATMontanuniversität Leoben Prof. Christian Mitterer
Karl Franzens Universität Graz Prof. Falko Netzer
Technische Universität Wien Prof. Josef Redinger
Universität Wien Prof. Raimund Podloucky
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Prof. Gerhard DehmProf. Reinhard PippanDr. Jozef Keckes
Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH Prof. Reinhold EbnerDr. Mariann Lovonyak
Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH Dr. Wolfgang WaldhauserDr. Jürgen Lackner
BOEHLERIT GmbH & Co KG Dr. Arno Köpf
Rübig GmbH & Co KG Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Müller
IonBond Austria GmbH Ing. Johann Kiefer
Böhler Edelstahl GmbH Dr. Devrim Caliskanoglu
SECAR Technologie GmbH Karl-Heinz Semlitsch
NANOCOAT Consortium
RPC NANOCOAT
Nanoscale surface science & technology is a fast growing scientific branch (rapidly increasing number of publications)
Nanoscale surface technology is seen as an important economic factor in Europe, and explicitly addressed in FP6 and FP7, in USA and Japan
Nanoscale Science & Technology is also named as Key Target by the Austrian Research Council and the County of Styria
Role in science and technology:
Why nano-surfaces?
State of the Art
RPC NANOCOAT
Lotus flower effect
Easy-to-clean wear-resistant surfaces(multi-functional properties)
Easy-to-clean wear-resistant surfaces(multi-functional properties)
State of the Art: Examples
Superhard and tough nanostructured coatings
RPC NANOCOAT
Self-adaptive low-friction coatingsSelf-adaptive low-friction coatings
State of the Art: Examples
Solidified V2O5 film on top of the AlCrVN coating
Al1-xCrxN
AlCrVN
Arc evaporated AlCrN and AlCrVN coatingsArc evaporated AlCrN and AlCrVN coatings
T=700°C
RPC NANOCOAT
Key technologies in nanoscalesurface science & technologyKey technologies in nanoscalesurface science & technology
State of the Art
StructuringVacuum- /plasma-
technologies
• Evaporation• Sputtering• Arc Evaporation• Pulsed Laser Deposition
Coating
Chemicaltechnologies
• organic• inorganic
• electrochemical• colloidal
CVD PACVD
Self organisation
Lithographictechnologies
• UV• Electron• Ion
Ion beamtechnologies
Modification• Alloying• Mixing
Structuring• Ion beam machining
FIB
Available to RPC
RPC NANOCOAT Goals: Scientific and Technological
Fundamental understanding of surface response on all length scales in the targeted areas
• Tools• Engineering Components• Functional Components
Fundamental understanding of surface response on all length scales in the targeted areas
• Tools• Engineering Components• Functional Components
Design rules and strategies for multifunctional surfacesDesign rules and strategies for multifunctional surfaces
Technological realisation of multifunctional surfacesTechnological realisation of multifunctional surfaces
Transfer of results to industrial useTransfer of results to industrial use
RPC NANOCOAT
Env
ironm
ent
indi
catio
n
Str
ain
indi
catio
n
Col
our
chan
ges
Col
our
mec
hani
sms
Mu
ltif
un
ctio
nal
Co
atin
gs/
Su
rfac
esM
ult
ifu
nct
ion
al C
oat
ing
s/S
urf
aces
Tribolog. coatingsTribolog. coatings
Chemically resistant coatingsChemically resistant coatings
Sensor coatingsSensor coatings
2005 20122007 2009 201120102006 2008
Coatings with designed optical propertiesCoatings with designed optical properties
Mec
hani
cal
stab
ility
The
rmal
stab
ility
Oxidation
kinetics
Controlled
reaction
Controlled
rinterface
formation
Self-
healing
Sel
f-ha
rden
ing
Sel
f-lu
bric
atio
n
Sel
f-cl
eani
ng
Sel
f-re
pair
Tem
pera
ture
indi
catio
n
Mechanical
stability
Therm
al
stability
Therm
al
changes
Stress
changes
Environm
ental
changes
Active coatingsActive coatings
Coloured drycutting tool
Anti-adhesivemould
Low-frictionvalve needle
Colour-changing tool
Self-repairingturbine blade
MEMS
Anti-adhesivefood cutter
Goals: Roadmap
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BI.1 StressDesignBI.2 LowFrictionCoatingsBI.3 OxideNanolayersBI.4 NanoInterfacesBII.1 AntiadhesiveLayersBII.2 ColouredCoatingsBII.3 PolymerMetalCoatingBII.4 HIPIMSBII.5 LowTempPACVD
Year 1 (02/2005 - 01/2006) Call 2004 (Call 1)Year 2 (02/2006 - 01/2007) Call 2005 (Call 2)Year 3 (02/2007 - 01/2008) Call 2005 (Call 3)Year 4 (02/2008 - 01/2009)Year 5 (02/2009 - 01/2010)Year 6 (02/2110 - 01/2011)Year 7 (02/2011 - 01/2012)Year 8 (02/2012 - 01/2013)
Year 8Project: Year 5 Year 6 Year 7Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
October 2007
Running projects
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
Basic Research (BI)
BI.1: StressDesign
▬ Engineering of residual stresses and nanostructure in thermally-cycled coatings on various substrates.
▬ Goals:
To deeply understand the thermally-induced degradation phenomena
To develop hard coatings with significantly improved thermal fatigue behaviour
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BI.2: LowFrictionCoatings
▬ Development of a new class of medium-temperature to high-temperature low-friction coatings, which are based on Magnéli-Phases.
▬ Approach:
To apply oxides of the type MenO2n-1 (Me=Mo, Ti, V, W), which exhibit easy deformable crystallographic shear planes that are responsible for low friction coefficients in some of these oxides.
BI.3: OxideNanolayers
▬ To study the oxidation behaviour of multiphase hard coatings
▬ To investigate the formation of oxide nanolayers on functional hard coating surfaces with atomic precision resolved in time and space
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BI.4: NanoInterfaces
▬ To investigate interfaces and surfaces as well as diffusion and oxidation processes in multilayers and superlattices by combining modelling and experimental approaches
▬ To develop a fundamental understanding of the atomic processes controlling the functionally of self-lubricating TiN / VN multilayers
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BI.5: FlexibleFilms (planned, call 4)
▬ To build up a basic understanding and guidelines for optimization for the realisation of thin metallic films grown on elastomer substrates which can be repeatedly folded without failure.
▬ Approach:
Interfacial shear strength, defects, and mechanical size effects will be explored across the nano-length scales from atomic dimensions (bonding) to several hundred nm (film thickness, grain size)
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BI.6: NanoToughening (planned, call 4)
▬ Investigation of the adaptability and benefit of the so-called transformation toughening mechanism to hard and wear-resistant coatings
▬ Approach:
To counteract crack propagation by a local nanoscale stress-induced phase transformation
To exert a crack-closing force by a volume expansion
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
Applied Research (BII)
BII.1: AntiadhesiveCoatings
▬ Development of new multiphase anti-adhesive wear resistant coatings and suitable technologies to deposit these coatings on tools for cutting of soft materials like wood or wrought aluminium alloys
▬ Coating concepts:
Multilayer coatings with layer thicknesses as low as 3 nm
Nanocomposite coatings with crystals in the nanometer range
Layers with thin antiadhesive top layers
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BII.2: ColouredCoatings
▬ Development of new wear resistant decorative coatings and coating processes for achieving colour effects on various cutting tools made of cemented carbide
▬ Application of two colour concepts:
inherent colours
interference colours
BII.3: PolymerMetalCoating
▬ Gathering of knowledge about the adhesion and growth mechanisms of pulsed laser deposited (PLD) coatings on various polymer materials
▬ To understanding of the changes in the polymer surface due to the deposition process
RPC NANOCOAT The projects of the RPC
BII.4: HIPIMS
▬ Development of coating technology for wear-resistant low-friction coatings for automotive applications
▬ Two project phases:
Implementation of pulsed and high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) power supplies at existing laboratory-scale and production-scale sputtering systems
Development of nanocomposite low-friction coatings within the system CrC/a-C:H
BII.5: LowTempPACVD
▬ Development of nanostructured hard coatings deposited by plasma-assisted CVD below temperatures of 300°C
▬ Two major strategies:
Using metal halogenide precursors
PACVD based on metalorganic precursors
RPC NANOCOAT
Small scale vacuum & plasma coating equipment: Small scale vacuum & plasma coating equipment:
Unbalanced DC magnetron sputtering
Pulsed laser deposition system
Methods: Technology
RPC NANOCOAT
Industrial coating equipment: Industrial coating equipment:
PACVD coating system
Arc / Sputtering coating system( 6 arc/sputter sources)
Methods: Technology
Another industrial sputter system will be installed in August 2007
RPC NANOCOAT
Industrial coating equipment: Industrial coating equipment:
Process control(plasma emission,
gas analytics)
4 pu
lsd
lase
rs(N
d:Y
AG
)
Vacuum chamber(height 650 mm)
VacuumpumpGas flow
control(Ar, O2, N2,...)
Linearion source
PLD evaporator(rotating target)
Magnetron sputter source(pulsed) & bias voltage supply
Substrates
Substrate mounting(heating, cooling)
Rotary table (Ø 560 mm)for substrate movement
Substraterotation
P l a s m a
Hybrid PLD / Sputter Coating System
Sputtering source
DC-
SputteringPlasma
Multi-
beam
PLD
Methods: Technology
Another industrial PLD / plasma polymerization system will be installed in August 2007
RPC NANOCOAT Methods: Characterization
Evaluation of micro- and nanostructure:Evaluation of micro- and nanostructure:
GDOESGDOES
HT-XRDHT-XRD
XRDXRD
SAXSSAXS
EDXEDX
WDXWDX
Non-imaging Non-imaging techniquestechniques SAEDSAED
AESAES XPSXPS
RamanRaman
Imaging Imaging techniquestechniques
SEMSEM
TEMTEM
AFMAFM
FIBFIB
ProfilometryProfilometry
PEEMPEEMLEEDLEED
RPC NANOCOAT
Evaluation of surface response:Evaluation of surface response:
Methods: Application
ChemicalChemical
PhasePhasetransformationtransformation
ThermalThermalshockshock
ThermalThermalfatiguefatigue
Thermal /Thermal /chemicalchemical
OxidationOxidation
Heat capacityHeat capacity
ThermalThermalstabilitystability
ThermalThermalexpansionexpansion
ThermalThermalconductivityconductivity
PhysicalPhysicalpropertiesproperties
Electric Electric conductivityconductivity
AbrasionAbrasion
AdhesionAdhesion
Rolling contactRolling contactfatiguefatigue
Tribo chemicalTribo chemicalteststests
SurfacesSurfacesin contactin contact
Load-bearingLoad-bearingcapacitycapacity
RPC NANOCOAT Results
Achievements and highlights on Coating CharacterizationAchievements and highlights on Coating Characterization
Micromechanical testing
FIB machining of thin film cantilevers
enables determination of thin film stress profiles
RPC NANOCOAT
Temperature (°C)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Res
idua
l Str
ess
(GP
a)
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
CrN/Cr/HSS
In-situ determination of the temperature-dependence of residual stresses in the Cr and CrN layers
Results
Achievements and highlights on Coating ApplicationAchievements and highlights on Coating Application
Response of coated surfaces to• mechanical loads• thermal loads
1 µm CrN
2 µm Cr
HSS
FIB-machined cross-section through wear track of a CrN/Cr coating on HSS indicating plastic deformation of the Cr interlayer
RPC NANOCOAT Results
Achievements and highlights on Coating ApplicationAchievements and highlights on Coating Application
Functionalization of surfaces for• optical effects• activation of polymers• wetting behaviour
M300(polished)
CrN ZrN Cr2N TiCN
Contact angles (deionized water)
Anodized Ti layer on TiN/Al2O3
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Joint Venture - nSEC
nanoSURFACE ENGINEERING CenterCenter for Nanostructured Multi-functional Coatings and Deposition Technologies
nanoSURFACE ENGINEERING CenterCenter for Nanostructured Multi-functional Coatings and Deposition Technologies
Lead partner of the nSEC Lead partner of the nSEC
University ofLeoben
JOANNEUMRESEARCH
Location of the nSEC: Leoben, Styria, AustriaLocation of the nSEC: Leoben, Styria, Austria
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Form of organisation
ForschungsschwerpunktLaserdünnschichttechnik
LeadpartnerLeadpartner
„Marke NCC“
mit dem Laserzentrum Leobenmit dem Department Metallkunde
und Werkstoffprüfung
Working group nanoSURFACE ENGINEERING CENTER
Arbeitsgruppe Dünne Schichten, CD- Labor für Hard Coatings
ForschungsschwerpunktLaserdünnschichttechnik
LeadpartnerLeadpartner
„Marke NCC“
mit dem Laserzentrum Leoben
Research Group Surface Engineering, CD-Lab Advanced Hard Coatings
Research AreaLaser-assisted Thin Film Technology
Lead partnerLead partner
Trademark nSE
Laser Center LeobenDepartment Physical Metallurgy
and Materials Testing
nSEC
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nanoSurface Engineering Center
The nSEC is
a „think tank“ through the interaction with other institutions in the Materials Innovation Center Leoben,
a co-operative platform for its partners,
attractive for international scientists,
one of the internationally leading R&D institutions in its scientific and technological areas.
The nSEC is
a „think tank“ through the interaction with other institutions in the Materials Innovation Center Leoben,
a co-operative platform for its partners,
attractive for international scientists,
one of the internationally leading R&D institutions in its scientific and technological areas.
Materials Innovation Center Leoben
nSEC
To
ols
Co
mp
on
en
ts
Fu
nc
tio
na
l d
ev
ice
s
CD LabsCompetencecenters
Other R&D institutions
Universitydepartments
Companies
Materials Cluster
Goals nSEC for 2008:45 employeesInfrastructure ~2.2 Mio. € (Styria, EFRE)Start: 2005
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Materials Innovation Center Leoben
Total floor space: 5400 m2 Workstations: 231 Construction Costs: 10 MEUR
Organisations: The University of Leoben, Materials Center Leoben,Polymere Competence Center Leoben, Joanneum Research, nanoSurface Engineering Center (approx. 1000 m2)
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nSEC - R&D Topics„Nano-structured Multi-functional Coatings“
available Expertise to be establishedavailable Expertise to be established
Area 1:Tools: steel, ceramics,cemented carbide (Tribological coatings)
Self-hardeningSelf-hardening
Self-lubricatingSelf-lubricating
Anti-adhesiveAnti-adhesive
Self-cleaningSelf-cleaning
Self-repairSelf-repair
R&D growth rate ~20%
Area 2:Components: metal, polymers(active, chemically-resistant coatings)
Self-lubricatingSelf-lubricating
Anti-adhesiveAnti-adhesive
Self-cleaningSelf-cleaning
Self-repairSelf-repair
ColouredColoured
R&D growth rate ~50%
Design, synthesis, characterization, and application are cross-sectional topics
Self-adaptation by tailored surface reactions
Area 3:Functional Devices: metals, polymers(Sensor coatings, optical coatings)
Self-lubricatingSelf-lubricating
Anti-adhesiveAnti-adhesive
Bio-compatibleBio-compatible
Bio-activeBio-active
Indicator coatingsIndicator coatings
R&D growth rate >50%
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Laser Thin Film Technology
Scientific and technological goals:
Development: - Functional thin films (anorganic, organic)
- Room-temperature deposition techniques (Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD))
- Hybrid PVD techniques (e.g. PLD + Sputtering, Ion beam techniques)
Coating of forming tools
Transfer to industrial applications:- Tribological, wear-resistant and functional
coatings on polymer substrates
- Functional coatings for medical and biological applications
- Sensor coatings
- Laser and plasma-assisted coating processes
Biocompatiblecoatings
Coated tools
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Laser Thin Film Technology
Equipment for Film Deposition Laboratory PLD coating plant (PLD, DC Sputtering, RF
Sputtering, Diameter of sputtering cathodes 76 mm) Demonstration PLD coating plant (PLD employing 4 laser
beams, rectangular sputtering cathode 73.6 mm x 431,8 mm, recipient diameter 740 mm, coating height 300 mm)
Q-switched laser systems 1000 mJ Nd:YAG laser 1200 mJ Nd:YAG laser
Projected (nSEC Leoben) Multi-functional PLD coating plant Excimer laser (248 nm)
560 mm
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Deposition of DLC by Employing an Anode Layer Source (ALS)
Idea in the 1960's: to construct an ion propulsion system for space satellites Kaufmann ion source (USA) : Anode layer ion source (USSR)
outer cathode
inner cathodeslit
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Background of the experimental technique (ALS)
Cross-section of the anode layer source
Detail of the slit
Geometry in the chamber
ion
sour
ce
ion
jet
grow
ing
film
sam
ples
sam
ple
hold
er
Expected benefits:- easy, robust- no target needed- no droplets- no contaminants- good adhesion
Possible drawbacks:- unexplored area- large internal stress
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Film deposition by ALSParameters to be varied
- where to feed the C2H2 gas- ratio Ar : C2H2 (or none Ar at all?)- total flow of the gases - cathode voltage- sample movement: rotation, oscilation, static- deposition time
- constant parameters / two sets / periodic changing
Objectives- a reasonable deposition rate- acceptable adhesion- other parameters for particular application
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16batch no.
de
po
sitio
n r
ate
[n
m/m
in]
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Chemical bonds of carbon
Hybridisation
Graphite
Diamond
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Diamond-like Carbon (DLC)Ternary phase diagram of amorphous C-H alloys
sp3
H
ta-C:H
a-C:H
polymers (CHx)
no solids
sp2
graphite, soot, fulerenes, nanotubes
ta-C
a-C(:H)
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Structure of DLC
Tetrahedral C (ta-C)
▬ sp3-content > 40 to 60 %
▬ short range order with sp2 and sp3 bonds
▬ no long range order
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RAMAN Spectroscopy of DLC films deposited by ALS
Typical spectrum of hydrogenated tetrahedral DLCG-peak: bond stretching of all pairs of sp2 sites in rings and chains
D-peak: breathing modes of rings
Spectrometer: LAbRam-HR 800 from Jobin Yvon, laser excitation wavelenth 532 nm
Film deposition: ALS 340 from Veeco, 1 kV, 20 sccm acetylene M. Kahn, M. Cekada, R. Berghauser, W. Waldhauser, C. Bauer,
C. Mitterer, E. Brandstätter; Diamond 2007, 9-14 September 2007, Berlin
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Properties of DLC deposited by ALS
Intensity ratio ID/IG (measured with 532 nm, calculated with the peak amplitudes) and compressive stress
M. Kahn, M. Cekada, R. Berghauser, W. Waldhauser, C. Bauer, C. Mitterer, E. Brandstätter; Diamond 2007, 9-14 September 2007, Berlin
high sp3 low sp3
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Biocompatible coatingsDetachment kinetics of D. discoideum cells from biocompatible PVD coatings
Stainless steel upper disc
1.5 mm hole in upper disc
Sample withattached cells
decreasing shear flow
liquid flow
Cell preparation:• Growth in axenic medium in agitated suspension• Pelletation (107 cells) & washing in Sörensen phosphate buffer• Cell storage on ice and use within 8 h
Cell type:Dictyostelium discoideum Ax-2
0.1
mm
Shear flow test realization:• Attaching cells to sample• Assembling of test device• Liquid flow (Sörenson buffer, 21°C) for specified test duration (5, 10 min)• Counting of cells on sample in dependency on distance to centre (different occuring shear stress) by fluorescence microscopySetup according to Lauffenburger et al.
“Adina” FEM calculation of occurring shear stresses in the slit
J.M. Lackner, W. Waldhauser, R. Berghauser, M. Kahn, F. Bruckert, R. Major, B. Major, SVC 2007, Kentucky, Louisville, 28 April - 3 May , 2007
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Biocompatible coatings -Cell adhesion
J.M. Lackner, W. Waldhauser, R. Berghauser, M. Kahn, F. Bruckert, R. Major, B. Major, SVC 2007, Kentucky, Louisville, 28 April - 3 May , 2007
10 20 30 40 50 6020
30
40
50
60
70
80%
of d
eta
che
d c
ells
[1]
Shear stress [Pa]
Ti substrate
TiN
TiCxN
y (low C)
TiCxN
y (high C)
DLC
critical shear stress
(50 % cell detachment)
(r) = 3 D / ( r e²)
Flow rate
Dynamic viscosity (Sörensen buffer)
Radius from centre hole
Disc spacing
Cell type: Dictyostelium discoideum Ax-2
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Biocompatible coatings -Critical shear flow
J.M. Lackner, W. Waldhauser, R. Berghauser, M. Kahn, F. Bruckert, R. Major, B. Major, SVC 2007, Kentucky, Louisville, 28 April - 3 May , 2007
(for 50 % cell detachment)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Ti substr. TiN mag TiCN 0_ 5 TiCN 2_ 5 DLC
crit
ical
shear
str
ess
(50%
of
cell
s d
eta
ched)
Higher carbon content=> Higher cell adhesion
Decreased adhesion for TiCN low C
low C high C
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9001
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ified
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Laser Center Leoben
ConclusionsThe Austrian government, federal provinces and funding institutions are supporting an Austrian programme für Nanoscale Sciences and Nanotechnologies
Basic and applied research is performed in Research Project Clusters (RPC)
In Styria there are intense activities in nano surface engineering
Two centers for Nanoscale Sciences have been established in Styria nanoSURFACE ENGINEERING Center Leoben Nano Tec Center Weiz
New functional nano coatings will enable new fields of applications and will develop new markets
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9001
cert
ified
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Laser Center Leoben
Thank you for your attention!
Acknowledgements:Financial support by • Forschung Austria (Grant programme within the brainpower Austria initiative)• Austrian Federal Ministry of Traffic, Innovation and Technology• Austrian Industrial Research Promotion Fund (FFG)• Government of Styria• Slovenian Research Agency• European Union is highly acknowledged.
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