Presentation by:
MIGIWE Austria Team
Irregular Migrant Irregular Migrant Work in AustriaWork in Austria A Delphi Study ApproachA Delphi Study Approach
Presentation at the conference Presentation at the conference „International „International Migration and Illegal/Irregular Working Activities of Migration and Illegal/Irregular Working Activities of
Migrants in the Czech Republic and Central Europe“, Migrants in the Czech Republic and Central Europe“, PraguePrague, 10.10.2005, 10.10.2005
Christina Hollomey,Christina Hollomey, M Michael Jandl, ichael Jandl, Veronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna StepienVeronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna Stepien
2Prague Conference, 9 October 2006
OutlineOutline
1. The MIGIWE project & definitions 2. The Delphi method- description3. Results - General points4. Results - Specific sectors5. Results - Policy Conclusions6. Q & A
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1.1. MIGIWE – Migration and MIGIWE – Migration and Irregular Work in EuropeIrregular Work in Europe
Research project carried out by ICMPD, Vienna
Financed by Austrian Science Foundation FWF Duration: Feb. 2005 – Feb. 2007 Collaboration with CZ and H
- Literature research- Expert interviews- Delphi survey- Migrant interviews
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1.1.1.1. Definition of IMW Definition of IMW
IMW comprises all paid work of foreigners (non- nationals), that conflicts with one of the existing national laws and regulations, that regulate access to the labour market, duties for employers (and employees), working conditions, and workers’ rights.
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1.2.1.2. Many Forms of Irregularity Many Forms of Irregularity
1. „Illegal“ work (against foreign employment and residence laws)
2. Non- registration at social insurance institutions3. Non- registration at tax institutions4. Insufficient registration of employment contract5. “Pseudo- self-employed“6. “Pseudo- companies“7. …8. …9. …10.…
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2. The Delphi Method2. The Delphi Method
… is a multi-stage qualitative survey method that enables an anonymous communication process, allowing feedback, within a group of experts to assess ...
- ... Complex social and economic phenomena
- … Future developments
- … Policy measures
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2.1.2.1. Delphi Implementation: Delphi Implementation: Multi-stageMulti-stage
2 ½ Delphi rounds: expert interviews, Delphi 1 & 2
- Experts from various fields and 3 regions
- 1st Questionnaires by e-mail
- Feedback (anonymous)
- 2nd Questionnaires by e-mail
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2.2.2.2. Delphi ImplementationDelphi ImplementationPanel of ExpertsPanel of Experts
The results reflect the kind of experts chosen!
Institutional Background of Experts
Delphi I Delphi II
Governmental 12 8
Non-Governmental 8 5
Social Partnership Interest Groups 7 3
Research (Migration/Labour Market)
10 6
TOTAL 37 22
Total Questionnaires sent out 60 37
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3.1. Factors that influence 3.1. Factors that influence IMWIMW
Evaluation of various factors that favour Irregular M igrant Work in Austria(% of Experts agreeing in Delphi I und II)
67
54
89
5746 46
3827
50
7364
3241
60
0102030405060708090
100
% a
gre
ein
g
Delphi I Delphi II
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3.2. Evaluation of Motives for 3.2. Evaluation of Motives for Employers to engage IMWsEmployers to engage IMWs
1. Saving social security and tax contributions
2. Lower wage rates3. …4. …5. …
- NOT: administrative obstacles for regular hiring
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3.3. Access to IWM3.3. Access to IWM
1. Most importantSocial networks (families, friends, previous
employment contacts, ethnic communities)
2. Important in some sectorsProfessional agencies (labour brokers, membership
associations, sub-contractors)
3. Less importantIndividual strategies (street labour markets, door-to-
door search, newspaper ads)
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3.4. Quantitative Estimations3.4. Quantitative Estimations
- Continuous increases since 1990 seen, more since 2004
- Highest share of IWM seen in construction, tourism/catering and agriculture; high estimations for private households (care/cleaning)
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3.5. Future Scenarios3.5. Future Scenarios
1. IMW will continue to growEnd of transitional arrangements with EU-8
New round of enlargements (Rum,Blg,..)
2. Stronger segmentation of labour market-according to qualifications
- according to ethnic background
3. Substitution effectsEU-8 workers will shift to the regular labour market
New EU nationals (Rum, Blg.,..) will replace them as irregular workers
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4. Sector-specific 4. Sector-specific characteristics of IMWcharacteristics of IMW
Construction Domestic Services- Care
and Cleaning Agriculture Tourism/ Catering Industry
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4.1. The 4.1. The ConstructionConstruction Sector Sector
4.1.1. Quantitative Estimates
Estimated Proportion of IMW in the Construction Sector
15
30
10
05
101520253035
Minimum Average Maximum
%
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4.1.2. Motives of employers4.1.2. Motives of employers
Competition
- Sub companies
Saving of costs
- Social insurance contributions
Violation of worker’s rights
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4.1.3. Forms of irregularity4.1.3. Forms of irregularity
Pseudo-self-employment Pseudo-companies
Working without residence or working permit
Non-registration at social insurance institutions
Violation of employment rights Violation of trade regulations
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4.1.4. Social characteristics
Highly diversified occupational profile
Gender Balance
Countries of Origin
Level of Qualification
Occupational Profile
Male PL
Ex- Yug.
Tr, SK,H, RO
EU 8: middle
Other Foreigners: low
EU-8:
unskilled and skilled
Other Foreigners: unskilled
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4.1.5. Political Framework4.1.5. Political Framework
Narrowing legal regulations „Sozialbetrugsgesetz“-
Laws against organised social contributions fraud
Criminalization of pseudo-companies
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4.2. The Domestic Sector – 4.2. The Domestic Sector – Care WorkCare Work
4.2.1. Quantitative EstimatesEstimated Number of Irregularly Working Carers
in Private Households
29.000
15.000
50.000
-
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
Minimum Average Maximum
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4.2.2. Motives of employers4.2.2. Motives of employers
Saving of costs
Non- availability of affordable regular care services
Lack of legal possibilities
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4.2.3. Forms of Irregularity4.2.3. Forms of Irregularity
Non- Registration - Working without working (and/or
residence) permit
- Non- registration at social insurance institutions
- Non- Registration at tax institutions
Organisation in agencies
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4.2.4. Social Characteristics4.2.4. Social Characteristics
High level of qualification and occupation
Gender Balance
Countries of Origin
Level of Qualification
Occupational Profile
Female SK
CZ
PL
H
EU 8: middle and high
Other Foreigners:
low and middle
EU-8: skilled and unskilled
Other Foreigners: unskilled and skilled
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4.2.5. Political Framework4.2.5. Political Framework
Right on privacy protection
Debate on „Pflegenotstand“ (Lack of affordable care services)- Temporary order for non-sanctioning
- Debate on regularization
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5. Policy Conclusions5. Policy Conclusions
Feasibility
Desirability
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5.1. Feasible 5.1. Feasible ANDAND Desirable Desirable
Access to the labour market
and legal regulations
Feasibility YES NO
Desirability YES NO
Highly demanded professions Feasibility YES
Desirability YES
People with long-term residence permit status
Feasibility YES
Desirability YES
Combination of residence and employment status (esp. Asylum seekers)
Feasibility YES
Desirability YES
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5.1. Feasible 5.1. Feasible ANDAND Desirable Desirable
Support, Incentives,
Sanctions
Feasibility YES NO
Desirability YES NO
Support of irregularly working migrants (consultancy services, labour unions, legalizations)
Feasibility YES
Desirability YES
Facilitation of recognition of certifications
Feasibility YES
Desirability YES
Restrictions for employers (Suspension from awarding of public contracts)
Feasibility YES
Desirability YES
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5.2. Not Feasible 5.2. Not Feasible ANDAND Not Not DesirableDesirable
Feasibility YES NO
Desirability YES NO
Termination of EU transitional periods
Feasibility NO
Desirability NO
Reduction of minimum wages Feasibility NO
Desirability NO
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5.3.5.3. Feasible vs. Desirable Feasible vs. Desirable
Feasibility YES NO
Desirability YES NO
Liberalization of Labour Legislation (low-wage jobs)
Feasibility YES
Desirability NO
Reinforcement of controls by modern technologies (e.g.: biometric data)
Feasibility YES
Desirability NO
Sanctions/ penalties against irregularly employed migrants
Feasibility YES
Desirability NO
Skimming off of irregularly generated profits of employers
Feasibility NO
Desirability YES
EU- wide framework (harmonization of legal framework, increased cooperation)
Feasibility
Desirability YES
Presentation by:
MIGIWE Austria Team
QuestionsQuestions
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
Christina Hollomey,Christina Hollomey, M Michael Jandl, ichael Jandl, Veronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna StepienVeronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera and Anna Stepien
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