IPM : Overview and Key Principles
William Settle, Ph.D
UNFAOAgricultural Production Division
Rome, Italy
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Chemical Insecticides : Are They Really Needed in Intensified Agriculture ?
Source FAO$150 million / yearSubsidies on Pesticides
Eliminated 1987 – 89
INSECTICIDE - INDUCED INSECTICIDE - INDUCED RESURGENCERESURGENCE
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Herbivore
Parasite
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Northwest Java
Untreated
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Days After Transplanting
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1093
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Neutrals
Predator CarbofuranAzodrin
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Ibrahim Sogaba, Niono Mali
Age: 25
Working in Fathers kiosk since : Age 8
Insecticides = Food Security Chemical
What is Needed :
• Capacity Building for Environmental Monitoring of Chemicals and assessment of Human Health Risks
• Better Evaluations of Farming Systems looking at the full range of Economic and non-Economic Indicators
ChemicalControl(1950s)
Classical Biocontrol (Late 19th Century)
Conservation Biocontrol (1990s)
“Rational Use”(1980s)
Other Alternatives to Chemicals • Hormone Analogs• Mating Disruption• Insect Diseases• Mechanical Control• Host-plant Resistance
IPM(1960s)
Biological Control
The reduction of pest populations by natural enemies typically involving an active human role
Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University
Classical Biological Control
The practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced (exotic) pest, although it is also practiced against native insect pests.
Photo Credit: Dr. Paul Jepson, Oregon State University
Conservation Biological Control
Habitat Management to Provide Conditions that Promote Biological Control
Based on:• Understanding Community Food Webs
• Manipulating Habitats to create Refuge
• Understanding how Landscapes act as “Filters” for large-scale and long-term movement of organisms
Other Alternatives to Chemicals • Hormone Analogs• Mating Disruption• Insect Diseases• Mechanical Control• Host-plant Resistance
NP Virus on Spodoptera Exigua on Onions in Indonesia
Photo Credit: Dr. Merle Shepard, Clemson University
IPM
AGRONOMY• Soil Management• Water Management• Planting Density• Seeds
Community Based Training( Farmer Field Schools )
MARKETING• Cooperatives• Self Financing• “Warrantage”• Farmer Business Schools
IVMPOST CONFLICT & HIV-AIDS• Junior Farmer Field Schools
Rice – FishAquaculture
IPM : A Natural Entry Point to Community-Based Training
= IPPM
Feeding the Policy Debate
International Forums
National & RegionalLegislative Bodies
Local
IPPM + Environmental
Monitoring• Capacity Building
• Health Risk Assessment
Farmer Field Schools
• More than 50 Countries World-Wide
• 7 Countries in West Africa, 55,000 Farmers trained;
• Targeting 250,000 in next 4 years
• Substantial reductions / elimination of chemical pesticide use
• Substantial increases in yields and profits
Good Alternatives Exist !
At this point we would benefit from :
• Understanding and Demonstrating the Real Costs Associated with Chemical Pesticides
• Commitment by Governments and Donors to Raising Awareness in the General Population and in large-scale Training of Farmers
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