Introduction to Psychodynamic TherapyIntroduction to Psychodynamic Therapy
Lyn Siegel, MPH, MSW, LCSW
51 Main St. Suite 12
Clinton, NJ 08809
908-586-3254
e-mail [email protected]
Web: www.clintontherapist.citymax.com
General Approaches ofGeneral Approaches ofPsychological TheoriesPsychological Theories
CognitiveCognitiveBehavioralBehavioralPsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Psychotherapy
psychoanalysis psychodynamic existentialcognitivebehavioralcognitive/behavioral
Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Structure of Personality: ID, EGO, super-ego The most comprehensive theory of
personality and psychotherapy ever developed
Concepts of the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious
Freud’s Structure of PersonalityFreud’s Structure of Personality
Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Clinical Evidence for postulating the unconscious (which can not be studied directly)– dreams– slips of the tongue– forgetting– posthypnotic suggestions– material from free-association techniques– the symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Psychodynamic TherapyPsychodynamic Therapy
Ego-defense mechanisms– repression– denial– reaction formation– projection– displacement– rationalization
– sublimation– regression,– introjection– identification– compensation
Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Psychodynamic TherapyPsychodynamic Therapy
Psychosexual stages– oral– anal– phallic– latency– genital
Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Sigmund Freud’s Major Contributions to Psychodynamic TherapyPsychodynamic Therapy
Important to Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Social Workers:– Transference
projecting feelings from the past on the therapist as a significant figure of the past
– Counter-transference seeing yourself in a client meeting your own needs through a client
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Other names for Psychodynamic psychotherapy– Psychoanalytic psychotherapy– Exploratory psychotherapy– Insight oriented therapy
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
General approach– historical focus: interpretations or observations
are based on the client’s history– always based on the transference--patient/therapist
relationship It’s assumptions
– unconscious mind exists holds painful feelings
– we avoid thru our defenses Needs, drives and feelings motivate behavior
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Goals
make client’s problem clear (elucidate) understand defense mechanisms and transference
responses
Techniques used (origins in Freud)– therapeutic alliance– free association– defense and transference interpretation
Bring unconscious conflict to awareness= emotional insight
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Therapists’ role– unconditional acceptance– make interpretations
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Duration/frequency– months to years
longer term: open-ended 1-3 x weekly
– brief therapy techniques growing 1 x week
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Differences in Assumptions and Focus
Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic
Repressed childhood conflicts, Id content, ego activity
Bringing conflict to consciousawareness overcome neurosis
Less emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives
Less emphasis on unconscious info
More emphasis on past relationships
Overview of Psychodynamic Overview of Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Differences in Assumptions and Focus
Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic
Offshoot of thepsychoanalytic school
Interpretation is main tool
Mediator, a conscience,and a devil
all adult problemscan be traced back tochildhood
interaction of ego, superego, id
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Theory of the mind/psyche (psyche = the personality as a whole), ego-the organizer of the conscious mind:
Theory of archetypes Theory of dynamics of the psyche: principle of
opposites, principle of equivalence, principle of entropy
Theory of synchronicity
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Important concepts– complexes (a feature of the personal
unconscious in which groups of contents clump together)
– individuation (the process by which the consciousness of a person becomes individualized or differentiated from other people)
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Understanding of the human personality– Psychological typology
attitudes = introversion/extroversion the functions = thinking, feeling, sensation, and
intuition
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Human development, especially in middle age A spiritual approach
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
That the personality is also based on who we want to become, rather than just the past (movement toward self-actualization)
Dreams as an attempt to express rather than repress
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
An archetype is the content of the collective unconscious.– The persona: our public image, a mask (or
public face) that we wear to protect ourselves. – Shadow: represents our dark side, the
thoughts, feelings, and actions that are socially reprehensible and that we tend to disown by projecting them outward.
Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to Carl Jung’s Major Contributions to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Archetypes (con’t)
– Anima/ animus
– Syzygy: divine couple. wholeness and integration. The opposites of the inner and outer life are joined in marriage.
– Mother: the nurturing one
Carl Jung’s Major Contribution to Carl Jung’s Major Contribution to PsychodynamicsPsychodynamics
Archetypes (con’t)
– Father: guide or authority figure– Child: a pattern related to the hope and
promise for new beginnings.
Other Disciplines in Psychodynamic Other Disciplines in Psychodynamic PsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Adlerian Object relations/ Psychoanalytic self psychology
(Kohut) Ego psychology Psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy Transactional analysis-Berne
Individual (Adlerian) PsychologyIndividual (Adlerian) Psychology
Underlying is a theory of personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy
His theory is connected to a humanistic philosophy of living– Core premise: the extent of feeling of
community (connectedness) is both an index and goal of mental health
Holds philosophical ideals as therapeutic goals for individuals and groups
Individual (Adlerian) PsychologyIndividual (Adlerian) Psychology
Techniques: analysis of birth order, coping patterns, early memory work
Systems view– Within the systems context: 3 key life tasks-
vocation, love, and sex– These and our relationships are social
challenges– First system: family-the origin of our world
view and attitude toward life
Individual (Adlerian) PsychologyIndividual (Adlerian) Psychology
“Fictional finalism”- a central goal guiding a person behaviors– “Only when I am perfect can I be secure”– “Only when I am important can I be accepted”
Individual (Adlerian) PsychologyIndividual (Adlerian) Psychology
Treatment– Brief, couple, family– Goals: Connected-ness, self-development,
contribute to others’ welfare– Correct mistaken assumptions, attitudes,
behaviors and feelings about the world– Objective: redirect self-focused behaviors
toward social contribution
Psychoanalytic Self Psychology (Kohut)Psychoanalytic Self Psychology (Kohut)
Emphasizes empathy “Empathy is used to describe an intrapsychic
process in the therapist by which an understanding of the patient, particularly an emotional understanding, a capacity to feel what the other is feeling is enhanced. Situated somewhere between listening and interpreting, empathy serves as a precondition for both.”-Berger 1987
Empathy: The power of entering into theexperience of or understanding objects oremotions outside ourselves
Psychoanalytic Self Psychology (Kohut)Psychoanalytic Self Psychology (Kohut)
Understanding and explanation ( interpretative process) are offered from the client’s perspective
Prevailing form of psychoanalysis in Europe
Psychoanalytic Self Psychology (Kohut)Psychoanalytic Self Psychology (Kohut)
Revolutionary departure from the “biological model”
Kohut claimed it would form a framework in which– Empathetic, subjective methods were overiding– Other methods could be used– Distinctions between psychiatry and
psychology were no longer relevant
Ego psychologyEgo psychology
Groundwork– Anna Freud-building blocks of defense theory– Erikson-Psychosocial stages
Emphasized ego’s role in development Focuses on social influences throughout the life
span Deals with early AND later developmental stages
Ego psychologyEgo psychology
Heinz Hartmann-leader of ego therapy– It’s really structural theory-ego therapist interested in all aspects--incl ID
the preservation of Freud’s drive theory
– emphasizes the centrality of the ego
Focuses on the ego’s workings in creating defenses rather than focusing on the underlying id content
Engages the patient, less emphasis on uncovering hidden secrets, more on psychic structure-i.e the relationships between the id, the ego, and superego (Mitchell and Black-1995)
Ego PsychologyEgo Psychology
Heinz Hartmann: the father of Ego Psychology– Studied”the ways in which the Ego organizes itself,
adapts, and deploys ID drives – Contributions:
neutralization (rather than sublimation)-the ego strips the drives of their sexual and aggressive qualities changing their nature-e.g like a power plant
notion of “ a child born with an innate potential that unfolds naturally in a receptive environment” and “average receptive environment”- Mitchell and Black 1995
SourcesSources
Brown D, Pedder J, Introduction to Psychotherapy, Tavistock/Routledge, 1991 Covey, Gerald. Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy:
Brook/Cole, 2001 Mitchell SA and Black MJ, Freud and Beyond-A History of Modern
Psychoanalytic Thought: The Perseus Books Groups, 1995 Ursano RJ, Sonnenberg SM, Lazar SG, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy:
American Psychiatric Press, 1991 Hall CS, Nordby SH, A Primer of Jungian Psychology: Penguin Group, 1973 Http:psychcentral.com/therapy.htm http//easyweb.easynet.co.un/simplepsych/204 http://www.ni.edu/acad/psych/frauenglass/psychodynamic.html http://meagerlab.tamu.esu/M-Meagher/Intro/TREATMENT.html
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