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Introduction to
NuclearChemistry
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2 main components:
Central nucleus contains protons (p+)and neutrons (no)
Surrounding electron cloud consists ofelectrons (e) arranged into orbitals
A neutral atom has equal number ofprotons and electrons
Review of Atomic Structure
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Isotopes are atoms with the same atomicnum
ber as other atoms of the sameelement, but different number of neutrons
Isotopes exist because nuclei favor stability(lower energy)
Neutrons provide that stability by acting asnuclear glue
Example: Oxygen-16 through 18 are allstable nucleibut what about oxygen-15?
Review of Isotopes
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1) Calculate nuclear binding energy i.e. the energy released when protons and
neutrons bind together to form a nucleus(you dont actually need to know this)
2) Check neutron to proton ratio
Predicting Nuclear Stability
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1) Smaller atomshave a neutron-
proton ratio closeto N/Z = 1
2) Larger atomshave a neutron-proton ratiocloser to N/Z = 1.5
Belt (or Band) of Nuclear Stability
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1) All stable nuclei have number ofneutrons that is equal to or greaterthan the number of protons
2) Nuclei with a neutron-proton ratio thatis too small (1.5) areunstable
3) Atoms with atomic number larger than83 and mass number larger than 209are always unstable
General Rules for Nuclear Stability
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Unstable nuclei will decay until theybecome stable
Radioactivity/radioactive decay is theprocess by which an unstable nucleusemits one or more particles or energy
Radioactivity is still consistent with Law ofConservation of Mass
Radioactivity/Radioactive Decay
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Types of Radioactive Decay
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Nuclear fission is thesplitting of a largeatoms nucleus into two or morefragments, each more stable than theoriginal nucleus
Can occur spontaneously, and producesa lot of energy
The basis for nuclear reactors!
Nuclear Fission
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Nuclear Fission
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Nuclear fusion is the combining of smallatoms nuclei to form a larger nucleus thatis more stable than the originals
Produces a lot of energy, but requires a lotof energy to initiate in the first place
This is how stars (including the Sun) generateenergy!
Nuclear Fusion
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Nuclear Fusion
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The federal government should establisha policy to substantially increase nuclearenergy research and use in the US.
Splitting Main Street: The Nuclear EnergyDebate
Write down at least 3 pros or cons, either
from watching the video or your ownoriginal ideas (hold on to this, you will beturning it in for credit)
Nuclear Energy Discussion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg6benIIk0ghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg6benIIk0ghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg6benIIk0ghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg6benIIk0g7/30/2019 Introduction to Nuclear Chem DTP
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The federal government should establisha policy to substantially increase nuclearenergy research and use in the US.
We will be participating in an open-discussion on the above topic
Half of the class will go inside first, while
the other half watches from the outside
Then the two halves will switch places
Nuclear Energy Discussion
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The federal government should establisha policy to substantially increase nuclearenergy research and use in the US.
While on the inside: Make at least onemeaningful contribution to the discussion
Asking a meaningful question is OK too!
While on the outside: Write down at leastone key point from watching the insidediscussion
Writing a key question is OK too!
Nuclear Energy Discussion
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If you have the following assignments,please turn them in: Predicting Products Postlab Class Notes on Techniques for SeparatingMixtures (2/26/13 Notes)
Factors Affecting Solubility Inquiry Gravimetric Analysis Lab Report
Collecting Student Work
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