Introduction to Information Systems
Chapter One
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Information Concepts
Knowledge
Information
Data Raw factsRaw facts
A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of facts themselves.
A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of facts themselves.
The body of guidelines and procedures used to select, organize, and manipulate data to make it suitable for a specific task.
The body of guidelines and procedures used to select, organize, and manipulate data to make it suitable for a specific task.
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Information Concepts
Knowledge BaseThe collection of rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve informational value or proper process outcome.
ProcessA set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome.
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Types of Data (Table 1.1)
Data Represented by
Alphanumeric Numbers, letters, & other characters
Image Graphic images or pictures
Audio Sound, noise, or tones
Video Moving images or pictures
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Characteristics of Valuable Information (Table 1.2)
Accurate Complete Economical Flexible Reliable Relevant
Simply Timely Verifiable Accessible Secure
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The Value of Information(Figure 1.2)
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Components of a system
INPUTSGathering and capturing raw data
INPUTSGathering and capturing raw data
PROCESSINGConverting or transforming data into useful outputs
PROCESSINGConverting or transforming data into useful outputs
OUTPUTSProducing useful information, usually in the form of documents.
OUTPUTSProducing useful information, usually in the form of documents.
Feedback
Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities
Output that is used to make changes to input or processing activities
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System Classifications & Primary Characteristics
Simple Complex
Open Closed
Stable Dynamic
Adaptive Non-adaptive
Permanent Temporary
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System Performance Standards
EfficiencyA measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed. Effectiveness
A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals.
Performance StandardA specific objective of the system.
Superior - Standard - Deficient• Sales performance• Market share• Defective parts experience• Scrap output rate
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System Variables & Parameters
System VariableA quantity or item that can be controlled by the
decision maker.
System ParameterA value or quantity that cannot be controlled by the
decision maker.
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Modeling a System
ModelAn abstraction or an approximation that is used to
represent reality Model Types
• Narrative: Words• Physical: Tangible• Schematic: Graphical• Mathematical: Formula
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Information System (IS)
A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective.
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Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) Computer-Based Information Systems
Composed of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.
Technology InfrastructureThe shared IS resources that form the foundation
for the information systems. Business Information Systems
Transaction: Any business related exchange.
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Types of CBIS (1)
Transaction processing systemAn organized collection of people, procedures, software,
databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions.
E-CommerceAny business transaction executed electronically between parties
involving the exchange of goods and/or services for an equitable consideration.
Management Information SystemOrganized set of people, procedures, databases, and devices used to
provide routine information to managers and decision makers.
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Types of CBIS (2)
Decision Support SystemsA set of people, procedures, databases, and devices used
to support problem-specific decision making. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
A group of types of CBIS that involve computer systems taking on the characteristics of human intelligence
• Expert Systems (ES)• A set of people, procedures, databases, and devices used to
give the computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an expert in a particular field
• Robotics• Natural Language• Neural Networks, etc.
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Investigation
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Review
Systems Development
The activity of creating or modifying business systems.
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Project Management
A method and set of techniques based on accepted principles of management used for planning, estimating, and controlling work activities to reach a desired end result– on time – within budget – according to specification.
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International IS
International Arenas– Cultural specific consumer needs– Dynamic economies, statutes, business practices– Pace of change leads to a moving target market– Differences in technology available
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IS Strategy
Achieving effective regionalisation to meet market demographics requires an effective IS infrastructure
IT professionals are business model enablers Know your mission statement
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Literacy
Computer LiteracyA knowledge of computer systems and equipment and
the ways they function. Information Systems Literacy
A knowledge of how data and information are used by individuals, groups, and organizations.
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Management’s IT challenge Strategic IT
– How can IT be used to design a competitive and effective organization?
Investing in IT– How do you determine value of IT for the organization?
IT architecture– How can the organization design IT that fits?
Global IT– How can IT help guide an organization globally?
Ethics of IT– How can we ensure an organization will use IT in a socially
responsible manner?
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Chapter One Cases for Discussion Sales force automation (page 37)
• Project issues
Liz Claiborne (page 38)• Challenges in strategic use and investment in IT
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Assignment #1: Part 1 Tutorial: Internet searching