8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
1/68
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
2/68
What is Ergonomics? The word Ergonomics is derived from the
Greek words Ergon" and "Nomos" which
together mean "The law of work".
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
3/68
Definition Shackel (1974) "the study of the relation
between man and his occupation,
equipment and environment, andparticularly the application of anatomical,
physiological and psychological knowledge
to problems arising there from".
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
4/68
Definition Ergonomics Society (1993) "the fit between
people, the activities they wish to carry out,
the tools, machines and systems they useto aid them and theenvironments in which
they are performed".
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
5/68
Why Ergonomics? Complexity of modern industry, equipment
and tasks
Time and space barriers betweendesigners and users
A whole range of user population (male,
female, elderly) from many differentcultures.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
6/68
The Aim ofErgonomics
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
7/68
History ofErgonomics During the 1700's and early 1800's, great
changes took place in the lives and work ofpeople in several parts of the world. These
changes resulted from the development ofindustrialization.
1911: Scientific management, developed by F. W.Taylor at the turn of the century, was one of the
first attempts at maximizing productivity byimproving the design of tasks rather than thedesign of machines
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
8/68
1945 to 1960:The Birth ofthe
ProfessionAt theend of the war in 1945, engineering
psychology laboratories wereestablished
by the U.S. Army AirCorps. The name was invented by Murrell in 1949.
It was during the period after the war that
thehuman factors profession was born.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
9/68
1945 to 1960:The Birth ofthe
Profession In Britain, the field ofergonomics was
inaugurated after theSecond World War.
In 1949 the Ergonomics ResearchSociety(now called simply the Ergonomics Society)was formed in Britain, and the first book onhuman factors was published, entitled
Applied Experimental Psychology: HumanFactors in Engineering Design (Chapanis,Garner, and Morgan, 1949).
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
10/68
1945 to 1960:The Birth ofthe
Profession The year 1957 was an important yearespecially
forhuman factors in the United States. In that
year thejournal Ergonomics from the Ergonomics
ResearchSociety appeared, the Human Factors
Society was formed.
In 1959 the International Ergonomics Association
was formed to link several human factors andergonomics societies in various countries around
the world.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
11/68
1960 to 1980: A Period ofRapid
Growth Until the 1960s, human factors in the
United States wereessentially
concentrated in the military-industrialcomplex. With the race for space and
staffed space flight, human factors quickly
became an important part of the space
program.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
12/68
1960 to 1980: A Period ofRapid
GrowthIndication of the growth ofhuman factors
during this period:
Membership of the Human Factors Societywas about 500 (1960)
Membership of the Human Factors Societywas about 3000 (1980)
Membership of the Human Factors andErgonomics Society was about 6000 (2001)
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
13/68
History ofErgonomics
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
14/68
Ergonomics as Science
Ergonomics
Toxicology AnatomyManagement
Engineering
Environmental
sciences
Occupational health & safetyPsychologySociology
Computer sciences
Economy
Design
Biomechanics
Physiology
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
15/68
The Scope ofErgonomics The scope of Ergonomics is extremely
wide and is not limited to any particular
industry or application. Ergonomics comes into everything which
involves people, Work systems, sports
and leisure, health and safety should all
embody ergonomics principles if well
designed.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
16/68
The Scope ofErgonomics1. The Focus of Ergonomics
2. The Objectives of Ergonomics
3. The Approach of Ergonomics
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
17/68
1.The Focus ofErgonomicsPeople and their requirements should be
considered when:
Objects, facilities, systems andenvironments which people use and
operate within are being designed and
developed
Procedures for people to carry out work
and their activities are being developed
Objects, facilities, etc., which involve and
affect people are bein evaluated
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
18/68
2.The Objectives ofErgonomics To enhance theeffectiveness with which
work and otherhuman activities are carried
out To maintain orenhance certain desirable
human values in the process, health,
safety, satisfaction etc.,
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
19/68
3.The Approach ofErgonomics
Improving interactions by considering all
components of the work system (Human,Technology, Organization and Information
as well as consideration of the Internal and
External environment in which the system
operates) enables the work system to
function in its optimal condition.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
20/68
Anthropometric Principles The word "anthropometry" means
measurement of thehuman body.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
21/68
Anthropometric Principles1. Clearance: - Dimensions determine the
minimum space required for a human
being to perform the task in the workplace,such as operating machines and others.
Clearances areestablished by the larger
people from theexpected user population
(e.g., the size of door is determined by thesize of the largest expected user).
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
22/68
Anthropometric Principles1. Reach:- Dimensions determine the
maximum space allowable for thehuman
being who operates equipment and areestablished by the smaller people in the
expected user population (e.g., control
height is determined by accommodating
shorter user).
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
23/68
BASIC ERGONOMIC DESIGN
PHILOSOPHIES
Design for the average
Design for extremes
Design for a range
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
24/68
BODY MEASUREMENT
SStanding
measurements
A1Stature (standing
height)
A2Eyeheight,
standing
A3Elbow height,standing
A4Crotchheight
A5Ankleheight
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
25/68
BODY MEASUREMENT
SSeated measurement
B1Sitting height, erect
B2Eyeheight, sitting
B3Elbow rest height , sitting (fromseat)
B4Thigh depth (maximum) sitting
B5Shoulder to elbow length
B6Kneeheight, sitting
B7Popliteal height, sitting
B8Buttock to knee length, sitting
B9Buttock to Popliteal length,sitting
B10Forearm hand length
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
26/68
BODY MEASUREMENT
SBreadth
measurements
C1
Hip breadth, sitting C2Elbow to elbow
breadth
C3Shoulder
(biacromial) breadth C4Shoulder (bideltoid)
breadth
C5Knee to knee
breadth
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
27/68
BODY MEASUREMENT
SHand measurements
D1Hand breadth
D2Hand breadthacross thumb
D3Hand length
D4Hand thickness
Foot measurement
E1Foot breadth
E2Foot length
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
28/68
USE OF ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA INDESIGN
To get an appropriate fit between the operator and the design(ofequipment, workplace, etc.), the following procedure forthe use of anthropometric data should be utilized:
1. Define theequipment's for potential user population
2. Choose the proportion of the population to beaccommodated by the design (i.e., 90% and 95% are mostcommon).
3. Determine the body dimensions, important for the design ofthe chosen equipment (forexample, to design hand lever,hand breadth, hand circumference should be measured).
4. Determine the percentile values of the dimensions.
5. Determine the type of clothing and personal protectiveequipment worn by the users (i.e., light summer clothing,heavy winter clothing, gloves, etc.).
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
29/68
DESIGNT
O FIT
FOR A RANGE
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
30/68
Generalprinciples for workplace design
1. The worker should be
able to maintain an upright
and forward-facing posture
2.Avoid unbalanced
postures (leaning or
twisting) and the need for
muscle activity to support
the legs and upper arms.
Small and/or precise
movements require support
of the limb(s) involved.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
31/68
Generalprinciples
3. Where vision is a
requirement of the task, the
necessary work points must
be adequately visible with
thehead and trunk upright
or with thehead inclined
slightly forward
4.All work activities should
permit the worker to adopt
several different, but
equally healthy and safe
postures without reducing
capability to do the work.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
32/68
Generalprinciples
5. Work should be
arranged so that it may
be done, at the worker's
choice, in either a seated
or a standing position.
When seated, the worker
should be able to use the
backrest of the chair at
will, without necessitatinga change of working
movements.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
33/68
Generalprinciples 6. The weight of the body
when standing should be
carried equally on both feet,
and foot pedals should be
designed accordingly.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
34/68
Generalprinciples 7. Work should not be performed
consistently at or above the level of the
heart, even the occasional performancewhere force is exerted above theheart
level should be avoided. Where light hand
work must be performed aboveheart level,
rests for the upper limbs are a requirement.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
35/68
Generalprinciples
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
36/68
Risk FactorsPhysical factors
Heavy manual labour
Manual material handling
Awkward posture
Static work
Whole body/ hand arm vibration
Slipping and falling
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
37/68
Risk FactorsPsychosocial/ work organisational factors
Job content
Work/time pressure
Job control
Social support
Job dissatisfaction
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
38/68
Risk FactorsIndividual factor
Age
Socio-economic status Smoking
Medical history
Gender
Anthropometry
Physical activity
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
39/68
Risk FactorsEnvironment:
Temperature,
Air quality,
Lighting,
Noise
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
40/68
Factors to be considered in the
visualenvironment Intensity of illumination
Reflections or luminance
Contrast
Glare
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
41/68
Lighting forfine work High levels of
illumination are
required for fine work
and between 1,000
and 10,000 luxhas
been suggested for
different levels of
precision.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
42/68
Performance in hot environments Exhaustion from heavy physical work occurs much sooner in
hot environments due to the competition for blood supplybetween the skin and the muscles. As it has been mentionedbefore, when the body is hot it increases blood supply to the
vast numbers of capillary beds under the skin, which uses asignificant proportion of the circulating blood and causes areduction in circulation to the muscles and core body organs.
Sweat can affect performance due to discomfort and canaffect the ability to grip objects
Hot environments can have detrimental effects on theperformance of complex cognitive tasks or that involvinghand eye co-ordination.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
43/68
Performance in cold environments
Cold temperatures have a considerableeffect on manual
dexterity, the sense of touch and strength. The adverse
effects of cold on manual dexterity can be predicted by
hand skin temperature and 13C
has been suggested asthe lower limit for working withhands exposed.
Loss of tactile sensitivity creates difficulties in the
performance of tasks which require the manipulation of
small objects and reduces the ability to grip.
Additionally, ifexposed for a period of time, overcooling
induces restlessness, which in turn reduces alertness
and concentration, particularly on mental tasks.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
44/68
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
45/68
WMSDs Myalgia
Chronic myofascial pain syndrome
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis Carpal tunnel syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Hand-arm vibration syndrome
Degenerated, bulging, or ruptured (herniated)disks in the neck or back
Sciatica
Degenerative or osteoarthritis
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
46/68
References:
Bridger R.S. Introduction to Ergonomics (1995)
Hendrick H.W. & Kleiner B.M. Macroergonomics (2002)
Tayyari, F., and Smith, J.L., 1997, Occupational Ergonomics,
Principles and applications,Chapman & Hall, London, U
K.
PeopleSize, 1994, Visual Anthropometry, version 1.40
Haslegrave, C.M., 1986. Characterising the anthropometricextremes of the population. Ergonomics, 29, 2, 281-30
Pheasant, S., 1990.Anthropometrics - An Introduction.
BritishStandards Institution: Milton Keynes
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
47/68
Ergonomic
Workplace Analysis
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
48/68
What are thefour basic steps?Four basic stages in conducting a EWA are:
selecting thejob to be analyzed
breaking thejob down into a sequence oftasks
identifying potential workplace contributingfactors
determining preventive measures toovercome adverseeffects of theseworkplace contributing factors
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
49/68
Factors to be considered Accident frequency and severity: jobs where accidents occur
frequently or where they occur infrequently but result indisabling injuries.
Potential for severe injuries or illnesses.
Newly established jobs: due to lack ofexperience in thesejobs, workplace contributing factors may not beevident oranticipated.
Modified jobs: new workplace contributing factors may beassociated with changes in job procedures.
Infrequently performed jobs: workers may be at greater riskwhen undertaking non-routinejobs, and EWA provides ameans of reviewing workplace contributing factors.
D i i i
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
50/68
Determiningpreventivemeasures to overcome
workplace contributing factors
1. Eliminate the contributing factor
2. Revise work procedures 3. Reduce theexposure
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
51/68
How to improve
ergonomics?I. Engineering improvements
II. Administrative improvements
III. Personal protective equipments
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
52/68
Engineering
improvementsIt include rearranging, modifying, redesigning,
or replacing tools, equipment, workstations,
packaging parts, or products. Reposition the work- reduces bending &
reaching
Provide comfort
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
53/68
Administrative
improvementsAdministrative improvements include
changing work practices or the way work is
organized.
Some administrative improvements includes:
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
54/68
1.Providing variety in jobs
Job rotation rotating the employees
through different jobs.
Job enlargement increasing the variety by
combining two or more jobs or adding tasks
to a particular job.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
55/68
2.Adjusting
work schedules and work pace
Try to limit the amount of time any
employee has to spend performing aproblem job.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
56/68
3.Providing mini breaks
Work should be broken up with frequent,short recovery periods or mini breaks. These
short breaks (3-5 minutes every hour) can
help prevent the accumulation of fatigue
and injury to muscles and associated
structures.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
57/68
4.Modifying workpractices
Pay close attention to how the work is beingperformed. Our bodies are stronger, more
efficient, and less injury prone when work in
midrange postures.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
58/68
5.Encouraging exercises
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
59/68
III.Personalprotectiveequipment
Personal protective
equipment includes
gloves, knees and
elbow pads, footwear,
and other items that
employees wear.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
60/68
Making informed choices about
ergonomic improvements
Use in-house human resources
Look through equipment catalogs
Talk to equipment vendors
Contact others in similar organizations
Consult an expert in ergonomics
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
61/68
Remember!!!An important part of an effective
ergonomics program is training
and education
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
62/68
TrainingA training program should include the
following individuals:
All affected employees
Engineers and maintenance personal
Supervisors
Managers
Health care providers
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
63/68
General trainingEmployees who are potentially
exposed to ergonomic hazards
should be given formal instruction
on the hazards associated with
their jobs and with their
equipments
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
64/68
Job specific training
New employees and
reassigned employees should
receive an initial orientation and
hands on training prior to startingtheir duties.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
65/68
Training for
supervisorsSupervisors are responsible persons for
ensuring that employees follow safe workpractices and receive appropriate training toenable them to do so. Supervisors thereforeshould undergo training comparable to that ofthe employees, and such additional training
as will enable them to recognize early signsand symptoms of MSDs, to recognizehazardous work practices, and to correctsuch practices.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
66/68
Training for managersManagers should be aware of their
safety and health responsibilities
and should receive sufficienttraining regarding ergonomicissues at each work station and
at the organizational level as awhole so that they can effectivelycarry out their responsibilities.
Tra n ng or eng neers
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
67/68
Tra n ng or eng neers&
maintenance personal
Plant engineers and maintenance
personnel should be trained in theprevention and correction of
ergonomic hazards through job
and as applied to the specificconditions of the facility.
8/8/2019 Introduction to Ergonomics 2
68/68
For FurtherDetails:
+91 9880571431
Top Related