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Chapter 1
Introduction
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Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and
a programmable data processor.
Define the von Neumannmodel and name its components:
memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output.
Understand the stored program concept.
After reading this chapter, the reader should
be able to:
OBJECTIVES
Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program.
Name the components of a computer: hardware, software,
and data.
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Definition
A computeris a machinethatmanipulates dataaccording to a list of
instructions.
Computer Science defines as issuesrelated to the computer
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1.1 THE COMPUTER AS A
BLOCK BOX
- Black box is a technical term for a
device or system or object
when it is viewed primarily in terms ofits input and output characteristics.
- Almost anything might occasionally
be referred to as a black box:
a transistor, an algorithm, humans, the
Internet.
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Figure 1-1
Data processor model
- A computer acts as a black box that
accepts input data, processes data and
creates output
- Problem : does not specify type of
processing / operations
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Figure 1-2
Programmable data processor model
-A program: is a set of instructions; what the
computer should do-Todays understanding : a set of instructions
written in a computer language
-Output data: consist of input and the
program
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Figure 1-3
Same program, different data
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Figure 1-4 Same data, different programs
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1.2 VON NEUMANNMODEL(VNM)
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VNM history
The von Neumann architectureis a
design model for a stored-program
digital computerthat uses a processingunitand a single separate storage
structure to hold both instructions and
data Its define how processing is done.
Based on three ideas
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Figure 1-5
von Neumann model
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Idea 1:
Four Subsystems for VNM
Memoryis a storage area. Storeprograms & data during process
ALUcalculation & logical operations
take place Control Unitcontrols the operations of
the memory, ALU, IO subsystem IOinput; accepts input data/program
from outside computer,output; sends the result of
processing to the outside
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Idea 2: Stored Program
Concept
The program must stored in the memory
Stored in binary pattern : 1 or 0
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Idea 3: Sequential Execution of
instructions
Made of a finite number of
instructions
CU fetches one instruction frommemory, interprets it and execute
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1.3 COMPUTERHARDWARE
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Three broad categories
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Input/Output
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Storing data
Store in two state : presence or absence
Data such as text, image, audio, need to be
changed to appropriate form (0s and 1s)
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1.5 COMPUTERSOFTWARE
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Introduction
Computer software: a collection of
computer programs, proceduresand
documentation that perform some
tasks on a computer system
Programming: for these early
computers meant changing the wiring
systems or tuning on and off a set ofswitches.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program8/10/2019 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE CHAPTER 1
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Two aspect of programming to beunderstood.
In VNM, the programs are stored in
computer memory. Memory not onlyhold data, but also hold the program
(Figure 1.6)
i 1 6
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Figure 1-6
Program and data in memory
Programs Must Be Stored
Fi 1 7
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Figure 1-7
Program made of instructions;
Why? For Reusability
A Sequence Of Instructions
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Variety of Instructions
Algorithmstep-by-step solution
Languageto write computer
instruction Software engineeringthe design
and writing of structured programs
Operating systemswork as amanager to facilitate access of thecomputer components for a program
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1.6 HISTORY
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Mechanical Machines; Before
1930
Suanpan(the number
represented on this abacus
is 6,302,715,408) A mechanical calculator from
1914. Note the lever used to
rotate the gears.
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1801: punched card technology
Punched card system of a music machine,
also referred to as Book music, a one-stop
European medium for organs
Punched cardwith
the extended
alphabet
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Charles Babbage, 1823
The London Science Museum's
replicaDifference Engine, built from
Babbage's design.
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical
computer that eventually led to more complex designs.
Part of Babbage's difference
engine, assembled after his death
by Babbage's son, using parts
found in his laboratory.
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1930s1960s: desktop
calculators
The Curtacalculator can also
do multiplication and division
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Advanced analog computers
Cambridge differential analyzer, 1938
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Early digital computers
Punched tapeprograms would be much
longer than the short fragment shown.Nine-track magnetic tape
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Early Electronic Computers
Special Purposes computer ;The AtanasoffBerry
Computer(ABC) was the first electronicdigital
computingdevice.
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Program-controlled computers,
general purposes machines
A reproduction of Zuse's Z1 computer.
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Colossus
Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War II.
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
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THIRD GENERATION
1965-1975 Use integrated circuit or microchip
Minicomputer appeared on the market
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Integrated circuit ofAtmelDiopsis 740
System on Chipshowing memory
blocks, logic and input/output pads
around the periphery
Microchips (EPROMmemory)with a transparent window,
showing the integrated circuit
inside
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1969 Data General Nova.TV Typewriter
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FIFTH GENERATION
1985now Laptop & palmtop
The use of multimedia + VR
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