8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
1/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
2/116
Anatomical positionsobject stands erect (upright positions)
facing the observer
arms placed at the sides
palms of the hands turned forward
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
3/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
4/116
Planes and sectionsmidsagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or
an organ into equal left and right side
parasagittal plane is vertical plane parallel to sagittal and itdivides the body or an organ into unequal left and right side
frontal plane divides the body or organ into anterior (front)and posterior (back) parts
transverse (cross-sectional) plane divides the body or organinto superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
5/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
6/116
Directional terms
superior (cephalic, cranial):toward the head or the upper part of the structure (theheart is superior to the liver)
inferior (caudal):away from head or toward the lower part of thestructure (the stomach is inferior to the lungs)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
7/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
8/116
Directional terms
anterior (ventral):at the front of the body (sternum is anterior to the heart)
posterior (dorsal):at the back of the body (the esophagus is posterior to
trachea)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
9/116
Directional terms
medial:nearer or at the midline of the body
lateral:farther from midline
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
10/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
11/116
Directional terms
proximal:nearer to the attachment of extremity to the trunk
distal:farther to the attachment of extremity to the trunk
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
12/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
13/116
Directional terms
parietal:pertaining to or forming outer wall of body cavity
visceral:pertaining to the covering of an organ within the body
cavity
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
14/116
Levels of structural organization of human body
atoms, molecules cells tissues
organs systems
organism
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
15/116
Types of tissues
epithelial tissue covers body surface, lines organs,body cavities, and ducts, and forms glands
connective tissue protects and support body and
its organs, binds organs together, stores energy andprovides immunology muscle tissue movement and regeneration of force nervous tissue initiates and transmittes nerve
impulses, coordinates whole organism
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
16/116
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
epithelial tissue is consisting of one or more layers ofcells that form continuous sheets with minimal
extracellular matrix
covers body surface, lines organs, body cavities, andducts, and forms glands
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
17/116
General features of epithelia
epithelial cells have apical surface (free) exposed to a body
cavity
basal surface is attached to basal membrane
epithelial cells are attached to each other by various cell junctions
epithelia are avascular (diffusion via basal membrane)
epithelia have a nerve supply
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
18/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
19/116
Main functions of epithelia
protection (vessel, esophagus)
filtration (regulatory barrier)
secretion (thyroid gland)
digestion (pancreas)
absorption (small intestine)
sensory reception
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
20/116
Basal (basement) membrane
thin extracellular layer formed by two layers, basallamina and reticular lamina
basal lamina is consist of proteins, glycoproteins e.g.collagen IV , laminin
structural support for epithelial cells
main regulatory barrier between epithelium andsurrounding tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
21/116
Membrane specializations of epithelia:
intercellular junctions tight junctions
seal the intercellular spaces
protection against penetration fromluminal contents (bloodbrain barrier, testicular barrier)
located beneath the apical surface of cells
adhering junctions (zonula adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)
bind epithelial cells ( not so tight ), anchor epithelium to the cytoskeleton
located beneath tight junctions
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
22/116
Membrane specializations of epithelia:
intercellular junctions
gap junctions (communicating junctions)
form hexamers with hydrophilic pore
participate in passage of small molecules between cells
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
23/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
24/116
Luminal surfaces Cilia
long motile structureseasily visible by light microscopee.g. columnar pseudostratified epithelium in trachea
Microvilli short often extremely numerous projections of plasma membrane
visible only in electron microscopelocated in simple columnar epithelium in small intestine
Stereocilia extremely long microvilli
visible in the light microscope not motile located in reproductive tract in epididymis
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
25/116
Classification of epithelia
number of cell layers simple epithelia
stratified epithelia
shape of epithelial cells (shape of nucleus) squamous
cuboidal
columnar
presence of surface specializations cilia
microvili
stereocilia
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
26/116
Simple squamous epithelium
composed of flattened irregularly shaped cells forming acontinuous surface which may be referred to as
pavemented epithelium
Function participate in passive and active transport of either fluids orgases
Located in either blood and lymphatic vessels ( endothelium ), lining the cavities (pleural, pericardial)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
27/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
28/116
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
29/116
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
nuclei of endothelial cells
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
30/116
Simple cuboidal epithelium
intermediate form between squamous and columnarepithelium
nucleus is located in the center of the cell
Function : covering , secretion
lining small ducts in pancreas , lining follicles in thyroid
gland , etc.
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
31/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
32/116
Simple cuboidal epithelium (thyroid gland)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
33/116
Simple columnar epithelium
cells are taller , nuclei are elongated and located towardbasement membrane
Function : protective , secretion , absorption
Located in stomach , small intestine
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
34/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
35/116
Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
36/116
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
cells are in one layer (all cells rest on basement membrane),different heights of cell and thus positions of nuclei creatingillusion of stratification
Function : protection , secretion ,
Located in respiratory system with cilia (trachea, bronchus) etc. or reproductive
system (epididymis)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
37/116
Mi i ti
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
38/116
Microscopic preparationPseudostratified columnar epithelium (trachea)
cilia
Basalmembrane
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
39/116
Transitional epithelium
special form of stratified epithelium , columnar or cuboidal
cells near the basement membrane, large surface cells often with two nuclei
Function protection against mechanical stretch and toxic wastes in urinary
tract
Location urinary tract (urinary bladder)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
40/116
Transitional epithelium
Microscopic preparation
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
41/116
Microscopic preparation Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
Microscopic preparation
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
42/116
Microscopic preparation Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
43/116
Stratified squamous epithelium
consist of variable number of cells layers , columnar orcuboidal cells near the basement membrane ( basal layers )and flattened cells in surface regions
Function : mechanical protection , preserve leakage of water from tissue ( dehydration )
Location :
stratified squamous epithelium in digestive system (liningoral cavity, esophagus)stratified squamous epithelium with keratin
(accumulation of keratin in cells during maturation) constituteepithelial surface of skin
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
44/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
45/116
Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
46/116
Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin (skin)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
47/116
Glandular epithelium
consist of specialized type of epithelial cells that are
capable to form secretions
exocrine glands:
secrete proteins (pancreas), lipids (sebaceous gland), carbohydrates (salivary gland), wax, either directly or via ducts onto free tissuesurface
endocrine glands :secrete hormones (chemical messengers) directly into extracellular
fluid and than into the systemic circulation
ductless glands
f
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
48/116
Morphology of glands
simple glands: single unbranched duct
compound glands: branched duct system
tubular glands: tubular secretory portions
acinar glands: acinar secretory portions
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
49/116
E i l d
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
50/116
Exocrine glands
Merocrine secretion (eccrine):
secretory product is formed and then discharge by exocytosis (generally proteins)
no changes in cell shape
most common form of secretion in exocrine glands
Location: salivary gland, pancreas
M i ti ( )
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
51/116
Merocrine secretion (pancreas)
E i gl d
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
52/116
Exocrine glands
apocrine secretion:
secretory product is accumulated at apical (free) surface of cells
enlargement of the cells
pinch off the portion of cell discharge of secretory product(generally lipids) in the vesicle diminishing of the cells
myoepithelial cells participate on discharging of secretory product
Location: sweat glands, mammary glands
Apocrine secretion (sweat gland)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
53/116
Apocrine secretion (sweat gland)
Myoepithelial cells
Exocrine glands
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
54/116
Exocrine glands
Holocrine secretion:
involves discharge of whole secretory cells with subsequentdisintegration of the cell to release the secretory product
location: sebaceous gland
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
55/116
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
56/116
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
57/116
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
58/116
Holocrine secretion (sebaceous gland)
Endocrine glands
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
59/116
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones (chemical messengers) directly into
extracellular fluid and than into the systemic circulation no ducts
Endocrine gland (Langerhans islet in pancreas)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
60/116
Endocrine gland (Langerhans islet in pancreas)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
61/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
62/116
CONNECTIVE (SUPPORTING) AND MUSCLE TISSUE
Main characteristics of the connective tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
63/116
Composed of cells and extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
Provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs
Strenghten other body tissues
Protects and insulate body organs
Participate in the immunity reactions in human body
Highly vascular and nervous tissue
the exchange of metabolities,
nutrients and waste between the tissues and the circulatory system
C ti ti ll
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
64/116
Connective tissue cellsFibroblasts ( osteoblasts, chondroblasts, odontoblasts )
Large, flat, spindle-shaped cells
They secrete connective fibers and ground substance
Fibroblasts participate in the wound healing (the retraction of
damaged tissue)Macrophages
Derived from the monocytesParticipate on phagocytosis and thus provide vital defense for
the body ( immunity )
Connective tissue cells
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
65/116
Mast cells
Abundant alongside blood vessels
Produce histamine and other chemicals that participate on the inflammatory
reactions (dilatation of blood vessels, increasing of permeability of vessels)Produce heparin anticoagulant activity
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Form the adipose tissue
Responsible for the storage and metabolism of fat (energy)
Good insulator prevent against the heat loss
Important for prductions of cytokines and inflammation
Connective tissue matrix fibers
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
66/116
Connective tissue matrix - fibers
Collagen
Main fibre and the most abundant in the humanbody
Collagen is polymerized from the tropocollagen and
forms collagen bundles
Participate on the tensile strength of tissues
Atherosclerotic lesion collagen
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
67/116
g
Connective tissue matrix fibers
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
68/116
Connective tissue matrix - fibers
Elastin
Structural protein that forms fibres and sheets
Abundant in the skin , lungs, and blood vessels
Provides elastic properties of the tissues ( stretch xretract )
Atherosclerotic aorta elastin
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
69/116
Connective tissue matrix - fibers
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
70/116
Reticular fibres
Form lattice or reticulum
They are common in the lymphatic glands,
hematopoietic organs and form meshlike center
called the stroma
Kidney reticular fibres
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
71/116
Connective tissue matrix ground
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
72/116
substance
Amorphous (no shape) transparent material formedpredominantly by polysaccharides (glycosaminglycans,proteoglycans)
These polysaccharides molecules form flexible gel through which metabolites may diffuse
Classification of connective tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
73/116
Classification of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
characterized by the small amount of fibers, the maincomponents are cells and ground substance Packing and binding tissue that surrounds muscles ,nerves and vessels
Areolar connective tissue Strengthen epithelial tissueSurrounds vessels and muscles (fascia)Form subcutaneous layer (attach the skin to surrounding tissue)
Classification of connective tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
74/116
Loose connective tissue
Adipose tissue Responsible for the storage and metabolism of fat (energy)Good insulator prevent against the heat loss
It is present wherever areolar tissue is presented White adipose tissue comprises up to 20-25% of total body weight in adults
Brown adipose tissue is found in newborn mammals andhibernating animals
where is important in the temperature regulationprotect against obesity (burning off excess of energy)
Classification of connective tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
75/116
Loose connective tissue Reticular connective tissue
It forms the fibre skeleton (network) of haemapoieticorgans (bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymphatic glands)
Classification of connective tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
76/116
Dense connective tissue is formed predominantly by numerous and thick fibres with afew cells
Dense regular or irregular connective tissue (accordingto the orientation of collagen bundles)
Provides great strength of the tissues e.g. tendon (ligament) which bind muscles to bonesLocated in the skin, GI tract
Elastic connective tissue Provides elastic (stretch and retract) properties of tissue e.g.aorta , portions of the larynx , epiglotis ..
Hyaline cartilage (gristle)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
77/116
y g (g )
Most abundant cartilage in the human body, e.g. trachea(tracheal rings)
Participate in the forming of the embryonal skeleton
Amorphous glass-like ground substance that overlappingcollagen bundles (thus not visible)
Small aggregations of chondrocytes embedded in thelacunae
Hyaline cartilage (gristle)
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
78/116
y g (g )
Hyaline cartilage -trachea
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
79/116
perichondrium
Hyaline cartilage -trachea
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
80/116
chondrocytes
perichondrium
Elastic cartilage
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
81/116
Occurs in the external ear and epiglottis
The presence of the visible numerous and branching elastic fibres rounded the chondrocytes
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
82/116
Fibrocartilage
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
83/116
Intermediate between dense connective (fibrous)tissue and cartilage
Occurs in intervertebral disc
The bone tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
84/116
The bone is composed of the cells and extracellular matrix
(predominantly collagen) called osteoid, which becomes
mineralized by the depositions of calcium
hydroxyapatite rigidity and strength
Bone tissue functions
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
85/116
The support and the protection of soft tissues and
organs (brain)
Participate on the movement
Bone marrow the hematopoiesis
The source and the storage of calcium and phosphor
The cells of bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
86/116
Osteoblasts synthesize osteoid and participate in the mineralization They line osteoid
Osteocytes derived from the osteoblastsEntrapped inside the osteoid participate on the nutrition
Osteoclasts Capable of phagocytosis, cells that participate in the eroding of thebone and thus together with osteoblasts necessary for the constantturnover and remodeling of the bone and the formation of medullary cavity during ossification
The structure of the bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
87/116
Diaphysis the main portion of the bone Epiphysis the ends of the bone
Periosteum
surface fibrous membrane that covers the bonecomposed of two layers that contains fibres (Sharpeysfibers)
contains blood vessels and nerves that penetrate throughthe Volkmanns canal into the bone tissue ( nutrition )
Bone tissue
Structure of bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
88/116
Endosteum Inner fibrous layer that is between bone tissue and marrowcavity
Marrow cavity Contains bone marrow
Red bone marrow Occurs in the whole bone (epiphysis, diaphysis) in prenatal
period - hematopoiesis Occurs only in the epiphysis in adults
Yellow bone marrow Occurs in diaphysis in adults Hematopoietic tissue is replaced by fat tissue
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
89/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
90/116
1. Endosteum
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
91/116
2. Periosteum
3. Vessel in Haversian canalcoming from periostthrough the Volkmannscanal
4. Sharpeys fibers
5. Vessel from periosteum
Spongy (cancellous) bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
92/116
Occurs in the epiphysis and in the inner portion ofthe bone
Irregular arrangement of lamellae forms thin
plates called trabeculae
Does not contain true osteons like in
Compact (dense) bone
O i di h i d i th t ti f th b
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
93/116
Occurs in diaphysis and in the outer portion of the bone
Typical structure Haversian system (osteon)
Composed of the Haversian canal located in the center (vessels andnerves inside)
Concentric, hard, calcified lamellae surrounding the canal
Osteocytes located in small spaces between lamellae called lacunae
(lacuna=little lake)
Radiating in all directions from the lacunae the elongation of osteocytes
in the canals (called canaliculi - nutrition, metabolites, waste)
Interstitial lamellae - areas between osteons
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
94/116
Microscopic preparation Bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
95/116
Haversian system
Haversian canal
Concentric lamellae
Osteocytes in lacunae
Microscopic preparation Bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
96/116
Microscopic preparation Bone
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
97/116
osteocyte
Osteocytesprocesses
Ossification Bone formation
Th i i h f i f b d i
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
98/116
The process comprising the formation of bone e.g. duringembryonal period, during reparation of bone in adults.
Intramembranous ossification Formation of bone on or in fibrous connective tissue
Typical for some skull bones
The principle:
Osteoblast secrete organic matrix
the calcification
theformation of trabeculea the formation of periosteum spongy bone
Endochondral ossificationFormation of the bone directly from the hyaline cartilage
Typical for some long bones
The principle:
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
99/116
The principle: Hyaline cartilage is replaced by the bone tissue
Formation of the periosteal bone collar ( calcification of periosteum )
formation of the primary ossification center longitudinal ossification(delivery of nutritions, precursors of osteoblasts into cartilage through the
vessel)
Hypertrophy of chondrocytes calcification of cartilage matrix + break
down of chondrocytes the formation of spongy bone by osteoblasts
calcification of spongy bone ossification center enlarges toward the ends
of the bone osteoclasts break down newly formed spongy bone
formation of marrow cavity
Secondary ossification center ossification in radial directions
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
100/116
Muscle tissue
1) Sk l t l l ti
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
101/116
1) Skeletal muscle tissue Attached primarily to the bones and responsible for
the movement
Also called striated because of alternating dark andlight band (striations)
Voluntary muscle tissue because it is controlled byyour own consciousness
Skeletal muscle composition characterization
Basic unit muscle fibers (composed of myofibrils thatt i t til fil t ti d i )
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
102/116
Basic unit muscle fibers (composed of myofibrils thatcontains contractile myofilaments actin and myosin ) aregrouped together into the fascicles with delicate supporting
tissue called endomysium that occupying spaces betweenindividual muscle fibers
Each fascicle (bundle) is surrounded by loose connectivetissue called perimysium
Each muscle is composed by many fascicules (bundles) that are surrounded by dense collagenous sheath calledepimysium
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
103/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
104/116
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
105/116
Microscopic preparation skeletal muscle
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
106/116
Skeletal muscle fibers with numerous nuclei located atthe periphery Cross-striation of the fibers (alternating of light anddark bands)
Microscopic preparation skeletal muscle
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
107/116
Microscopic preparation skeletal muscle
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
108/116
Smooth muscleSpecialized for the long term contractions
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
109/116
Contraction and relaxation is independent on theconsciousness
Contraction and relaxation is often rhythmic of wave-like fashion (distal movement of the food in the intestine)
Smooth muscles are under the control of autonomicnervous system
Structure of smooth muscles differs from an organ to organaccording to the functional requirements.
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
110/116
Microscopic preparation smooth muscle
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
111/116
Smooth muscle cell
Cardiac muscle
Many structural similarities between skeletal and smoothmuscles
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
112/116
muscles
Presence of the striation similar to the skeletal muscles
Under control of autonomic nervous system (similar to
the smooth muscle) thus, cannot be controlled voluntarily
Cardiac muscle cells has shape like letter Y
One or two nuclei are located centrally
The presence of intercalated disks that occurs betweentwo adjacent cells and participate on rapid spread of
contractile stimuli
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
113/116
Microscopic preparation cardiac muscle
d l ll h h l k l
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
114/116
Cardiac muscle cells has shape like letter Y Centrally located nucleus or nuclei
The presence of intercalated disks
Microscopic preparation cardiac muscle
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
115/116
Intercalated disc
Microscopic preparation cardiac muscle
8/12/2019 Introduction to Anatomy Connective, Epithelial and Supportive Tissue
116/116
Cigar-like nucleus of cardiomyocyte
Top Related