Introduction and History
001a
What is Marine Biology?What is Marine Biology?• Marine biology - the study of organisms that Marine biology - the study of organisms that
live in the sea.live in the sea.
• Marine biology incorporates many other Marine biology incorporates many other sciences as well such as:sciences as well such as:– GeologyGeology– Chemistry Chemistry – PhysicsPhysics– Meteorology Meteorology – ZoologyZoology
Why Study Marine Biology?Why Study Marine Biology?1. Studying marine life forms can provide clue about 1. Studying marine life forms can provide clue about
early life on earth.early life on earth.
2. Many products come from the sea including.2. Many products come from the sea including.
– MedicinesMedicines– Food (fisheries)Food (fisheries)– ClothingClothing– AgarAgar– Building materialBuilding material
Why Study Marine Biology?Why Study Marine Biology?3. 3. The marine environment and its habitats The marine environment and its habitats
support recreation and tourism support recreation and tourism worldwide. worldwide.
4. Marine organisms produce oxygen used 4. Marine organisms produce oxygen used by aerobic organisms, including humans.by aerobic organisms, including humans.
Why Study Marine Biology?Why Study Marine Biology?
5. Oceans help to regulate climate.5. Oceans help to regulate climate.6. Marine organisms can cause 6. Marine organisms can cause
problems directly to human life or problems directly to human life or their property.their property.
7. Humans impact the health of the 7. Humans impact the health of the oceans:oceans:• Sea level riseSea level rise• Marine pollutionMarine pollution• Coral bleachingCoral bleaching• Depletion of fisheriesDepletion of fisheries
Marine Biology History
Explorers:• Vikings• Phoenicians• Polynesians• Columbus• Magellan• Cook
Migration Routes of Polynesia
• Scientific method (observation, inductive reasoning)
• Described hundreds of marine species • Dolphin is a mammal• The earth is round• Biology (spontaneous generation)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Cook (1700’s)- sailed twice around the world
1st European to visit Hawaii
Cook
Pierre Dénys de Montfort (1766 – 1820)
Alfred Russel WallaceAlfred Russel WallaceAlfred Russel WallaceAlfred Russel Wallace
1823 - 1913
Voyage of the HMS BeagleVoyage of the HMS Beagle
Darwin (1831):
Subsidence theory of coral reef formation (atolls) & origin of species
Barrier Reef- separated from land by a lagoon
Fringing Reef- boarders coastline closely
Island subsides
Atoll- coral ring with central lagoon
lagoon is a shallow area with a sandy floor, patch reefs, and patches of seagrass
Darwin’s Theory of Coral Atoll Formation: Subsidence Theory
Fringing Reef- Tahiti
Australia- Great Barrier Reef
Kaneohe Bay
Barrier ReefBarrier Reef
Fringing ReefFringing Reef Patch ReefPatch Reef
Atoll
Belize- Blue Hole
Kure Atoll (28° 25' N - 178° 20' W)Midway Atoll
Pearl & Hermes Atoll
• collected thousands of biological and sea bottom samples
• traveled in every ocean except arctic• cruise directed by Charles Wyville Thompson• 362 stations, 715 new genera, 5000 new
species• discovered Mariana
Trench and Mindarniad (34,000 ft deep)
Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876)
Voyage of the HMS Challenger (1872-1876)
HMS Challenger's Chemical Laboratory
Deep sea Collections
Ernest Haeckel (1834-1919)
1904
Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964)
Marine biologist at U.S. Bureau of Fisheries & Fish & Wildlife Service
Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer (1907-2004)
Margaret Mary Smith (wife of J.L.B. Smith)Sea Fishes
Pamanzi (Comores), 29th December 1952:
Jacque Cousteau (1910-1997) Navy officer, explorer, film maker, inventor of scuba (1947)
"From birth, man carries the weight of gravity on his shoulders. He is bolted to the earth. But man has only to sink beneath the surface and he is free.”
Eddie Widder
http://www.oceanrecon.org/cfiles/bioluminescence.cfm
Sylvia Earle
“Her Deepness”
Hydrothermal Vents
• Alvin to Galapagos • Discovered hydrothermal vents• Sulfur-rich vents 660 oF, but quickly cool to 73 oF• Unique communities• New kingdom of bacteria
Ballard & Grassle (1977)
Late 19th century – early 20th century:
Founding a number of important marine laboratories, including coastal labs and open ocean labs.
Founded 1903
Founded 1930
1888
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