Prepared by:
Engr. Marie Luvett Interino-Goh, MIT
Topics Outline: Prelim
Define Computer
Data vs. Information
Types of Computer
Elements of Computer System
Number System
How is a computer defined?
p. 6
Computer is an electronic device
operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own
memory.
It accepts data and process it into
information.
It can store and retrieve data for
future use.
It can perform arithmetic and logical
operations
Data vs. Information
p. 6
INFORMATION
Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful
DATA
Raw facts, figures, and symbols
Types of Computer
According to its Purpose
According to its Type of Data Handled
According to its Size
According to Purpose
General
Special / Specific
ATM (Automated Teller Machine)
Personal Computer
According to Type of Data Handled
Analog
e.g. Speedometer
Digital
e.g. Desktop Computer
Hybrid
e.g. Pulse Monitor
According to Size
Supercomputer
Mainframe
Workstation
Desktop
Laptop
Notebook, Netbook
Tablet PC
PDA / Hand-held PC
(Personal Digital Assistant)
According to Size
Supercomputer
are used for highly
calculation-intensive tasks
such as problems
involving:
quantum physics
weather forecasting
climate research
molecular modeling
(computing the structures
simulation of the
detonation of nuclear
weapons, and research into
nuclear fusion).
According to Size
Mainframe
are powerful computers used
mainly by large organizations
for critical applications,
typically bulk data processing
such as:
census
industry and consumer
statistics
enterprise resource planning
financial transaction
processing.
According to Size
Workstation
is a high-end
microcomputer designed
for technical or scientific
applications.
Desktop
is a personal computer
(PC) in a form intended
for regular use at a
single location.
According to Size
Laptop
Portable, small enough to fit on
your lap.
Notebook / Netbook
Smaller than laptop.
According to Size
Tablet PC
Resembles a letter-sized
slate
Allows you to write on
the screen using a digital
pen
Especially useful for
taking notes
According to Size
PDA / Hand-held PC
(Personal Digital Assistant) Provides personal organizer
functions:
Calendar
Appointment book
Address book
Calculator
Notepad
According to Size
Smart Phones
Is an Internet-enabled
telephone that usually
provides PDA capabilities
Elements of Computer System
Hardware
Software
Peopleware
Dataware
Firmware
Netware
Hardware is the physical or tangible parts of the
computer system
Types: Input Devices
Output Devices
Processing Unit
Storage
Hardware What is an input device?
Hardware used
to enter data
and instructions
Examples:
Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Webcam
Digital camera
Scanners and Readers
Flatbed Scanner
Biometrics Scanner
Barcode Reader
OCR / OMR / MICR
RFID Reader
Magnetic Stripe Reader
Biometric Input What is biometrics?
p. 262 Fig. 5-42 and 5-43
Authenticates person’s identity by verifying personal characteristic
Fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of fingerprint
Hand geometry system measures shape and size of person’s hand
Biometric Input What are examples of biometric technology?
Voice verification system compares live
speech with stored voice pattern
Signature verification system recognizes shape of signature
Iris recognition system reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye
Hardware
p. 7 Fig. 1-3
What is an output device?
Hardware that
conveys / displays information to one or more people
Hardware Examples of output devices?
Monitors
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Plasma
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
DLP (Digital Light Processing) – Multimedia Projector
Printers
Types:
Impact (i.e. Dot Matrix, Line Printer)
Non-impact (i.e. Inkjet, Laser, Plotter, Thermal Printers, etc)
Hardware
p. 7 Fig. 1-3
Processing Unit
What is the system unit?
Case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data
Sometimes called the chassis.
The System Unit What are common components inside the system unit?
Memory Expansion Bus Adapter cards Chipsets IDE Controllers/
Devices Ports Drive bays Power supply
power supply
ports
drive bays
processor
memory
sound card video card
Motherboard Processor
Motherboard
Main circuit board
in system unit
Considered to be
the physical
foundation of the
computer system
Also called
system board /
MOBO
Motherboard
Examples:
XT (Extended Technology)
AT (Advanced Technology)
ATX (Advanced Technology
Extended)
LPX (Low Profile Extended)
BTX (Balanced Technology
Extended)
Form Factors
Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes called computer form factor, some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers.
Processor
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU)
Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU)
Processor What is the central processing unit (CPU)?
Input
Devices
Storage
Devices
Output
Devices
Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer
Memory Data Information
Instructions
Data
Information
Instructions
Data
Information
Control
Unit
Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations
Also called the processor
Processor
Control Unit
Memory
ALU
Processor What is a machine cycle?
Step 1. Fetch Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory
Step 2.
Decode Translate
instruction into
commands
Step 4. Store Write result to memory
Step 3. Execute Carry out command
Four operations of the CPU comprise a
machine cycle
Processor What are heat sinks, cooling fans, heat
pipes, and liquid cooling?
Heat sink—component
with fins that absorbs heat
generated by the processor
Cooling fan - move air across
a heatsink to cool a particular
component.
Heat pipes —smaller device for notebook computers
Liquid cooling—uses a continuous flow of fluids to transfer heat away
Processor Types of Processor Slots PGA (Pin Grid Array)
SECC ( Single Edge Contact Cartridge\
LGA ( Land Grid Array)
Processor Two leading manufacturers of processors for
desktop computers
INTEL
(Integrated Electronics)
AMD
(Advanced Micro Devices)
Memory Memory is the electronic holding place for instructions and data
that your computer's microprocessor can reach quickly.
RAM (Random Access Memory) is a volatile-type of memory that
act as the primary storage of computer.
Types of RAM
EDO ( Enhanced Data Output)
SRAM (Static RAM)
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)
SDR (Single Data Rate)
DDR (Double Data Rate)
RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM)
Memory ROM (Read Only Memory) is a class of storage medium used
in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware.
Types of ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
Flash Card
Flash Drive
Memory Cards
Expansion Bus An expansion bus It is a collection of wires and
protocols that allows for the expansion of a computer
Types :
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
EISA (Extended ISA)
VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)
Expansion Bus An opening, or socket,
on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
With Plug and Play, the computer automatically configures cards and other devices as you install them
Expansion Bus
AGP
Expansion/Adapter Cards is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into
an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add functionality to a computer system. Types :
Sound Card
Video Card
TV Tuner
FM Tuner
NIC
(Network Interface Card)
Chipsets refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips,
that are designed to work together. They are usually marketed as a single product.
Types :
Northbridge
handles communications among the CPU, RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.
Southbridge
handles the communication between northbridge and Input/Output ports.
IDE Controllers IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) is a hardware interface
widely used to connect hard disks, optical discs and tape drives to a PC.
Types :
PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
Ports and Connectors What are ports and connectors? Port connects external devices to system unit
Connector joins cable to peripheral
Available in one of two genders: male and female
Ports and Connectors What are different types of connectors?
Storage What is storage? Holds data, instructions, and information for future use.
Types:
Primary Storage – volatile type of storage/memory
Examples:
Registers
Cache
RAMs
ROMs
Storage Secondary Storage – nonvolatile type of storage/memory
Types:
Magnetic Disks (i.e. Hard disk, Floppy disk, Zip disk, etc)
Optical Discs (i.e. Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), Blue ray disc, etc)
Tape
Microfilm and Microfiche
Storage What is capacity?
Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand
Megabyte (MB) 1 million
Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion
Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion
Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold
Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion
Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion
Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion
Storage/Memory Hierarchy
Storage How do life expectancies of various media compare?
Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage media
Software is a collection of programs.
A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer.
Types of Software:
System Software
Application Software
System Software
System software serves as the interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s hardware.
It consists of the programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices.
System Software Types of System software
Operating System
is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software.
Examples:
Windows, Linux, Mac OS
Utility Programs
is a kind of system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer.
Examples:
Disk Defragmenter, Anti-virus, Screen Saver, etc
Application Software
a software that is designed and created to perform specific personal, business or scientific processing tasks.
Application Software is available in a variety of forms: packaged, custom, open source, shareware, freeware and public domain.
Packaged Software
- is mass-produced, copyrighted retail software.
Custom Software
- performs functions specific to a business or industry.
Various forms of Application Software
Shareware
- is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost for a trial period.
Freeware
- is copyrighted software that is distributed at no cost by an individual or a company that retains all rights to the software.
Open Source Software
- is software provided for use, modification, and redistribution.
- This software has no restrictions from the copyright holder regarding modification of the software’s internal instructions and redistribution of the software.
Public-domain software
- it has been donated for public use and has no copy restrictions.
- Anyone can copy or distribute public-domain software to others at no cost.
Peopleware
Peopleware can refer to anything that has to do with the role of people in the development or use of computer software and hardware systems.
Refers to the users of computers.
Dataware
is information in a form suitable for use with a computer.
is a collection of data.
Types:
Softcopy
is an electronic copy.
Hardcopy
refers to printed results.
Firmware is a combination of software and hardware
which is also known as chipset.
Computer chips (ROMs) that have data or programs recorded on them are firmware.
Netware
The term Netware used in this discussion refers to the Network Peripherals.
Examples:
Modem
Cables (UTP, Coaxial, Fiber Optics)
Hub
Router
RJ 45