Intro
Opportunity for Higher Educationin a Perfect Storm
The Inter-Ivy, First Generation College Student NetworkBrown University
Providence, Rhode IslandFebruary 28, 2015
Tom MortensonSenior Scholar,
The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher EducationHigher Education Policy Analyst,
Postsecondary Education OPPORTUNITY
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
The Perfect Storm
Realities:
• Stages of economic development:• Primary: agriculture, natural resources
• Secondary: manufacturing
• Tertiary: human capital
• Dynamic demography• Shrinking white/growing minority populations
• Growing shares of poor children in K-12 and higher education
• Aging population, living longer
• Globalization
The Perfect Storm
Federal policy choices:
• Progressive policy era: 1862 to 1980• 1862: Morrill Land Grant Act
• 1895: Second Morrill Land Grant Act
• 1944: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
• 1957: National Defense Education Act
• 1965: Higher Education Act
• 1972: Pell Grant program
• 1978: Middle Income Student Assistance Act
• Regressive policy era: 1980 to present• 1981, 1982, 1994: Pell Grant maximum award reduced
• 1987: Federal aid moves away from need-based grants
• Aging population, living longer
The Perfect Storm
State policy choices:
• Progressive policy era: to 1980• Universal K-12 education
• State teachers’ colleges
• Junior colleges
• Need-based grant aid
• Increased funding efforts for higher education
• Regressive policy era: 1980 to present• Cutbacks in state appropriations efforts
• Colleges and universities raise tuition charges to students
• Growth in merit based scholarship programs
The Perfect Storm
Institutional policy choices:
• Progressive policy era: to 1980• Universal K-12 education
• State teachers’ colleges
• Junior colleges
• Need-based grant aid
• Increased funding efforts for higher education
• Regressive policy era: 1980 to present• Enrollment management
• Prestige race (U.S. News)
• Revenue replacement: full pay versus institutional aid, non- residents versus state residents
• Research versus instruction in public 4-year institutions
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
The Perfect Storm
• Reality versus Policy
• Demographics
• Labor Markets
• State Policy Choices
• Federal Policy Choices
• Consequences for (some) students
• Is this class warfare?
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Financial Need Analysis ModelCost of Attendance
Tuition and fees
Room and board
Books and supplies
Personal and medical care
Transportation
Less: Expected family contributionIncome and assets
Family size
Number of children enrolled in college
Equals: Financial needGift aid: grants, scholarships, waivers
Earnings from work/study
Education loans: subsidized/unsubsidized Stafford, PLUS
Federal tax credits
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