Interviewing and Interrogation
Chapter 1
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-2
Lesson Overview:How are crimes solved?
When someone makes the decision to talk to the police Influenced by
the communication skills of the interviewer
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-3
The Communication Process: The Berlo SMCR Model For an interview to occur:
A person initiates the interaction (the source) A person receives and interprets the means
(the receiver) Meaning is conveyed through our 5 senses
Receiver/DecoderChannelsChannels
Source/Encoder
Smell
MessageAnd
Feedback
Smell
Taste Taste Touch
See
Hear
See
Touch Hear
Receiver/DecoderChannelsChannels
Source/Encoder
Smell
MessageAnd
Feedback
Smell
Taste Taste Touch
See
Hear
See
Touch Hear
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-4
Purpose of the Interview
The purpose of the interview is to gather information.
Approximately 80% of police investigative work consists of interviewing!
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-5
Characteristics of an Interview Non-accusatory Purpose is gather information Should be conducted early in the
investigation Variety of environments Free flowing May need to take notes
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-6
Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Victim
A victim is the person who is the object of an incident, crime, or other harm caused against them.
These interviews are influenced by prejudice, anger, pain, and fear in addition to age, gender, cognitive abilities, and fear of disclosure.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-7
Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Witnesses
A witness is someone who personally sees, hears, or otherwise observes something relating to the incident under investigation.
Eyewitness evidence is notoriously inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-8
Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Suspects
A suspect is the person that the police officer has reasonable cause to believe committed a specific crime.
In addition to sharing the same influences as the victim, a suspect has consequences to fear!
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-9
The Definition of Interrogation
An interrogation is an exercise in persuasion with the goal of eliciting a truthful confession. Persuade: to
influence or gain over by argument, advice, or entreaty
Elicit: to draw out or entice forth
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-10
Purpose of the Interrogation
It is meant to encourage the suspect to provide evidence of guilt or involvement in an event. Sought by the
interrogator is a confession or admission.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-11
Confession
A statement made by a defendant disclosing his or her guilt of a crime with which he was charged and excluding the possibility of a reasonable inference to the contrary.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-12
Admission
An acknowledgement of guilty conduct containing only facts from which guilt may or may not be inferred.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-13
Characteristics of an Interrogation Accusatory Involves active persuasion Purpose = learn the truth! Controlled environment Suspected guilt Notes are not initially taken
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-14
Personal Qualities of the Interviewer
The process of successful interviewing includes: Putting aside personal prejudices and
biases Developing a genuine curiosity Having a positive attitude A willingness to develop rapport Becoming knowledgeable Being professional
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-15
Rapport Development
Rapport is the communication that results when two people agree on the means and willingness to communicate.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-16
Knowledgeable Keeps asking
questions and continues to learn from each case
Does not make judgments based on past encounters that were similar
Knows that the answers must be learned from the circumstances and will only come through listening and watching
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-17
Professionalism
Demands that each investigation begins without case bias or preconceived notions about the victim
Requires patience and persistence
Is the capacity to demonstrate respect for others
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-18
Communication for Rapport
Communication includes both verbal and non-verbal messages
Information communicated is about 65% non-verbal
Verbal communication is about 35% of information related
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-19
Matching
Matching is a subtle form of the interviewer mimicking the nonverbal and paralanguage behaviors of the person being interviewed.
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-20
Kinesics
Kinesics is a form of non-verbal communication that includes: Body language Facial
expressions Gestures
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-21
Matching Kinesic Communications When two people are communicating
effectively their body language will be aligned
Facial expressions include both conscious and unconscious movement of the nose, lips, eyebrows, tongue, and eyes
When an interviewer attempts to develop rapport defensive signals need to be overcome in order for the interview to proceed effectively
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-22
Examples of Facial Expressions Eyebrows frown for anger or
concentration and rise for intensity Pupils of the eyes get larger during fear
and smaller during rest Lips may move into a grin to show
happiness, grimace for fear, or pout to indicate sadness
Wide eyes typically indicates surprise or excitement; narrowed eyes indicate disagreement or a threat
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-23
Examples of Gestures
Rubbing one’s ear is an indication the person does not know the answer to a question
Swaying backwards in the chair points to an individual with a weak ego
Crossing of the arms is a defensive posture, the person has become cautious
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-24
Proxemics
The study of our use of space and how various differences in that use makes us feel more relaxed or more anxious
Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and InterrogationBy Denise Kindschi Gosselin
PRENTICE HALL©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
1-25
Proxemics Spacing
02468
101214161820
0 to 1.5Feet
1.5 to 4Feet
5 to 10 Feet 10 Feet &Beyond
Intimate space
0 to 1.5 feet Personal-
casual space 1.5 to 4 feet
Social-consultive space
5 to 10 feet Public space
10 feet and beyond
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