International Journal of
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Dr. Pradeep Kumar RanaDepartment of BSH, GIET, Gunupur, Odisha,
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Dr. R. P. BadoniCollege of Engineering Studies, University of
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Delhi, India
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Uttarakhand, India
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Dr. Wilson Mbiti NjueDepartment of Chemistry, Kenyatta University,
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From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
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It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemistry readers and will
stimulate further research into the vibrant area of chemical synthesis and reactions.
Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director
1. Controlling Catalytic Reactions: Recent Report Amit Kumar 1
2. Synthesis, Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids with Potassium Hexathiocyanato Vanadium (II) Tetra Hydrate Ajay Agarwal, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal 3
3. Identifying Chemical Combination in Consumer Products – A ReportVarun Singh Parmar 10
4. Successful Synthesis of Organic Molecules with Increased Conductivity and DurabilityDayananda Singh Konjengbam 12
5. Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids With Potassium Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra-hydrateAjay Agarwal, Virendra Mishra, Satnam Arora 14
Contents
IJCSCR (2016) 1-2 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Chemical Synthesis & Chemical Reactions Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Controlling Catalytic Reactions: Recent Report
Amit Kumar Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Catalysts play an important role in various
chemical reactions. Their prime role is to
speed up the reaction. Catalysts are
required in very small amounts and are not
consumed during the reaction. Today,
catalysts are not only required by chemists
to accelerate their chemical processes but
they have become a crucial part of the
industrial sector as well [1]. This is
because use of catalyst in accelerating the
reaction rate is also associated with the
fact that a chemical compound can be
synthesized more economically and
cleanly.
In a recent research led by a group of
scientists at the University of Toronto, it is
found that the catalytic reactions can be
made more specific and faster. This
research has been carried out by the Nobel
Prize winner John Polanyi, a renowned
chemist and his team [2]. They observed
that altering the position of the molecule
relative to the catalytic surface, renders the
. process of catalysis highly bond-specific
The reaction mechanism becomes more
selective when the alignment of the bonds
in the molecules was closer to the rows of
atoms in the catalyst.
The team carried out carious experiments
involving organic compound iodobenzene.
Here, metallic copper was used as the
catalyst. Reaction was initiated by
movement of an electron that was
transferred from the tip of the microscope
towards iodobenzene [2]. This resulted in
breaking of carbon-to-iodine bonds in the
presence of the catalyst (copper). It was
found that the reactivity of carbon-to-
iodine bonds got accelerated when those
bonds were in the alignment to rows of
atoms of the catalyst i.e., copper; than that
when the carbon-to-iodine bonds were
aligned across the copper rows. A 100-fold
difference was observed in the reactivity
of the reaction depending on the position
of bonds in specific directions on the
catalyst (Figure 1) [2].
IJCSCR (2016) 3-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 3
International Journal of Chemical Synthesis & Chemical Reactions Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Synthesis, Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed
Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids with Potassium
Hexathiocyanato Vanadium (II) Tetra Hydrate
Ajay Agarwal*, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal B.S.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, UP, India
ABSTRACT
Preparation and characterization of several hydroxamic acids of 3,4,5-trimethoxy
benzohydroxamic acids(TMBHA), N-phenyl–3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic
acid(PTMBHA), 3,4-dimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid(DMBHA) and N-phenyl-3,4-
dimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid(PDMBHA) were prepared and reacted with potassium
hexathiocynato vandate (II) K4[V(NCS)6].3H2O tetra hydrate. The mixed ligand complexes of
hydroxamic acids characterized with the help of repeated melting point identification, by I.R.
studies, magnetic moment, molar conductance’s and by elemental analysis (C, H and N). The
geometry of complexes were found to be octahedral. On the basis of these facts, the structure
of the metal complexes found to be K2 [M(Lʹ)2(L1)2], K3[M(Lʹ)4(L2)], K2[M(Lʹ)2(L3)2] and
K3[M(Lʹ)4(L4)].
Keywords: hydroxamic acids, potassium hexathiocynato vanadate (II) and mixed ligand
complexes
INTRODUCTION
Hydroxamic acids can form metal
complexes with a wide range of metals.[1]
Hydroxamic acids act as bidentate ligand
coordinates as an O, O and O, N donor
sites. Hydroxamic acids form typical
octahedral complexes with transition
metals. The mixed ligand complexes of
hydroxamic acids acts as biological and
biocidal activities,[2]
hypotensive,[3]
anticancer,[4]
anti-malarial,[5]
anti-
tuberculosis
properties[6]
antibiotic,[7]
antibiotic antagonist,[8]
tumor inhibitor,[9]
antifungal agents,[10]
pharmaceutical[11]
and industrial applications.[12]
The
introduction of secondary coordinating
group like thiocynate does not change the
coordination behavior of coordination (O,
O) as bridging bis-chelating ligand. Very
scanty work has been done with V (II)
metal with hydroxamic acids.[13–15]
Hence,
keeping the above facts in mind, we
thought it is worthwhile to isolate some
new complexes of hydroxamic acids with
V (II) and thiocynate group as bridging
chelating ligand. The interaction of
Vanadium and hydroxamic acids gained a
special interest owing to their use as
bioinorganic model compounds to study
their enzymatic interactions.[16]
Vanadium
has been known as an essential nutritional
element that is found in remarkably high
concentrations in marine ascidians[17]
; in
certain mushrooms.[18]
Much of the
interest is due to insulin mimetic potential
role of vanadium,[19–22]
therefore new
drugs of the vanadium complexes have
been proposed to function as potent.
Vanadium is physiologically important
trace element effective in helping to
increase insulin sensitivity. Essential
nutritional requirement in higher animals,
IJCSCR (2016) 10-11 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 10
International Journal of Chemical Synthesis & Chemical Reactions Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Identifying Chemical Combination in Consumer
Products – A Report
Varun Singh Parmar* Department of Pharmacy, Baba Mast Nath University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Chemical are both helpful as well as harmful. When used cautiously under preset and
standardized protocols, they carry out several chemical reactions and synthesis. However,
many of the products synthesized using chemicals have harmful effects. Many of the everyday
use products such as cosmetics, detergents, toothpaste, etc., are composed of chemicals about
which we are not aware of. These have several harmful side-effects and long term health
issues associated with them. In a recent study, emphasis was laid down to identify the
prevalence of individual chemical ingredients in daily use consumer products.
Keywords: chemical, harmful, synthesized product
BACKGROUND
Chemicals are not only useful in chemical
processes; they have some harmful effects
also. Humans are exposed to a variety of
industrially synthesized products
everyday. These include the daily used
items such as soaps, toothpaste, shampoos,
lotions, creams, make-up materials, body
spray, etc. these products contain dozens
of chemicals which might not be useful or
healthy and rather have associated health
risks, either individually or in
combination. In a recent research by
professors at the University of Illinois
School of Information Sciences, an
approach was made to determine the
prevalence of individual ingredients and
their most likely combinations in
consumer products [1]. Consumer
chemical product implies to those
materials that consist of a mixture of
chemicals and/or brings about a chemical
reaction when used by the consumer [2].
To identify the chemicals present in the
daily used consumer products, the
researchers used a web-scraping program.
This program could collect name of
different products, categories and the
several ingredient lists that were used in
synthesis of the consumable products. The
information and data was retrieved from
the online portal of retail sites such as
Drugstore.com. This database is now
available with details of nearly 39,000
products and above 32,000 ingredient
names. Once, the list of ingredients in
consumer products was made, next step
followed was to solve the problem of
chemical synonymy i.e., the exercise of
using various names for the same
substance. This was important to have
accurate counting while inserting the same
product name multiple times.
Professor Catherine Blake along with his
doctoral student Henry Gabb identified 55
potential chemicals related with endocrine-
disruption and asthma disorder using the
techniques of gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry analysis with the objective of
determining the level of these chemicals in
consumable products.
IJCSCR (2016) 12-13 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 12
International Journal of Chemical Synthesis & Chemical Reactions Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Successful Synthesis of Organic Molecules with Increased
Conductivity and Durability
Dayananda Singh Konjengbam* Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
ABSTRACT
Organic molecules are central to biological and chemical systems. Organic molecules are
mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon. These constitute the building blocks for all living
organism. Chemists and scientist are curious in synthesizing organic molecules that have
increased conductivity and durability. Several techniques have been developed and modified
to achieve this target. A novel method has been discussed for synthesis of organic molecules
with enhanced conductivity and durability.
Keywords: biological, organic, synthesis
BACKGROUND
Organic molecules play central role in
biological as well as chemical systems.
Due to this, their synthesis draws much
attention of the scientists from all over the
world. Scientists have developed a vast
range of methods to synthesize and
develop several organic molecules having
varying properties and utilization.
Organic molecules comprised of single
elements have been in synthesis from last
several years. These molecules though
good polymers are however not ideal
charge conductors. Such molecules do not
exhibit carriers through which electric
charge can pass through. Due to this
limitation, they have not been good
electric conductors. To modify their
property, molecules combined with other
metals have been synthesized for use as
conductors. This practice has been in
exercise from last 50 years. Combination
with different metals alters the inherent
property of the original molecule enabling
generation of charge carriers. This practice
however had a major limitation with the
stability and durability of the synthesized
molecule. Also, synthesizing pure organic
molecules made of a single component
requires high pressure of at least 1 giga
pascal (GPa) in order to obtain conductive
like metal. This is difficult as an ambient
pressure was required all the time during
synthesis process. It is always important to
understand the structure and function
relationship while synthesizing an organic
molecule with required properties. Also,
the control and regulation of the physical
and chemical properties related to the
targeted structure and function should be
taken into consideration. Several
properties that are needed to be considered
include [1]:
Ionization potential
Electron affinity
Madelung energy
Coulomb energy
Density of state
Fermi level
Chemical potential
Bandwidth
Acidity and basicity
Transfer interaction, etc.
IJCSCR (2016) 14–21 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 14
International Journal of Chemical Synthesis & Chemical Reactions Vol. 2: Issue 2
www.journalspub.com
Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Ligand Complexes of
Hydroxamic Acids with Potassium Hexathiocyanato Chromium
(III) Tetra-hydrate
Ajay Agarwal*, Virendra Mishra, Satnam Arora
B.S.A College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Some hydroxamic acids e.g. [L1= benzohydroxamic acids (BHA), L2= N-phenyl–
benzohydroxamic acid (NPBHA), L3= pivaloyl benzohydroxamic acid (PHA) and L4=N-
phenyl-pivaloyl benzohydroxamic acid (PPHA) prepared and reacted with L’=Potassium
hexathiocynato chromium (III) tetra hydrate K3[Cr(SCN)6]4H2O. The mixed ligand
complexes of hydroxamic acids characterized with the help of repeated melting point, by I.R.
studies, magnetic moment, molar conductance and by elemental analysis(C,H and N). The
stoichiometry of the complexes were found to be 1:2(M:L) molar ratio. The geometry of
complexes was found to be octahedral. On the basis of these facts the structure of the metal
complexes found to be K [M(L’)2(L1)2], K2[M(L’)4(L2)], K2[M(L’)4(L3)] and K[M(L’)2(L4)2].
Keywords: hydroxamic acids, mixed ligand complexes, potassium hexathiocynato
chromium (III)
INTRODUCTION
Hydroxamic acids are the versatile organic
compounds possessing biological1 and
biocidal activities2-7
. It is now evident that
these weak acids possess specific
biological activities8, that are largely
attributed to their complexing properties
towards transition metals9-10
, their
complexing properties toward transition-
metal ions11
, food additives12-13
, antibiotic
antagonists, tumor inhibitors14-15
, show
significant inhibition of HIV protease in
vitro16
, antifungal agents17
,cell divisions
factors, versatile analytical reagents18-19
and several of them have been used as
anti-malarial drugs20-21
agents, anti-cancer,
antifungal and antibacterial activity,
toxilogical, pharmacological importance22
and their –NO releasing properties23-24
.
Hydroxamic acids have bivalent
coordination mode i.e., through the
oxygen of deprotonated hydroxamic acids
and through carbonyl oxygen atom (O,O)
As a result, they are powerful ligand for a
great number of metal ions25-26
. The
introduction of secondary coordinating
group like thiocynate does not change the
coordination behavior of coordination
(O,O) as bridging bis-chelating ligand27-28
.
Very scanty work has been done with the
Cr (III) metal with hydroxamic acids.
The importance of chromium in
mammalian metabolism has been studied
greatly. Diet deficient in chromium
develops a visible eye lesion, which
causes opacity29
, hence keeping the above
facts in mind, we thought it is worthwhile
to isolate some new complexes of
hydroxamic acids with Cr (III) and
thiocynate group as bridging chelating
ligand. Chromium compounds enhanced
the action of insulin30
outstanding activity
is manifested by the chromium complexes
extracted from the brewer’s yeast and pork
kidney powder. These act as a co-factor in
International Journal of
Chemical Synthesis and Chemical
Reactions
IJCSCR
Jul–Dec 2016
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
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« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning
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Applied Mechanics
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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
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« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements
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Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
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