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Trade in Goods
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Outline
• History of ContemporaryInternational Trade Law
– Protectionism
– The Bretton Woods Systems
– The 1!" General #$reement on Tari%sand Trade
– &ultilateral Trade 'e$otiations – The (ru$uay )ound
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Outline *cont+d,
• World Trade Or$ani-ation
– The WTO #$reement
– &em.ership of the WTO
– Structure of the WTO
– /ecision &a0in$ with the WTO
– Waiers
– /ispute Settlement
– Trade Policy )eiew
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Outline *cont+d,
• The 1! G#TT – /irect 2%ect
– 'ondiscrimination
–
Protection Only throu$h Tari%s – Transparency
– )e$ional Inte$ration
– Commodity #rran$ements
–
2scape Clause – 23ceptions
– 23port Controls
– Other &ultilateral 23port4Control Pro$rams
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Outline *cont+d,
• &ultilateral Trade #$reements – Customs 5aluation
– Preshipment Inspection
– Technical Barriers to Trade
– Sanitary and Phytosanitary &easures – Trade related inestment measures
– Import4Licensin$ Procedures
– #nti4dumpin$
– Su.sidies and Counterailin$ &easures
– Safe$uards
– #$riculture
– Te3tiles and Clothin$
– )ules of Ori$in
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History of Contemporary
International Trade Law
• Protectionism
• The Bretton Woods Systems – I&6
– World Ban0 *IB)/,
– ITO *now defunct,
• The 1!" General #$reement on Tari%s and Trade – Commit to ne$otiate reductions in customs tari%s and other
impediments to international trade
– &ost4faored nation status
– 'ational treatment
– Transparent
• &ultilateral Trade 'e$otiations
• The (ru$uay )ound
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History of ContemporaryInternational Trade Law *cont+d,
• &ultilateral Trade 'e$otiations – Contractin$ parties re$ularly meet
• )ounds
• 7ennedy round – #$enda
– Techni8ues used
• To0yo round – 'ontari% codes
» Customs 5aluation
» Su.sidies and counterailin$ measures» #nti4dumpin$
» Standards
» Import licensin$
» Goernment procurement
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History of ContemporaryInternational Trade Law *cont+d,
• The (ru$uay )ound
– &eetin$s .etween 19: to 1!
– 2sta.lished the WTO• 1; 1! #$reements on Trade in Goods
• ; TP)& *trade policy reiew mechanisms,
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WTO
• The WTO #$reement
– 6our .asic functions• Implement? administer and carry out WTO
• #ct as forum
• Tri.unal
• )eiew of trade policy
– 'ote@ &em.er States
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WTO *cont+d,
• &em.ership of the WTO
– Current mem.ers
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WTO *cont+d,
• Structure of the WTO
– See chart• &inisterial Conference
• General Council
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WTO *cont+d,
• /ecision &a0in$ with the WTO
– Consensus
– )eadin$ "41
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WTO *cont+d,
• Waiers
– Asystem of loopholes held to$ether .ywaiers
• /ispute Settlement
• Trade Policy )eiew
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The 1! G#TT
• Compare 1!" G#TT ; 1! G#TT
– Le$ally distinct
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The 1! G#TT *cont+d,
• /irect 2%ect
• 'ondiscrimination – &6' )ule
– GSP
– South4South Preferences
– 'ational Treatment )ule
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The 1! G#TT *cont+d,
• Protection Only throu$h Tari%s – Tari%s
– Bound tari% rates
• Transparency• )e$ional Inte$ration
– 6ree trade areas
– Customs unions
• Commodity #rran$ements – Primary commodities
– IPC
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The 1! G#TT *cont+d,
• 2scape Clause – Safe$uards
• 23ceptions – General e3ceptions
– Security e3ceptions
• 23port Controls – Cultural property – 'ational security
– Wassenaar #rran$ement
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The 1! G#TT *cont+d,
• Other &ultilateral 23port4ControlPro$rams
– #ustralia Group
– an$$er Committee
– 'uclear Suppliers Group
– &issile Technolo$y Control )e$ime
– (' #ction to &aintain InternationalPeace
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&ultilateral Trade#$reements
• Customs 5aluation
– Customs 5aluation Code• Transaction alue
• /eductie alue• Computed alue
• /eried alue
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&ultilateral Trade #$reements
*cont+d,
• Preshipment Inspection *PSI,
– #$reement on PSI• #rticle
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&ultilateral Trade #$reements
*cont+d,
• Technical Barriers to Trade
• Sanitary and Phytosanitary &easures
•
Trade related inestment measures*T)I&s,
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&ultilateral Trade #$reements
*cont+d,
• Import4Licensin$ Procedures
• #nti4dumpin$
•
Su.sidies and Counterailin$&easures
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&ultilateral Trade #$reements
*cont+d,
• Safe$uards
• #$riculture
•
Te3tiles and Clothin$• )ules of Ori$in
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