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Integumentary System
CMM News
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Functions Of The IntegumentCushionsand insulates deeper organs
Protectsbody from abrasion, trauma, chemicapathogens, temperature extremes and UV rays
Excretion and secretion
Contains sensory receptorsassociated with n
endingsSynthesis and storage of nutrients (vitamin D3)
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Integumen
System Largest bo
Skin Hair
Nails
Glands
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Integumentar
Epidermis
Outermost laye
the skin Dermis
Contains collag
Supports nervevascular netwo
Subcutaneous
Fat and loose
connective tiss
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Structure Epidermis: Thin avascular
superficial laye
Nourished bloovessels (dermi
Replaced ever
days
Types of cells:
Melanocyt
keratinocy
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Integumentary StructuresComponents of the Integumentary S
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Skin Structures
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The Epidermis- Four Main Cell Melanocytes - found in basal
layer, manufacture and secrete
pigment Merkel cells - basal layer,attached to sensory nerveendings
Keratinocytes Arise fromdeepest layer of epidermis to
stratum spinosum Produce keratin a toughfibrous protein
Produce antibodiesandenzymes
Keratinocytes are dead at skin'ssurface
Langerhans cells - stratum
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Several distinct cell layers
Thick skinfive layers on palms and soles
Thin skinfour layers on rest of body
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Layers of The Epidermis
Stratum corneum Most superficial layer
Dead, flattened(squamous) cells
Abundant keratin -Keratinized(cornified)tough, water-resistantprotein
Protects skin againstabrasion andpenetration
Stratum lucidum(clearlayer) Occurs only in thick skin
palms and soles
Composed of a few
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Layers of The Epidermis
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Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum basale
Deepest layer of epidermis Attached to underlying
dermis
Stem cells actively divide
Merkel cells associated
with sensory nerve ending Melanocytes secrete the
pigment melanin
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Epidermal Cells and Layers of the Epiderm
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Sources of Skin Color
Melanocytes Make melanin from tyrosine
Melanin provides UVprotection
Gives reddish-brown tobrown-black color
Carotene Contributes orange-yellow
color Provided from diet (carrots
and tomatoes)
Hemoglobin - bloodpigment Caucasian skin contains
little melanin
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Dermis
Richly supplied with nerves (sensory receptors), blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
sebaceous glands derived from the epidermis. Contains two layers: papillary and
Papillary regionis composed of loose areolar connective tissue. This is n
fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis and c
terminal networks of blood capillaries or tactile Meissner's corpuscles.
Reticular layeris the deep layer of the dermis and consists of the dense irre
tissue. Within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands
receptors, nails, and blood vessels.
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Dermal Components
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Subcutaneous Layer - Hypodermis
Composed of loose connective tissue - areolar and adipose
Stabilizes skin position
Loosely attached to dermis
Loosely attached to muscle
Contains many fat cells
Provides thermal insulation
Cushions underlying organs
Safely receives hypodermicneedles
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Hair Filamentous strands of dead
keratinized cellsproduced by hairfollicles
Contains hard keratin which is tougherand more durable than soft keratin ofthe skin
Chief parts of a hair
Root imbedded in the skin
Shaft projects above skin's surface
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Hair Function and Distribution Functions of hair include:
Helping to maintain warmth
Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and su
Hair is distributed over the entire skin surface except
Palms, soles, and lips
Nipples and portions of the external genitalia
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Glands
There are there exocrine (conts ducts) glands: sebaceous,
sudoriferous and;
These glands secrete their contents to the exterior unlike end
secrete their contents directly into blood.
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Sebaceous Glands (oil glands) Occur over entire body - Except palms and soles
Simple alveolar glands
Holocrine secretion entire cell breaks up to form secretion
Secretes an oily substance called sebum
Most are associated with a hair follicle
Functions of sebum
Softens and lubricates hair and skin
Skin waterproofing
Collects dirt
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Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat) Two types:
Eccrine (Merocrine) Most abundant sweat gland
True sweat
99% water with some salts
Contains traces of metabolic wastes ~ 2%
urea
Role in thermoregulation
Widely present in skin (up to 500/cm2)
Apocrine
Odorous secretion
Absent before puberty
Present in axillary, areolar, anal and genital
areas
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Ceruminous Gland
specialized sudoriferous glands
found only in the external auditory canal where they secrete
(earwax)
Cerumenis also an insect repellant and keeps the eardrum f
out.
However, an excess of this may cause blockage.
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Nails Scalelike modification of epidermis
made of hard keratin
Parts of the nail
Free edge
Body - dense mass of keratinizedcells
Root
Nail folds
Eponychium cuticle
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Skin Injury and Repair
Four Stages in Skin Healing1. Hemostasis
a. Blood flow increases
b. Phagocytes attracted
2. Inflammation
3. Proliferative Stage4. Remodeling
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Hemostasis
This process is the stoppage of bleeding
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Hemostasis
A special protein known as Fibrincross links on top of
which prevents blood from flowing out and pathogen
coming in
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Inflammation
Shows sign of redness and swelling
Phagocytosis
Vasodilation
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Inflammation: Phagocytosis
Occurs when the white blood cells known as Macroph
consume and destroy bacteria
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Inflammation: Vasodilation
Expansion of the blood vessels
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Proliferative Stage
Entry of Fibroblast Cells
Collagen Deposition
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Proliferative Stage: Collagen Deposition
The fibroblast cell release collagen which forms conne
tissue to replace fibrin
Dermis contacts to close the wound
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Remodeling
Collagen is then rearranged and converted to spe
Skin slowly return to its original state as best as it
Wound may then just end up as a scar
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Burns
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Effects of UV Radiation
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Types and Growth of Hair
Vellus hairs
Body hairs of women and children
Terminal hairs
Hair of scalp
Axillary and pubic area (at puberty)
Hair thinning and baldness Due to aging
Male pattern baldness
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Skin Cancer
Melanocytesare the
skin cells that have
clustered thus
forming a mole. They
are also melanin
producing cells
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Skin throughout life
Fetal skin
Well formed after the fourth month At 5-6 months the fetus is covered with lanugo (downy h
Fetal sebaceous glands produce vernix caseosa
Middle to old age
Skin thins and becomes less elastic
Shows harmful effects of environmental damage Skin inflammations become more common
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