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Integrated Pest Management for Ticks
Marc L. LameIndiana University, School of Public and
Environmental Affairs
thanks to Dawn Gouge, PhDUniversity of Arizona
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What is IPM? Don’t attract Pests Keep them out Get rid of them, if you are sure you have
them with the safest, most effective method(s)
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a Shift in Pest Management
monitoring, prevention, treatment(identification, biology, technology)
A SAFEENVIRONMENT
CULTURAL
MECHANICAL
BIOLOGICAL
GENETIC
CHEMICAL
EDUCATION:
SAFEENVIRONMENT
PESTICIDE
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A Shift to an IPMProgram
monitoring, prevention, treatment(identification, biology, technology)
TICKMANAGEMENT
Cultural
Exclusion
Chemical
EDUCATION:
TICK CONTROL Scheduled
Treatments
Sanitation
Mechanical
= =
The foundation is Education!
• identification • biology • monitoring • prevention • treatment
What is a Tick
Image sources: (far right, top bottom) CDC Public Health Library http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp; (top center right) University of Florida extension http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG140; (lower center right) University of Sao Paulo, Biomedical Sciences http://icb.usp.br/~marcelcp/Default.htm; (left, lower center) University of MI, Barry O’Conor http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/ACARI/index.html; (top far left) Gary Alpert, Harvard http://www.forestryimages.org/insects.cfm; (left, lower and upper center) Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
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What…kind of Tick?
brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille
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How does it live?
Female with eggs Contributed by Mario David Bazan
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Where does it live?
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Where does it live?
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Where does it live?
Mattresses discarded or stored under houses provided dog resting sites and tick hiding spots. Over 150 ticks were removed from this single mattress.[Adults, nymphs, and nymphs molting into adults] 2004
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Tick Vulnerable Areas Yards Dog (some evidence that ticks “hear” dogs)Dog bed/kennels/sleeping areasInside buildings where dogs visit/live
BaseboardsWalls (behind wallpaper)CurtainsCracks
under rugs and furniture
behind radiators
Dr. Marc Lame, Indiana University
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Know where to look
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Perform regular inspections
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Monitoring is the backbone of IPM• Assessment forms
• flash light
• Gloves
• tick trap (felt and dry ice)
• tick drag
• tweezers
• tick reference material
• dog tie down
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Monitoring is the backbone of IPM
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Voids in the concrete piers contained ticks of all stages. Larvae and nymphs quested from the surface.
•The rash first appears 2-5 days after the onset of fever and may be very subtle.
•Often it begins as small, flat, pink, non-itchy spots (macules) on the wrists, forearms, and ankles.
•Later signs and symptoms include rash, abdominal pain, joint pain, diarrhea.
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Management Techniques Used as Part of Tick IPM Programs
Management Techniques Used as Part of Tick IPM Programs
• Improving hygiene standards - sanitation• Habitat manipulation – vegetation, bedding,
etc.• Exclusion – fences, animal proofing• Selection of target specific control products
that have low mammalian toxicity and low environmental impact
•DOGS!!!•DOG bedding•Structure•Grounds/vegetation
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Sanitation: Don’t attract Pestsl
Involves manipulation of the pest’s environment to make it less favorable for the pest to exist. It may also be referred to as habitat modification or environmental alteration.
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Sanitation• Eliminate food,
water and harborage for pests
Sanitation• Maintain yards – vegetation• keep garbage covered so it won't attract
rodents• Wood piles (firewood and construction) against
the house
• Vacuum carpets often with a rotary brush or beater bar
• Mop hardwood floors with detergent every week
• wash all bedding frequently.
Habitat manipulation• Reduce Tick Abundance. Landscape
management practices can be employed to reduce tick densities and populations of vertebrates (e.g., rodents or deer) that host such ticks.
• For an excellent, comprehensive overview of tick management strategies, organic land care practices, personal protective measures, and chemical control methods, the interested reader is referred to the state of Connecticut’s Tick Management Handbook.
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Create a tick-free zone
• Management strategies include:– removal of yard debris– Grass and weed control– Placement of animal resting areas
Use landscaping controls in combination with other acaricides and other management strategies
Landscaping Controls• Create a tick-free zone
Exclusion: Don’t let ‘em in• Limit untreated animals access to homes• Yards with fences
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“Get rid of them, if you are sure you have them with the safest, most
effective method(s)” •Mechanical – traps, vacuums, heat, cold
• biological – good bugs (micro and macro) vs. bad bugs
• Pesticides •Chemical – synthetics and organics•Bio-Rational – B.t., pheromones, JHs•Abrasives – Diatomaceous Earth
Pesticides: Acaricides• Yard/foundation/perimeter - granules, liquids, and other alternatives
• Indoor sprays and powders– Walls, furniture, crawl space– Dog tick control:
•Collars•Sprays•Dips•Shampoo• dog bedding, etc.
Alternatives to Acaricides
• Biological Control--Fungi– Some approved for use against ticks
– Problems with mass production, spore quality, conditions for use
• Natural Forest Products– Extracts from trees highly effective
acaricides
– Use as repellents?
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Management of Tick Hosts: Small mammals and birds
• Rodent-proof buildings• Identify and remove rodent nesting
materials•Move firewood away from homes• Birdhouses and feeders – away from house – clean up spilled feed– Set up in late fall and winter
• Seal foundationsSpecies implicated as natural reservoir for R. rickettsii include meadow voles and deer mice (Mullen and Durden, 2002)
Treatment of Tick Hosts?
• Rodent bait boxes– Treats mice and chipmunks with fipronil
• Damminix– Permethrin-treated cotton balls
– Target larvae on mice
• 4-Poster Tickicide– Permethrin passively applied to deer via
corn baited deer feeding stations
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The Tick “Epidemic” Requires Active leadership to implement community
action• Awareness • Surveillance• Ethical response• “protective” communication
Interestingly, a Public Health protocol
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Additional information
Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3150 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
Telephone: (970) 221-6400Fax: (970) 221-6476Email: [email protected]
Useful Resources• http://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/index.html
• http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/avoid/index.html
• http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/life_cycle_and_hosts.html
• http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/diseases/index.html
• Tick Management Handbook. (6.6 MB, PDF) Bulletin 1010. 2007. K. C. Stafford, III. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT. (This large 66-page document loads slowly.)
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