Position Indicator

Submitted to:

Engr. Herminio Navarro, ME., PME.

Submitted by:

Canillo, Dave G.

Espiritu, Khat Bird G.

Escoba, John Philip V.

Cabornay, Harold

Repolidon, Renerio

Position Indicator is a device that measure/indicates the specific location of a

given specimen either angular or in a linear position. This devices is widely use in

industry and also use in military bases. There are two types of position indicator, the

mechanical and the plan position indicator.

Mechanical position indicator

Mechanical Position Indicator a type of precision measuring gage that are being

used in all production environments across most branches of industry, as guiding

elements, material stops or tools must be positioned or aligned precisely and reliably on

nearly all machines or units. The types of Mechanical Position Indicator are Dial

Indicator, Valve Check Indicator, and Gear Position Indicator.

Dial indicator

• It is any of various instruments used to accurately measure small distances

and angles, and amplify them to make them more obvious.

Valve check indicator

Mechanical position indicator

Dial indicator Valve check indicator

Shaft position indicator

Laser indicator

Plan position indicator

SONAR

SODAR

RADAR

LIDAR

• To prevent reverse flow

• To stop a pipe or tank emptying when a pump stops

• To prevent pressure transients damaging the pump

• To prevent parallel pumps rotating in reverse

• To prevent contamination in complex networks or in the home

• To hold pressure in the line

• For positive displacement pump operation

• To provide water hammer mitigation

• To prevent flooding

Gear position indicator

• A device can be found in automobile/bicycle.

Plan Position Indicator

The plan position indicator (PPI), is the most common type of radar display.

The radar antenna is usually represented in the center of the display, so the distance

from it and height above ground can be drawn as concentric circles. As the radar

antenna rotates, a radial trace on the PPI sweeps in unison with it about the center

point. The types of plan position indicator are SONAR, SODAR, RADAR, and LIDAR.

SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging)

It is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in

submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under

the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the

name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by

vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar

may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo

characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the

introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation,

and SODAR (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations.

The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the

sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low

(infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known

as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.

SODAR (SOnic Detection And Ranging)

It is a meteorological instrument used as a wind profiler to measure the scattering of

sound waves by atmospheric turbulence. SODAR systems are used to measure

wind speed at various heights above the ground, and the thermodynamic structure

of the lower layer of the atmosphere. Sodar systems are like radar (radio detection

and ranging) and lidar (light radar) systems except that sound waves rather

than radio or light waves are used for detection. Other names used for sodar

systems include sounder, echo sounder and acoustic radar.

RADAR (RAdioDetection And Ranging)

It is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range,

altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft,

ships, spacecraft,guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.

The radar dish (or antenna) transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves that

bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's

energy to a dish or antenna that is usually located at the same site as

the transmitter. Radar was secretly developed by several nations before and

during World War II. The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States

Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. The term radar has since

entered English and other languages as a common noun, losing all capitalization.

The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic

control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to

locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anticollision systems; ocean

surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems;

meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided

missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological

observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal

processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very

high noise levels. Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of

the electromagnetic spectrum. One example is "lidar", which uses ultraviolet, visible,

or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves.

LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging)

It is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a

target with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. Although thought by some to be

an acronym of Light Detection And Ranging, the term lidar was actually created as

a portmanteau of "light" and "radar". Lidar is popularly used as a technology to make

high-resolution maps, with applications ingeomatics,  archaeology,  geography,

geology,  geomorphology, seismology, forestry,remote sensing, atmospheric

physics, airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM), laser altimetry, and contour mapping

Mechanical Position Indicator

Mechanical Position Indicator a type of precision measuring gage that are

being used in all production environments across most branches of industry, as guiding

elements, material stops or tools must be positioned or aligned precisely and reliably on

nearly all machines or units.

Dial Indicator

It is any of various instruments used to accurately measure small distances

and angles, and amplify them to make them more obvious. The name comes from the

concept of indicating to the user that which their naked eye cannot discern; such as the

presence, or exact quantity, of some small distance (for example, a small height difference

between two flat surfaces, a slight lack of concentricity between two cylinders, or other small

physical deviations).

Many indicators have a dial display, in which a needle points to graduations in a circular

array around the dial. Such indicators, of which there are several types, therefore are

often called dial indicators.Non-dial types of indicators include mechanical devices

with cantilevered pointers and electronic devices with digital displays.Indicators may be

used to check the variation in tolerance during the inspection process of a machined

part, measure the deflection of a beam or ring under laboratory conditions, as well as

many other situations where a small measurement needs to be registered or indicated.

Dial indicators typically measure ranges from 0.25mm to 300mm (0.015in to 12.0in),

with graduations of 0.001mm to 0.01mm (metric) or 0.00005in  to 0.001in  (imperial /

customary).

Used to measure:

-The bend or run-out in a shaft

-The misalignment of shafts

-The clearance between two parts and

between an engine valve and its guide

.

- Must be firmly mounted. A magnetic stand or a stand with a screw clamp is often

used.

Causes of Misalignment and Run-out

The basic causes of misalignment and run-out are:

• Movement of one piece of equipment relative to another due to thermal growth in

one or both machines

• Piping strain or strain induced by electrical connections

• Torsional movement taking place at start-up or while operating

• Movement or settling of the foundation or baseplate

• Inaccurate or incomplete alignment procedures (human error)

• Misbored couplings

Indications of Misalignment

Misalignment in rotating machinery can be detected in many different ways.

Some methods are incorporated into the plant’s preventative maintenance program.

Others are inspections that could be used on a regular basis but usually are

performed after the equipment has failed. Some of the indications of misalignment

are:

• Wobbling shafts

• Excessive vibration

• Excessive bearing temperature

• Noise

• Bearing wear pattern

• Coupling wear

Effects of Misalignment or Run-out

• High noise levels or constantly vibrating floors are strong indications of possible

misalignment of machinery.

• Lost production

• Poor-quality products

• Higher than normal repair orders

• Increased spare parts purchases and inventory on hand

• Reduced profits

• Bearings will run hot, causing them to fail prematurely.

• Mechanical seals, seal rings, and packing will leak.

• Loss of product and lubrication can occur.

• Couplings will fail due to excessive strain on the hubs.

• In severe cases, shafts can break, causing extensive damage to machines.

Types of dial indicator

Probe indicator

•  typically consist of a graduated dial and needle driven by a clockwork (thus

the clock terminology) to record the minor increments,

• with a smaller embedded clock face and needle to record the number of needle

rotations on the main dial.

Dial test indicator

• Also known as a lever arm test indicator or finger indicator, has a smaller

measuring range than a standard dial indicator.

Measure angular displacement and not linear displacement

• It is also have a clock-like face but are characterized by the plungers mounted on

one of their sides

• They come in both mechanical and electronic designs

• One common use for plunger dial indicators is to measure the work of injection

molding machines

• The mechanism which allows this type of dial indicator to work is a rack and

pinion, which changes the linear thrust of the plunger into rotary motion for the

dial.

Plunger indicator

• It is also have a clock-like face but are characterized by the plungers mounted on

one of their sides

• They come in both mechanical and electronic designs

• One common use for plunger dial indicators is to measure the work of injection

molding machines

• The mechanism which allows this type of dial indicator to work is a rack and

pinion, which changes the linear thrust of the plunger into rotary motion for the

dial.

Balance reading dial indicator

• This are so named for the way that information is arranged upon the dial's face.

• Figures are printed upon the face of this dial running in two directions, starting

from a zero in the center.

• Often, positive numbers are featured to the right of the zero and negative

numbers to the left.

Continuous dial indicator

• Continuously numbered dial indicators do not have the two sets of numbers

featured on balanced reading dial indicators.

• The figures on this type of dial indicators run in one direction without stopping

and without any type of a separation.

Reversed balanced dial indicator

• These are named because they have the same basic positive and negative

scales to each side of a zero, but the positive numbers are to the left and the

negative are to the right.

Reversed continuous dial indicator

• Reversed continuous, or counter-clockwise, dial indicators are the same as

continuous dial indicators except that the numbers run in the opposite direction.

Lever dial indicator

• Lever type dial indicators are characterized by their lever and scroll mechanisms,

which cause the stylus to move.

• This type of dial indicators are more compact and easier to use than plunger-type

dial indicators and are therefore quite often used.

Dial indicator gauge parts and functions:

Dial gauge

• Has a face or dial marked in

divisions of 0.01 mm (1/100 mm)

• Does not take a direct

measurement - shows variations

from the original zero setting

• These variations are transferred

from the spindle to the pointer.

Magnetic base

BezelRotate the bezel to zero the needle.

Turn CounterCounts the turns of the needle.

PlungerMoves in and out.

Bezel LockTighten to lock the bezel in place.

MarkersMove these to provide reference points.

PointCan be replaced with other shapes.

Indicator Mount Mounts dial and

test indicators.

Fine Adjustmen

t Makes precise

adjustment of arm.

 V Base

Allows use on

round object

s

 Clamp 

Holds arms in position

SwitchTurns magnet on and off.

- The clamp and indicator mount

parts can be disassembled and

reassembled in many ways. Use

them to create a mount that is

appropriate to the job at hand.

Point Set (PN 1783, included in 1782 set)

• The point set provides many

different shapes of points that

can be put on the dial

indicator. Use a point that is

appropriate to the job at hand.

Use a flat point to measure

convex surfaces. Use a rounded

point to measure concave

surfaces. Use small points to

reach into holes.

Setting up the dial indicator

Horizontal and Vertical set-up

• Select the correct gauge and

attachment

Select the gauge type, size,

attachment and bracket, which fit

the part you’re measuring. Mount

the dial indicator on a firm

surface to keep it still.

• Press the plunger halfway in

Press the dial indicator gently

against the part, and rotate the

part –in this case a brake rotor--

one full turn. Keep pressing until

the plunger settles about halfway

into the indicator.

• Lock into position

Lock the indicator assembly into

position.

• Rotate and read

Carefully rotate the brake rotor a

couple of times, while you

observe the dial readings face

on.

• Ensure plunger is at 90 degrees

Adjust the indicator so that the

plunger is at 90 degrees to the

part you’re measuring

Setting up the dial indicator

• Record any movements

If the pointer hovers around a single graduation on the dial, the part has minimal

run out, or surface distortion. If it moves significantly left and right, you should

note these variations. Find the point of maximum movement to the left and move

the dial so that zero is over this point. Continue to rotate the brake rotor. Find the

point of maximum movement to the right, and note the reading. This will indicate

the run out value. Continue this rotation several times to confirm the points of

maximum variation.

• Check your results

Check your readings against the manufacturers specifications. If the deviation is

greater than the specifications allow, consult your supervisor.

Reading the dial indicatorRead the

whole millimeters from the inner scale (only for absolute measurements)

3. Read the hundredths of millimetres (small divisions on outer scale).

2. Read the tenths of millimetres (numbers on outer scale)

Step1 Read the whole millimetres. The short needle is between the 4 and the 5, so the reading is 4.00 mm.

Step 2 Read the tenths. The long needle is between the 0.20 and the 0.30 mm, so the reading is 0.20 mm.

Step 3 The long needle is 6 small divisions past the 2, so the reading is 0.06 mm.

ExampleStep 1

Step 2

Step 3

LASER ALIGNMENT METHOD

• The laser alignment method is considered a precision-based performance

technique that provides a faster, more accurate way to align equipment.

Step 4 To get the final measurement - add up the measurements from Steps 1, 2, & 3.

Step 1 4.00 mm

Step 2 + 0.20 mm

Step 3 + 0.06 mm

Total = 4.26 mm

4.00 mm 0.20 mm

0.06 mm

• It is ideal for alignment of equipment over long distances, and it is less prone for

user error.

• The system contains a laser diode and position sensor on one mounting bracket.

• The opposite bracket contains a prism that redirects the laser beam back to the

position sensor. Like other shaft alignment techniques,

• the shafts are rotated to determine the vertical and horizontal readings for

angular and parallel misalignment.

• The shaft positions and readings are automatically provided to a small computer.

• The computer then calculates the relative movement required at the feet of the

moveable machine.

Principles of Laser Alignment Method

• A major advantage of the use of laser alignment is the precise measurement of

misalignment.

• Laser alignment can detect misalignment to ±0.00004”. In addition, with the useof

laser alignment,bar sag concerns are eliminated.

• However,there are draw backs and limitations to the laser alignment method.

Laser alignment equipment typically costs more than $10,000. Service

companies or those companies with many pumps or large pumps are the primary

buyers of laser alignment equipment.

• The environment in which the laser alignment equipment is used is also a

limitation. The atmospheric temperature must be between 32°and 131°

Fahrenheit for the use of laser alignment. The environment must also be free of

steam, dust, or air currents.

• These detractors will prevent the reading of the laser beam properly. However, it

is possible to use a plastic pipe to shield the beam from the steam, dust, or air

currents.